1
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Zhao T, Xiao X, Li L, Wu X, Yuan T. Rosline promotes p21 expression to inhibit ovarian cancer cell proliferation via p53-independent pathway. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2023. [PMID: 37317483 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of benzothiazole derivatives (Rosline) on ovarian cancer and the potential mechanism. METHODS Ovarian cancer tissues were collected clinically and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of p53 and p21. Ovarian cancer cells were exposed to 0, 2.5, 5, 10 μmol/L Rosline for 24 h. 100 nmol/L Pifithrin-α pre-incubation was used to inhibit the transcriptional activity of p53. CCK-8 and BrdU assays were used to detect the effects of different concentrations of rosline on the proliferation and cell cycle of OVCAR420 and SKOV3 cells. Flow cytometry assay was used to detect cell cycle. The transcriptional and translational expression of p21 and p53 were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot. RESULTS p21 was expressed in ovarian cancer tissues without p53 expression. Rosline inhibits the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells and blocks the cell cycle progression. Meanwhile, Rosline promotes p21 expression in ovarian cancer cells at both mRNA and protein levels, but with no significant effect on p53 expression. Besides, Rosline promotes p21 expression, inhibits cell proliferation, and blocks the cell cycle via the p53-independent pathway. CONCLUSION Rosline promoted p21 expression thereby inhibiting cell proliferation and blocks the cell cycle via p53-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, Yunnan First People's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Gynecology, Yunnan First People's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lingchuan Li
- Department of Gynecology, Yunnan First People's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Yunnan First People's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Department of Gynecology, Yunnan First People's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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2
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Zhou J, Zhao R, Zhou H, Yang S, Tao F, Xie Y, Wang H, Yun J. A novel benzothiazole derivative induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway producing antitumor activity in colorectal cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1196158. [PMID: 37288115 PMCID: PMC10242024 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1196158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies causing the third highest mortality rate in the world. It is particularly urgent to explore effective therapeutic strategies to overcome this disease. We identified a novel benzothiazole derivative (BTD) that may serve as a potentially effective agent against CRC. Method: MTT assays, cell colony formation assays, EdU staining assays, flow cytometry, RNA-seq, Western blotting, and migration and invasion assays were used to examine the effects of BTD on cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and the cell cycle. The antitumor activity of BTD in vivo was investigated in a CT26 tumor-bearing mouse model. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to examine the protein expression in mouse tumors. Hematology, biochemical analysis, and H&E staining were used to assess the biosafety of BTD. Results: We observed that BTD suppressed cell proliferation and metastasis and promoted the apoptosis of tumor cells in vitro. Treatment with BTD at a tolerable dose significantly reduced tumor growth in CT26-tumor-bearing mice and appeared to be safe. Treatment of BTD induced apoptosis by increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and evoking the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Overall, BTD suppressed cell proliferation and metastasis, and induced apoptosis of colorectal tumor cells through the ROS-mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. The preliminary proof of the antitumor activity and relative safety of BTD were validated in a mouse model. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that BTD could serve as a potentially safe and effective candidate for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongce Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Liver Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Haoxuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuping Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital (The Affiliated Luohu Hospital) of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feiyan Tao
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Yongmei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingping Yun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Song XT, Zhou Y, Liu GB, Guan HC, Yue SM. Synthesis, crystal structures and DNA-binding properties of Zn(II), Cd(II), Mn(II), Cu(II) complexes based on a thiazole derivative and carboxylic acids. J COORD CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2023.2169880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tong Song
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Bao Liu
- Joint Logistics College, China People’s Liberation Army National Defence University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Chao Guan
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Mei Yue
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, P.R. China
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4
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Racané L, Rep V, Kraljević Pavelić S, Grbčić P, Zonjić I, Radić Stojković M, Taylor MC, Kelly JM, Raić-Malić S. Synthesis, antiproliferative and antitrypanosomal activities, and DNA binding of novel 6-amidino-2-arylbenzothiazoles. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1952-1967. [PMID: 34455887 PMCID: PMC8409973 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1959572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 6-amidinobenzothiazoles, linked via phenoxymethylene or directly to the 1,2,3-triazole ring with a p-substituted phenyl or benzyl moiety, were synthesised and evaluated in vitro against four human tumour cell lines and the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The influence of the type of amidino substituent and phenoxymethylene linker on antiproliferative and antitrypanosomal activities was observed, showing that the imidazoline moiety had a major impact on both activities. Benzothiazole imidazoline 14a, which was directly connected to N-1-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole, had the most potent growth-inhibitory effect (IC50 = 0.25 µM) on colorectal adenocarcinoma (SW620), while benzothiazole imidazoline 11b, containing a phenoxymethylene linker, exhibited the best antitrypanosomal potency (IC90 = 0.12 µM). DNA binding assays showed a non-covalent interaction of 6-amidinobenzothiazole ligands, indicating both minor groove binding and intercalation modes of DNA interaction. Our findings encourage further development of novel structurally related 6-amidino-2-arylbenzothiazoles to obtain more selective anticancer and anti-HAT agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Racané
- Faculty of Textile Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valentina Rep
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Petra Grbčić
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Iva Zonjić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Martin C Taylor
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - John M Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Silvana Raić-Malić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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5
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Singh R, Sindhu J, Devi M, Kumar A, Kumar R, Hussain K, Kumar P. Solid‐Supported Materials‐Based Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzothiazoles: Recent Developments and Sanguine Future. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 INDIA
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry COBS&H CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar 125004 INDIA
| | - Meena Devi
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 INDIA
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology Hisar 125001 INDIA
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 INDIA
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities Mewat Engineering College Nuh 122107 INDIA
| | - Parvin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 INDIA
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6
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Importance of Fluorine in Benzazole Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204677. [PMID: 33066333 PMCID: PMC7587361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-containing heterocycles continue to receive considerable attention due to their unique properties. In medicinal chemistry, the incorporation of fluorine in small molecules imparts a significant enhancement their biological activities compared to non-fluorinated molecules. In this short review, we will highlight the importance of incorporating fluorine as a basic appendage in benzothiazole and benzimidazole skeletons. The chemistry and pharmacological activities of heterocycles containing fluorine during the past years are compiled and discussed.
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7
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Ammazzalorso A, Carradori S, Amoroso R, Fernández IF. 2-substituted benzothiazoles as antiproliferative agents: Novel insights on structure-activity relationships. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112762. [PMID: 32898763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Given the wide spectrum of biological activities, benzothiazoles represent privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry, useful in drug discovery programs to modulate biological activities of lead compounds. A large body of knowledge about benzothiazoles has been reported in scientific literature, describing their antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects. This review summarizes the results obtained in the structure-activity relationship studies on antiproliferative benzothiazoles, focusing on 2-substituted derivatives and on mechanism of action responsible for the antitumor effects of this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ammazzalorso
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Rosa Amoroso
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Inmaculada Fernández Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González, 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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8
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Abdel-Mohsen HT, Abd El-Meguid EA, El Kerdawy AM, Mahmoud AEE, Ali MM. Design, synthesis, and molecular docking of novel 2-arylbenzothiazole multiangiokinase inhibitors targeting breast cancer. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e1900340. [PMID: 32045054 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 2-arylbenzothiazoles 9, 10, and 12 were designed and synthesized as VEGFR-2/FGFR-1/PDGFR-β multiangiokinase inhibitors targeting breast cancer. Structural elongation of the known 2-phenylbenzothiazole scaffold (type I protein kinase inhibitor [PKI]), was carried out to afford series of type II PKIs 9, 10, and 12. Compounds 9d, 9f, 9i, and 9k exhibited potent multikinase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.19, 0.18, 0.17, and 0.13 μM, respectively, against VEGFR-2; IC50 values of 0.28, 0.37, 0.19, and 0.27 μM, respectively, against FGFR-1; and IC50 values of 0.07, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.14 μM, respectively, against PDGFR-β. Moreover, the synthesized benzothiazoles demonstrated promising cytotoxic activity against the MCF-7 cell line. The most potent benzothiazoles 9d and 9i exhibited IC50 values of 7.83 and 6.58 μM, respectively, on the MCF-7 cell line in comparison to sorafenib (III), which showed IC50 = 4.33 μM. Additionally, 9d and 9i showed VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity in MCF-7 cells of 81% and 83% when compared with sorafenib (III), which showed 88% inhibition. Molecular docking of the designed compounds in the VEGFR-2 and FGFR-1 active sites showed the accommodation of the 2-phenylbenzothiazole moiety, as reported, in the hinge region of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-binding site, while the amide moiety is involved in hydrogen bond interactions with the key amino acids in the gate area; this in turn directs the aryl group to the hydrophobic allosteric back pocket of the RTKs in a type II-like binding mode. The synthesized benzothiazoles showed satisfactory ADME properties for further optimization in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba T Abdel-Mohsen
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A Abd El-Meguid
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El Kerdawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Giza University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer E E Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh M Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Wu DZ. The crystal structure of ethyl 2-(3-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)benzo[d] thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)acetate, C15H17NO4S. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2019-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractC15H17NO4S, orthorhombic, Pbca (no. 61), a = 9.9890(11) Å, b = 14.4529(16) Å, c = 21.635(2) Å, V = 3123.4(6) Å3, Z = 8, Rgt(F) = 0.0565, wRref(F2) = 0.1656, T = 293(2) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Ze Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou Universty, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou Zhejiang Province 325035, P.R. China
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10
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You C, Wu H, Gao Z, Chen F, Ning L, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Sun B, Wang F. Enhanced Reactive Oxygen Species Levels by an Active Benzothiazole Complex-Mediated Fenton Reaction for Highly Effective Antitumor Therapy. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4929-4939. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun You
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University; Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongshuai Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210089, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210089, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanghui Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210089, People’s Republic of China
| | - Like Ning
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University; Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University; Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixin Dong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University; Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baiwang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210089, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University; Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Kamal R, Kumar V, Kumar R, Kumar V, Sharma PC, Bansal KK. Chloramine‐T Mediated Facile One Pot Synthesis of Pyrazolyltriazolobenzothiazole Hybrids as Potent Anti‐Infective Agents. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kamal
- Department of ChemistryKurukshetra University, Kurukshetra Haryana (India) – 136119
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of ChemistryKurukshetra University, Kurukshetra Haryana (India) – 136119
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of ChemistryKurukshetra University, Kurukshetra Haryana (India) – 136119
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of BiotechnologyMaharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala Haryana (India)-133207
| | - Prabodh C. Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesKurukshetra University, Kurukshetra Haryana (India) – 136119
| | - Kushal K. Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesKurukshetra University, Kurukshetra Haryana (India) – 136119
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12
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Eco-friendly synthesis, in vitro anti-proliferative evaluation, and 3D-QSAR analysis of a novel series of monocationic 2-aryl/heteroaryl-substituted 6-(2-imidazolinyl)benzothiazole mesylates. Mol Divers 2018; 22:723-741. [PMID: 29667008 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-018-9827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the synthesis of twenty-one novel water-soluble monocationic 2-aryl/heteroaryl-substituted 6-(2-imidazolinyl)benzothiazole mesylates 3a-3u and present the results of their anti-proliferative assays. Efficient syntheses were achieved by three complementary simple two-step synthetic protocols based on the condensation reaction of aryl/heteroaryl carbaldehydes or carboxylic acid. We developed an eco-friendly synthetic protocol using glycerol as green solvent, particularly appropriate for the condensation of thermally and acid-sensitive heterocycles such as furan, benzofuran, pyrrole, and indole. Screening of anti-proliferative activity was performed on four human tumour cell lines in vitro including pancreatic cancer (CFPAC-1), metastatic colon cancer (SW620), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and cervical cancer (HeLa), as well as in normal human fibroblast cell lines. All tested compounds showed strong to moderate anti-proliferative activity on tested cell lines depending on the structure containing aryl/heteroaryl moiety coupled to 6-(2-imidazolinyl)benzothiazole moiety. The most potent cytostatic effects on all tested cell lines with [Formula: see text] values ranging from 0.1 to 3.70 [Formula: see text] were observed for benzothiazoles substituted with naphthalene-2-yl 3c, benzofuran-2-yl 3e, indole-3-yl 3j, indole-2-yl 3k, quinoline-2-yl 3s, and quinoline-3-yl 3t and derivatives substituted with phenyl 3a, naphthalene-1-yl 3b, benzothiazole-2-yl 3g, benzothiazole-6-yl 3h, N-methylindole-3-yl 3l, benzimidazole-2-yl 3n, benzimidazole-5(6)-yl 3o, and quinolone-4-yl 3u with [Formula: see text] values ranging from 1.1 to 29.1 [Formula: see text]. Based on obtained anti-proliferative activities, 3D-QSAR models for five cell lines were derived. Molecular volume, molecular surface, the sum of hydrophobic surface areas, molecular mass, and possibility of making dispersion forces were identified by QSAR analyses as molecular properties that are positively correlated with anti-proliferative activity, while compound's capability to accept H-bond was identified as a negatively correlated property. Comparison of molecular properties identified for different cell lines enabled assumptions about similarity of mode of action through which anti-proliferative activities against different cell lines are accomplished. Novel compounds that are predicted to have enhanced activities in comparison with herein presented ones were designed using 3D-QSAR analysis as guideline.
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13
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Osmaniye D, Levent S, Ardıç CM, Atlı Ö, Özkay Y, Kaplancıklı ZA. Synthesis and anticancer activity of some novel benzothiazole-thiazolidine derivatives. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2017.1395878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Derya Osmaniye
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Serkan Levent
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Cankız Mina Ardıç
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Atlı
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özkay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Zafer Asım Kaplancıklı
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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14
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Mistry B, Patel RV, Keum YS, Kim DH. Evaluation of the biological potencies of newly synthesized berberine derivatives bearing benzothiazole moieties with substituted functionalities. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Yarlagadda B, Devunuri N, Mandava VBR. Facile Synthesis ofN-(Benzyl-1H-1,2,3-Triazol-5-yl) Methyl)-4-(6-Methoxybenzo [d] Thiazol-2-yl)-2-Nitrobenzamides via Click Chemistry. J Heterocycl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Yarlagadda
- Chemistry Division, Department Science and Humanities; Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research University (VFSTR) University; Vadlamudi Guntur Andhra Pradesh 522 213 India
| | - Nagaraj Devunuri
- Chemistry Division, Department Science and Humanities; Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research University (VFSTR) University; Vadlamudi Guntur Andhra Pradesh 522 213 India
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16
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Antiproliferative Activity Evaluation of a Series ofN-1,3-Benzothiazol-2-ylbenzamides as Novel Apoptosis Inducers. J CHEM-NY 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/4267564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A series ofN-1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylbenzamide derivatives were studied for their antiproliferative activity on human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Most of them were found to show a prominent inhibitory effect on cell growth. Among the most active compounds,1kemerged for its proapoptotic effect that is particularly evident towards MCF-7 cancer cell lines.
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17
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Chrysin-benzothiazole conjugates as antioxidant and anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5561-5. [PMID: 26514745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
7-(4-Bromobutoxy)-5-hydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one, obtained from chrysin with 1,4-dibromobutane, was combined with a wide range of 6-substituted 2-aminobenzthiazoles, which had been prepared from the corresponding anilines with potassium thiocyanate. Free radical scavenging efficacies of newer analogues were measured using DPPH and ABTS assays, in addition to the assessment of their anticancer activity against cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa and CaSki) and ovarian cancer cell line (SK-OV-3) implementing the SRB assay. Cytotoxicity of titled compounds was checked using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) non-cancer cell line. Overall, 6a-r indicated remarkable antioxidant power as DPPH and ABTS(+) scavengers; particularly the presence of halogen(s) (6g, 6h, 6j-6l) was favourable with IC50 values comparable to the control ascorbic acid. Unsubstituted benzothiazole ring favored the activity of resultant compounds (6a and 6r) against HeLa cell line, whereas presence of chlorine (6g) or a di-fluoro group (6k) was a key to exert strong action against CaSki. Moreover, a mono-fluoro (6j) and a ketonic functionality (6o) were beneficial to display anticipated anticancer effects against ovarian cancer cell line SK-OV-3. The structural assignments of the new products were done on the basis of IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis.
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18
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Du G, Zhu N, Hong H, Han L, Suo Q. Synthesis of Benzothiazoles by the Reaction of Disulfide and Aromatic Carboxylic Acid Promoted by PCL3 and DBU. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2014.978323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Du
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Hailong Hong
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Limin Han
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Quanling Suo
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, P. R. China
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19
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Arora A, Teegardin KA, Weaver JD. Reductive Alkylation of 2-Bromoazoles via Photoinduced Electron Transfer: A Versatile Strategy to Csp2–Csp3 Coupled Products. Org Lett 2015; 17:3722-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Arora
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Kip A. Teegardin
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Jimmie D. Weaver
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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20
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Synthesis and 11C-Radiolabelling of 2-Carboranyl Benzothiazoles. Molecules 2015; 20:7495-508. [PMID: 25915463 PMCID: PMC6272141 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20057495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dicarba-closo-dodecaboranes, commonly known as carboranes, possess unique physico-chemical properties and can be used as hydrophobic moieties during the design of new drugs or radiotracers. In this work, we report the synthesis of two analogues of 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole (a compound that was found to elicit pronounced inhibitory effects against certain breast cancer cell lines in vitro) in which the phenyl ring has been substituted by a m-carborane cage. Two different synthetic strategies have been used. For the preparation of 1-(9-amino-1,7-dicarba-closo-dodecaboran-1-yl)-benzo-thiazole, the benzothiazole group was first introduced on one of the cluster carbon atoms of m-carborane and the amine group was further attached in three steps. For the synthesis of 1-(9-amino-1,7-dicarba-closo-dodecaboran-1-yl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole, iodination was performed before introducing the benzothiazole group, and the amino group was subsequently introduced in six steps. Both compounds were radiolabelled with carbon-11 using [11C]CH3OTf as the labelling agent. Radiolabelling yields and radiochemical purities achieved should enable subsequent in vitro and in vivo investigations.
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21
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Zhu N, Du G, Han L, Hong H, Suo Q. Metal-Free Synthesis of Benzothiazoles from Disulfides of 2-Aminobenzenethiol and Carboxylic Acid via PCl3-Promoted Tandem Reaction. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/com-15-13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Defrenza I, Catalano A, Carocci A, Carrieri A, Muraglia M, Rosato A, Corbo F, Franchini C. 1,3-Benzothiazoles as Antimicrobial Agents. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Defrenza
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari ‘Aldo Moro’; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari ‘Aldo Moro’; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Alessia Carocci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari ‘Aldo Moro’; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Antonio Carrieri
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari ‘Aldo Moro’; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Marilena Muraglia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari ‘Aldo Moro’; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari ‘Aldo Moro’; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Filomena Corbo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari ‘Aldo Moro’; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Carlo Franchini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari ‘Aldo Moro’; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
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23
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Keri RS, Patil MR, Patil SA, Budagumpi S. A comprehensive review in current developments of benzothiazole-based molecules in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 89:207-51. [PMID: 25462241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazole (BTA) and its derivatives are the most important heterocyclic compounds, which are common and integral feature of a variety of natural products and pharmaceutical agents. BTA shows a variety of pharmacological properties, and its analogs offer a high degree of structural diversity that has proven useful for the search of new therapeutic agents. The broad spectrum of pharmacological activity in individual BTA derivative indicates that, this series of compounds is of an undoubted interest. The related research and developments in BTA-based medicinal chemistry have become a rapidly developing and increasingly active topic. Particularly, numerous BTA-based compounds as clinical drugs have been extensively used in practice to treat various types of diseases with high therapeutic potency. This work systematically gives a comprehensive review in current developments of BTA-based compounds in the whole range of medicinal chemistry as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiinflammatory, analgesic, anti-HIV, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, antihistaminic, antimalarial and other medicinal agents. It is believed that, this review article is helpful for new thoughts in the quest for rational designs of more active and less toxic BTA-based drugs, as well as more effective diagnostic agents and pathologic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangappa S Keri
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India.
| | - Mahadeo R Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Siddappa A Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinivasa Budagumpi
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India
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A high through-put screen for small molecules modulating MCM2 phosphorylation identifies Ryuvidine as an inducer of the DNA damage response. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98891. [PMID: 24902048 PMCID: PMC4047068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is an essential process for cell division and as such it is a process that is directly targeted by several anticancer drugs. CDC7 plays an essential role in the activation of replication origins and has recently been proposed as a novel target for drug discovery. The MCM DNA helicase complex (MCM2-7) is a key target of the CDC7 kinase, and MCM phosphorylation status at specific sites is a reliable biomarker of CDC7 cellular activity. In this work we describe a cell-based assay that utilizes the "In Cell Western Technique" (ICW) to identify compounds that affect cellular CDC7 activity. By screening a library of approved drugs and kinase inhibitors we found several compounds that can affect CDC7-dependent phosphorylation of MCM2 in HeLa cells. Among these, Mitoxantrone, a topoisomerase inhibitor, and Ryuvidine, previously described as a CDK4 inhibitor, cause a reduction in phosphorylated MCM2 levels and a sudden blockade of DNA synthesis that is accompanied by an ATM-dependent checkpoint response. This study sheds light on the previously observed cytotoxity of Ryuvidine, strongly suggesting that it is related to its effect of causing DNA damage.
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Xiao H, Wu F, Shi L, Chen Z, Su S, Tang C, Wang H, Li Z, Li M, Shi Q. Cinchona alkaloid derivative-catalyzed enantioselective synthesis via a Mannich-type reaction and antifungal activity of β-amino esters bearing benzoheterocycle moieties. Molecules 2014; 19:3955-72. [PMID: 24694652 PMCID: PMC6270673 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19043955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of highly functionalized chiral β-amino ester derivatives containing benzothiophene and benzothiazole moieties is developed by a Mannich-type reaction using a cinchona alkaloid-derived thiourea catalyst. The desired products were obtained in good yields and high enantioselectivities (~86% yield, >99% ee) using to the optimized reaction conditions. The synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR, and HREI-MS analyses. The bioassays identified that compound 5dr has excellent antifungal activity, with a 60.53% inhibition rate against F. oxysporum, higher than that of the commercial agricultural fungicide hymexazol, whose inhibition rate was 56.12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Fang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Li Shi
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Shihu Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Chenghao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Zhining Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Meichuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Qingcai Shi
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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26
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Benzothiazoles exhibit broad-spectrum antitumor activity: their potency, structure-activity and structure-metabolism relationships. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:67-78. [PMID: 24576612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An antitumor activity oriented benzothiazole sublibrary was constructed from a hit compound 3 via a five stepwise procedure. All target compounds were screened for their antitumor activity against 60 human cancer cell lines. Compounds 9p, 12d and 12i, showing higher potency than hit 3, were identified. Particularly, the compound 9p gave its average 50% growth inhibition (GI₅₀) at 0.38 μM. Furthermore, incubation in human liver microsome primarily proved their metabolic stability in vitro. General structure-activity and structure-metabolism relationships were both summarized, which provides information on further strategically optimization.
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27
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Rodrigues JR, Charris J, Camacho J, Barazarte A, Gamboa N, Nitzsche B, Höpfner M, Lein M, Jung K, Abramjuk C. N′-Formyl-2-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)benzothiazole-6-carbohydrazide as a potential anti-tumour agent for prostate cancer in experimental studies. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 65:411-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Benzothiazoles (BZTs) represent organic compounds with different biological actions. In this study we aimed to investigate ten newly synthesized BZT derivatives as potential anti-tumour agents against prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo.
Methods
The cytotoxic effect of these compounds was screened on the human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP. The most effective compound, N′-formyl-2-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)benzothiazole-6-carbohydrazide, was further characterized regarding its dose- and time-dependent effects on cell viability and proliferation (XTT test) as well as on adhesion and spreading (real-time cell analyzer xCelligence), migration (scratch-wound repair assay) and invasion (Boyden chamber) of the cells. This BZT derivative was also tested as an inhibitor of angiogenesis (chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay), clonogenic activity (soft agar) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (gelatin zymography).
Key findings
N′-Formyl-2-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)benzothiazole-6-carbohydrazide significantly inhibited all tested properties of the prostate cancer cell lines and showed low toxic in vitro and in vivo effects. The in vitro anti-tumour activity of this compound was confirmed by the in vivo effects on PC-3 xenografts in nude mice. Tumour growth was decreased in treated compared with untreated mice.
Conclusions
These results suggest the potential capacity of BZTs and in particular N′-formyl-2-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)benzothiazole-6-carbohydrazide as anti-tumour agents for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Rodrigues
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jaime Charris
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - José Camacho
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Arthur Barazarte
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Neira Gamboa
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Bianca Nitzsche
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physiology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Höpfner
- Department of Physiology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Lein
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Teaching Hospital, Offenbach, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Abramjuk
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
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