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In Vitro Activity of Bedaquiline and Delamanid against Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Including Macrolide-Resistant Clinical Isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00665-19. [PMID: 31182533 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00665-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the in vitro activities of the antimicrobial drugs bedaquiline and delamanid against the major pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Delamanid showed high MIC values for all NTM except Mycobacterium kansasii However, bedaquiline showed low MIC values for the major pathogenic NTM, including Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus, M. abscessus subsp. massiliense, and M. kansasii Bedaquiline also had low MIC values with macrolide-resistant NTM strains and warrants further investigation as a potential antibiotic for NTM treatment.
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Kwon YS, Daley CL, Koh WJ. Managing antibiotic resistance in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: challenges and new approaches. Expert Rev Respir Med 2019; 13:851-861. [PMID: 31256694 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2019.1638765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The incidence and prevalence rates of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pulmonary disease have been continuously increasing worldwide. However, the rate of successful treatment of this disease greatly needs improving, particularly when intrinsic (natural) drug resistance and acquired drug resistance in NTM pulmonary disease are associated with poor outcomes for patients. Areas covered: This review covers the major pathogens that cause NTM pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium abscessus, and Mycobacterium kansasii; the key drugs and recommended regimens used in the treatment of NTM pulmonary disease; the factors that contribute to resistance to the key drugs, including genetic factors and monotherapy; and the treatment strategies, including revised antibiotic regimens and surgery, that can be used to treat drug-resistant NTM pulmonary disease. Expert opinion: To avoid and overcome drug resistance in NTM pulmonary disease, the appropriate guideline-based treatments are essential, and clinical studies to evaluate new or repurposed drugs are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soo Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital , Gwangju , South Korea
| | - Charles L Daley
- Division of Mycobacterial and Respiratory Infections, National Jewish Health , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Won-Jung Koh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
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Kwon YS, Koh WJ, Daley CL. Treatment of Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2019; 82:15-26. [PMID: 30574687 PMCID: PMC6304322 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2018.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogen Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the most common cause of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease worldwide. The decision to initiate long-term antibiotic treatment is difficult for the physician due to inconsistent disease progression and adverse effects associated with the antibiotic treatment. The prognostic factors for the progression of MAC pulmonary disease are low body mass index, poor nutritional status, presence of cavitary lesion(s), extensive disease, and a positive acid-fast bacilli smear. A regimen consisting of macrolides (clarithromycin or azithromycin) with rifampin and ethambutol has been recommended; this regimen significantly improves the treatment of MAC pulmonary disease and should be maintained for at least 12 months after negative sputum culture conversion. However, the rates of default and disease recurrence after treatment completion are still high. Moreover, treatment failure or macrolide resistance can occur, although in some refractory cases, surgical lung resection can improve treatment outcomes. However, surgical resection should be carefully performed in a well-equipped center and be based on a rigorous risk-benefit analysis in a multidisciplinary setting. New therapies, including clofazimine, inhaled amikacin, and bedaquiline, have shown promising results for the treatment of MAC pulmonary disease, especially in patients with treatment failure or macrolide-resistant MAC pulmonary disease. However, further evidence of the efficacy and safety of these new treatment regimens is needed. Also, a new consensus is needed for treatment outcome definitions as widespread use of these definitions could increase the quality of evidence for the treatment of MAC pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Soo Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Won Jung Koh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Charles L Daley
- Division of Mycobacterial and Respiratory Infections, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
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Thompson AM, Marshall AJ, Maes L, Yarlett N, Bacchi CJ, Gaukel E, Wring SA, Launay D, Braillard S, Chatelain E, Mowbray CE, Denny WA. Assessment of a pretomanid analogue library for African trypanosomiasis: Hit-to-lead studies on 6-substituted 2-nitro-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazine 8-oxides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 28:207-213. [PMID: 29191556 PMCID: PMC5840523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A 900 compound nitroimidazole-based library derived from our pretomanid backup program with TB Alliance was screened for utility against human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) by the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative. Potent hits included 2-nitro-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazine 8-oxides, which surprisingly displayed good metabolic stability and excellent cell permeability. Following comprehensive mouse pharmacokinetic assessments on four hits and determination of the most active chiral form, a thiazine oxide counterpart of pretomanid (24) was identified as the best lead. With once daily oral dosing, this compound delivered complete cures in an acute infection mouse model of HAT and increased survival times in a stage 2 model, implying the need for more prolonged CNS exposure. In preliminary SAR findings, antitrypanosomal activity was reduced by removal of the benzylic methylene but enhanced through a phenylpyridine-based side chain, providing important direction for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew J Marshall
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nigel Yarlett
- Haskins Laboratories, Pace University, NY 10038, USA
| | | | - Eric Gaukel
- Scynexis, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27713, USA
| | | | - Delphine Launay
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Braillard
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Chatelain
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charles E Mowbray
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Kwon YS. Clinical Implications of New Drugs and Regimens for the Treatment of Drug-resistant Tuberculosis. Chonnam Med J 2017; 53:103-109. [PMID: 28584788 PMCID: PMC5457944 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2017.53.2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a growing problem worldwide. The lack of safe and effective drugs, together with the frequent development of adverse drug reactions can result in worse outcomes. Therefore, new TB drugs able to bolster the current TB treatment regimen are urgently required. Novel drugs that are effective and safe against Mycobacterium tuberculosis are required to reduce the number of drugs and the duration of treatment in both drug-susceptible TB and multi-drug-resistant (MDR)-TB. This review covers promising novel TB drugs and regimens that are currently under development. Bedaquiline and delamanid are the most promising novel drugs for the treatment of MDR-TB, each having a high efficacy and tolerability. However, the best regimen for achieving better outcomes and reducing adverse drug reactions remains yet to be determined, with safety concerns regarding cardiac events due to QT prolongation still to be addressed. Pretomanid is a novel drug that potentially shortens the duration of treatment in both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB. Many regimens consisting of injection free drugs with shorter treatment duration compared to the conventional treatment are now undergoing clinical trials. Therefore a simple and short treatment with higher efficacy, and lesser adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interaction is expected for patients with MDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soo Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
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Thompson AM, O'Connor PD, Marshall AJ, Yardley V, Maes L, Gupta S, Launay D, Braillard S, Chatelain E, Franzblau SG, Wan B, Wang Y, Ma Z, Cooper CB, Denny WA. 7-Substituted 2-Nitro-5,6-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazines: Novel Antitubercular Agents Lead to a New Preclinical Candidate for Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4212-4233. [PMID: 28459575 PMCID: PMC7722354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Within a backup program for the clinical investigational agent pretomanid (PA-824), scaffold hopping from delamanid inspired the discovery of a novel class of potent antitubercular agents that unexpectedly possessed notable utility against the kinetoplastid disease visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Following the identification of delamanid analogue DNDI-VL-2098 as a VL preclinical candidate, this structurally related 7-substituted 2-nitro-5,6-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine class was further explored, seeking efficacious backup compounds with improved solubility and safety. Commencing with a biphenyl lead, bioisosteres formed by replacing one phenyl by pyridine or pyrimidine showed improved solubility and potency, whereas more hydrophilic side chains reduced VL activity. In a Leishmania donovani mouse model, two racemic phenylpyridines (71 and 93) were superior, with the former providing >99% inhibition at 12.5 mg/kg (b.i.d., orally) in the Leishmania infantum hamster model. Overall, the 7R enantiomer of 71 (79) displayed more optimal efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and safety, leading to its selection as the preferred development candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Patrick D O'Connor
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J Marshall
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Suman Gupta
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Delphine Launay
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Braillard
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Chatelain
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Zhenkun Ma
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development , 40 Wall Street, New York 10005, United States
| | - Christopher B Cooper
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development , 40 Wall Street, New York 10005, United States
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Choi R, Jeong BH, Koh WJ, Lee SY. Recommendations for Optimizing Tuberculosis Treatment: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pharmacogenetics, and Nutritional Status Considerations. Ann Lab Med 2017; 37:97-107. [PMID: 28028995 PMCID: PMC5204003 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2017.37.2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tuberculosis is largely a curable disease, it remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although the standard 6-month treatment regimen is highly effective for drug-susceptible tuberculosis, the use of multiple drugs over long periods of time can cause frequent adverse drug reactions. In addition, some patients with drug-susceptible tuberculosis do not respond adequately to treatment and develop treatment failure and drug resistance. Response to tuberculosis treatment could be affected by multiple factors associated with the host-pathogen interaction including genetic factors and the nutritional status of the host. These factors should be considered for effective tuberculosis control. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), which is individualized drug dosing guided by serum drug concentrations during treatment, and pharmacogenetics-based personalized dosing guidelines of anti-tuberculosis drugs could reduce the incidence of adverse drug reactions and increase the likelihood of successful treatment outcomes. Moreover, assessment and management of comorbid conditions including nutritional status could improve anti-tuberculosis treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihwa Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong Ho Jeong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Jung Koh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Soo Youn Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Amaral L, Viveiros M. Thioridazine: A Non-Antibiotic Drug Highly Effective, in Combination with First Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs, against Any Form of Antibiotic Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Due to Its Multi-Mechanisms of Action. Antibiotics (Basel) 2017; 6:antibiotics6010003. [PMID: 28098814 PMCID: PMC5372983 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics6010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents the evidence that supports the use of thioridazine (TZ) for the therapy of a pulmonary tuberculosis infection regardless of its antibiotic resistance status. The evidence consists of in vitro and ex vivo assays that demonstrate the activity of TZ against all encountered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) regardless of its antibiotic resistance phenotype, as well as in vivo as a therapy for mice infected with multi-drug resistant strains of Mtb, or for human subjects infected with extensively drug resistant (XDR) Mtb. The mechanisms of action by which TZ brings about successful therapeutic outcomes are presented in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Amaral
- Insititute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon 1349-008, Portugal.
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon 1349-008, Portugal.
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Subjalearndee N, Intasanta V. Mechanically robust, multifunctional and nanofibrous membranes for tuberculosis elimination. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08762d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanically robust and potent antibacterial membranes are fabricated for total elimination of water- and airborne tuberculosis (TB) bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakarin Subjalearndee
- Nano Functional Textile Laboratory
- National Nanotechnology Center
- National Science and Technology Development Agency
- Pathumthani
- Thailand
| | - Varol Intasanta
- Nano Functional Textile Laboratory
- National Nanotechnology Center
- National Science and Technology Development Agency
- Pathumthani
- Thailand
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da Silva PB, Campos DL, Ribeiro CM, da Silva IC, Pavan FR. New antimycobacterial agents in the pre-clinical phase or beyond: recent advances in patent literature (2001-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:269-282. [PMID: 27796146 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1253681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis, an infectious disease, has caused more deaths worldwide than any other single infectious disease, killing more than 1.5 million people each year; equating to 4,100 deaths a day. In the past 60 years, no new drugs have been added to the first line regimen, in spite of the fact that thousands of papers have been published on drugs against tuberculosis and hundreds of drugs have received patents as new potential products. Thus, there is undoubtedly an urgent need for the deployment of new effective drugs against tuberculosis. Areas covered: This review brings to the reader the opportunity to understand the chemical and biological characteristics of all patented anti-tuberculosis drugs in North America, Europe, Japan, and Russia. The 116 patents discussed here concern new molecules in the early or advanced phase of development in the last 16 years. Expert opinion: Of all 116 patents, only one developed drug, bedaquiline, is used, and then, only in specific cases. Another three drugs are in clinical studies. However, many other compounds, for which there are in vitro and in vivo studies, seem to fulfil the requisite criteria to be a new anti-tuberculosis agent. However, why are they not in use? Why were so many studies interrupted? Why is there no more news for many of these drugs?
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bento da Silva
- a Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas , UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Débora Leite Campos
- a Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas , UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Camila Maríngolo Ribeiro
- a Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas , UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristiane da Silva
- a Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas , UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- a Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas , UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
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Cholo MC, Mothiba MT, Fourie B, Anderson R. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacies of the lipophilic antimycobacterial agents clofazimine and bedaquiline. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 72:338-353. [PMID: 27798208 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant (DR)-TB is the major challenge confronting the global TB control programme, necessitating treatment with second-line anti-TB drugs, often with limited therapeutic efficacy. This scenario has resulted in the inclusion of Group 5 antibiotics in various therapeutic regimens, two of which promise to impact significantly on the outcome of the therapy of DR-TB. These are the 're-purposed' riminophenazine, clofazimine, and the recently approved diarylquinoline, bedaquiline. Although they differ structurally, both of these lipophilic agents possess cationic amphiphilic properties that enable them to target and inactivate essential ion transporters in the outer membrane of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the case of bedaquiline, the primary target is the key respiratory chain enzyme F1/F0-ATPase, whereas clofazimine is less selective, apparently inhibiting several targets, which may underpin the extremely low level of resistance to this agent. This review is focused on similarities and differences between clofazimine and bedaquiline, specifically in respect of molecular mechanisms of antimycobacterial action, targeting of quiescent and metabolically active organisms, therapeutic efficacy in the clinical setting of DR-TB, resistance mechanisms, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moloko C Cholo
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Maborwa T Mothiba
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Bernard Fourie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Pulipati L, Sridevi JP, Yogeeswari P, Sriram D, Kantevari S. Synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of novel dibenzo[ b , d ]thiophene tethered imidazo[1,2- a ]pyridine-3-carboxamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3135-3140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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