1
|
Zhu X, Wei J, Hu C, Xiao Q, Cai L, Wang H, Xie Y, Sheng R. Difluorocarbene‐Induced Ring‐Opening of Tetrahydrofuran with TMSCF2Br for Difluoromethoxybutylation of N‐aryl‐N‐hydroxylamines. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Zhu
- Zhejiang University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Jun Wei
- Zhejiang University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Chenxian Hu
- Zhejiang University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Qitao Xiao
- Zhejiang University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Lvtao Cai
- Zhejiang University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Hao Wang
- Zhejiang University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Zhejiang University of Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals CHINA
| | - Rong Sheng
- Zhejiang University College of Pharmaceutical Science Zijingang CampusRoom 552,College of pharmaceutical science 310058 Hangzhou CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu GK, Qin WB, Li X, Lin LT, Wong HNC. Difluoromethylation of Phenols and Thiophenols with the S-(Difluo-romethyl)sulfonium Salt: Reaction, Scope, and Mechanistic Study. J Org Chem 2019; 84:15948-15957. [PMID: 31645096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A facile and practical approach for the difluoromethylation of phenols and thiophenols was described. Making use of the recently developed bench-stable S-(difluoromethyl)sulfonium salt as the difluorocarbene precursor, a wide variety of diversely functionalized phenols and thiophenols were readily converted to their corresponding aryl difluoromethyl ethers in good to excellent yields in the presence of lithium hydroxide. Chemoselectivity of various O,S-nucleophiles toward difluorocarbene was systematically studied, suggesting the reactivity order ArS- > RS-, ArO- > ROH > RO-, ArSH, ArOH, RSH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre , Shenzhen University , 3688 Nanhai Avenue , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518060 , China
| | - Wen-Bing Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre , Shenzhen University , 3688 Nanhai Avenue , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518060 , China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre , Shenzhen University , 3688 Nanhai Avenue , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518060 , China
| | - Li-Ting Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre , Shenzhen University , 3688 Nanhai Avenue , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518060 , China
| | - Henry N C Wong
- Department of Chemistry , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu GK, Li X, Qin WB, Lin WF, Lin LT, Chen JY, Liu JJ. Selective O-difluoromethylation of 1,3-diones using S-(difluoromethyl) sulfonium salt. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
4
|
Liu GK, Li X, Qin WB, Peng XS, Wong HNC, Zhang L, Zhang X. Facile difluoromethylation of aliphatic alcohols with an S-(difluoro-methyl)sulfonium salt: reaction, scope and mechanistic study. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7446-7449. [PMID: 31165809 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03487k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A facile and practical approach for the difluoromethylation of aliphatic alcohols with an S-(difluoromethyl)sulfonium salt was developed. A wide variety of alcohols with broad functional groups are compatible to furnish the corresponding alkyl difluoromethyl ethers in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. Control experiments and DFT computational studies suggest that the difluoromethylation of alcohols mainly proceeds via a difluorocarbene pathway involving a five-membered transition state with the participation of water, whose crucial role in this reaction was also elucidated by control experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Ave., Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Ave., Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Wen-Bing Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Ave., Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xiao-Shui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Henry N C Wong
- Department of Chemistry, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Linxing Zhang
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rennard SI, Martinez FJ, Rabe KF, Sethi S, Pizzichini E, McIvor A, Siddiqui S, Anzueto A, Zhu H. Effects of roflumilast in COPD patients receiving inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β2-agonist fixed-dose combination: RE(2)SPOND rationale and study design. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 11:1921-8. [PMID: 27574416 PMCID: PMC4994799 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s109661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Roflumilast, a once-daily, selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, reduces the risk of COPD exacerbations in patients with severe COPD associated with chronic bronchitis and a history of exacerbations. The RE2SPOND study is examining whether roflumilast, when added to an inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β2-agonist (ICS/LABA) fixed-dose combination (FDC), further reduces exacerbations. The methodology is described herein. Methods In this Phase IV, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial, participants were randomized 1:1 (stratified by long-acting muscarinic antagonist use) to receive roflumilast or placebo, plus ICS/LABA FDC, for 52 weeks. Eligible participants had severe COPD associated with chronic bronchitis, had two or more moderate–severe exacerbations within 12 months, and were receiving ICS/LABA FDC for ≥3 months. The primary efficacy measure is the rate of moderate or severe COPD exacerbations per participant per year. The secondary efficacy outcomes include mean change in prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) over 52 weeks, rate of severe exacerbations, and rate of moderate, severe, or antibiotic-treated exacerbations. Additional assessments include spirometry, rescue medication use, the COPD assessment test, daily symptoms using the EXACT-Respiratory symptoms (E-RS) questionnaire, all-cause and COPD-related hospitalizations, and safety and pharmacokinetic measures. Results Across 17 countries, 2,354 participants were randomized from September 2011 to October 2014. Enrollment goal was met in October 2014, and study completion occurred in June 2016. Conclusion This study will further characterize the effects of roflumilast added to ICS/LABA on exacerbation rates, lung function, and health of severe–very severe COPD participants at risk of further exacerbations. The results will determine the clinical benefits of roflumilast combined with standard-of-care inhaled COPD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen I Rennard
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fernando J Martinez
- Joan and Sanford I Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell University, New York, NY; Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Klaus F Rabe
- LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Großhansdorf; Department of Medicine, University Kiel, Kiel; Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Sanjay Sethi
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Emilio Pizzichini
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Andrew McIvor
- Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Antonio Anzueto
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System at San Antonio, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rogliani P, Calzetta L, Cazzola M, Matera MG. Drug safety evaluation of roflumilast for the treatment of COPD: a meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2016; 15:1133-46. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2016.1199683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rogliani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Rogliani P, Matera MG. The discovery of roflumilast for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:733-44. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1184642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
8
|
Abstract
The elderly patient (65 years and older) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be a challenge to the clinician. This begins with the correct and early diagnosis, the assessment of disease severity, recognizing complicating comorbidities, determining the burden of symptoms, and monitoring the frequency of acute exacerbations. Comprehensive management of COPD in the elderly patient should improve health-related quality of life, lung function, reduce exacerbations, and promote patient compliance with treatment plans. Only smoking cessation and oxygen therapy in COPD patients with hypoxemia reduce mortality. Bronchodilators, corticosteroids, methylxanthines, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, macrolide antibiotics, mucolytics, and pulmonary rehabilitation improve some outcome measures such as spirometry measures and the frequency of COPD exacerbations without improving mortality. International treatment guidelines to reduce symptoms and reduce the risk of acute exacerbations exist. Relief of dyspnea and control of anxiety are important. The approach to each patient is best individualized. Earlier use of palliative care should be considered when traditional pharmacotherapy fails to achieve outcome measures and before consideration of end-of-life issues.
Collapse
|
9
|
Giembycz MA, Newton R. How Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors Work in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease of the Severe, Bronchitic, Frequent Exacerbator Phenotype. Clin Chest Med 2014; 35:203-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
10
|
Identification of the 5,5-dioxo-7,8-dihydro-6H-thiopyrano[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives as highly selective PDE4B inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:893-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
11
|
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5-carbamoyl-2-phenylpyrimidine derivatives as novel and potent PDE4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7025-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
12
|
Identification of the fused bicyclic 4-amino-2-phenylpyrimidine derivatives as novel and potent PDE4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3325-8. [PMID: 23602400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
2-Phenyl-4-piperidinyl-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivative (2) was found to be a new PDE4 inhibitor with moderate PDE4B activity (IC50=150 nM). A number of derivatives with a variety of 4-amino substituents and fused bicyclic pyrimidines were synthesized. Among these, 5,5-dioxo-7,8-dihydro-6H-thiopyrano[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivative (18) showed potent PDE4B inhibitory activity (IC50=25 nM). Finally, N-propylacetamide derivative (31b) was determined as a potent inhibitor for both PDE4B (IC50=7.5 nM) and TNF-α production in mouse splenocytes (IC50=9.8 nM) and showed good in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in the LPS-induced lung inflammation model in mice (ID50=18 mg/kg). The binding mode of the new inhibitor (31e) in the catalytic site of PDE4B is presented based on an X-ray crystal structure of the ligand-enzyme complex.
Collapse
|
13
|
Press NJ, Taylor RJ, Fullerton JD, Tranter P, McCarthy C, Keller TH, Arnold N, Beer D, Brown L, Cheung R, Christie J, Denholm A, Haberthuer S, Hatto JDI, Keenan M, Mercer MK, Oakman H, Sahri H, Tuffnell AR, Tweed M, Tyler JW, Wagner T, Fozard JR, Trifilieff A. Solubility-Driven Optimization of Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors Leading to a Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7472-9. [PMID: 22889281 DOI: 10.1021/jm300459a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil J. Press
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham,
West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Roger J. Taylor
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham,
West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | | | - Pamela Tranter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham,
West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | | | | | | | - David Beer
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis
Road, 05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia D. I. Hatto
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham,
West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | | | | | - Helen Oakman
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham,
West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | | | | | | | - John W. Tyler
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham,
West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Trixie Wagner
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4056
Basel, Switzerland
| | - John R. Fozard
- Novartis
Distinguished Scientist, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research,
Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Trifilieff
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4056
Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zimmerman NP, Kumar SN, Turner JR, Dwinell MB. Cyclic AMP dysregulates intestinal epithelial cell restitution through PKA and RhoA. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:1081-91. [PMID: 21993975 PMCID: PMC3258471 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal homeostasis is dependent on the establishment and maintenance of the cell-cell contacts that comprise the physiological barrier. Breaks in the barrier are linked to multiple diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. While increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels limit inflammation by decreasing leukocyte infiltration, the effects of elevated cAMP on intestinal epithelial repair are unknown. METHODS Restitution in animals administered rolipram was monitored by microscopic examination after laser wounding of the intestinal epithelium or in mice treated with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). In vitro analysis was conducted using IEC6 and T84 cells to determine the role of elevated cAMP in altering Rho-dependent cellular migration signaling pathways. RESULTS We show that treatment with rolipram, forskolin, and cAMP analogs decrease intestinal epithelial cell migration in vitro. In vivo cell imaging revealed that increased cAMP resulted in a decreased cellular migration rate, with cells at the edge displaying the highest activity. As expected, elevated cAMP elicited increased protein kinase A (PKA) activity, in turn resulting in the inactivation and sequestration of RhoA and decreased actin reorganization. The ablation of restitution by cAMP was not restricted to cell culture, as forskolin and rolipram treatment significantly decreased epithelial microwound closure induced by the two photon confocal injury model. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest that administration of cAMP-elevating agents paradoxically decrease infiltration of damage-causing leukocytes while also preventing epithelial repair and barrier maintenance. We propose that treatment with cAMP-elevating agents severely limits mucosal reepithelialization and should be contraindicated for use in chronic inflammatory bowel disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah P. Zimmerman
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Suresh N. Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | | | - Michael B. Dwinell
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cazzola M, Page CP, Calzetta L, Matera MG. Pharmacology and therapeutics of bronchodilators. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:450-504. [PMID: 22611179 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchodilators are central in the treatment of of airways disorders. They are the mainstay of the current management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and are critical in the symptomatic management of asthma, although controversies around the use of these drugs remain. Bronchodilators work through their direct relaxation effect on airway smooth muscle cells. at present, three major classes of bronchodilators, β(2)-adrenoceptor (AR) agonists, muscarinic receptor antagonists, and xanthines are available and can be used individually or in combination. The use of the inhaled route is currently preferred to minimize systemic effects. Fast- and short-acting agents are best used for rescue of symptoms, whereas long-acting agents are best used for maintenance therapy. It has proven difficult to discover novel classes of bronchodilator drugs, although potential new targets are emerging. Consequently, the logical approach has been to improve the existing bronchodilators, although several novel broncholytic classes are under development. An important step in simplifying asthma and COPD management and improving adherence with prescribed therapy is to reduce the dose frequency to the minimum necessary to maintain disease control. Therefore, the incorporation of once-daily dose administration is an important strategy to improve adherence. Several once-daily β(2)-AR agonists or ultra-long-acting β(2)-AR-agonists (LABAs), such as indacaterol, olodaterol, and vilanterol, are already in the market or under development for the treatment of COPD and asthma, but current recommendations suggest the use of LABAs only in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid. In addition, some new potentially long-acting antimuscarinic agents, such as glycopyrronium bromide (NVA-237), aclidinium bromide, and umeclidinium bromide (GSK573719), are under development, as well as combinations of several classes of long-acting bronchodilator drugs, in an attempt to simplify treatment regimens as much as possible. This review will describe the pharmacology and therapeutics of old, new, and emerging classes of bronchodilator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cazzola
- Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Roma, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Peter D, Göggel R, Colbatzky F, Nickolaus P. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 prevents adverse effects induced by phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:415-27. [PMID: 20846137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitors such as roflumilast are currently being developed as anti-inflammatory treatments for chronic airway disorders. However, high doses of PDE4 inhibitors have also been linked to several side effects in different animal species, including pro-inflammatory effects in the rat. Here, we analysed PDE4-related toxicological findings in a rat model and how these side effects might be therapeutically prevented. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Wistar rats were treated orally once daily with 10 mg·kg⁻¹ roflumilast for 4 days. Macroscopic changes were monitored throughout the study and further parameters were analysed at the end of the experiment on day 5. In addition, the effects of concomitant treatment with cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors were assessed. KEY RESULTS Supratherapeutical treatment with roflumilast induced marked body and spleen weight loss, diarrhea, increased secretory activity of the harderian glands, leukocytosis, increased serum cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) levels, and histopathological changes in thymus, spleen, mesentery and mesenteric lymph nodes. All these toxicological findings could be prevented by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and non-selective COX inhibitor, diclofenac, given orally. Similar protective effects could be achieved by the COX-2 selective inhibitor lumiracoxib, whereas the COX-1 selective inhibitor SC-560 was generally not effective. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Treatment with an NSAID inhibiting COX-2 prevents the major effects found after subchronic overdosing with the PDE4-specific inhibitor roflumilast. If this effect translates into humans, such combined treatment may increase the therapeutic window of PDE4 inhibitors, currently under clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Peter
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Marjanović N, Bosnar M, Michielin F, Willé DR, Anić-Milić T, Culić O, Popović-Grle S, Bogdan M, Parnham MJ, Eraković Haber V. Macrolide antibiotics broadly and distinctively inhibit cytokine and chemokine production by COPD sputum cells in vitro. Pharmacol Res 2011; 63:389-97. [PMID: 21315154 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics are known to exert anti-inflammatory actions in vivo, including certain effects in COPD patients. In order to investigate the immunomodulatory profile of activity of macrolide antibiotics, we have studied the effects of azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin and roxithromycin on the in vitro production of a panel of inflammatory mediators from cells isolated from human, steroid-naïve, COPD sputum samples. Macrolide effects were compared to three other commonly used anti-inflammatory compounds, the corticosteroid dexamethasone, the PDE4 inhibitor, roflumilast and the p38 kinase inhibitor, SB203580. Three of the four tested macrolides, azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin, exhibited pronounced, concentration-related reduction of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, CCL3, CCL5, CCL20, CCL22, CXCL1, CXCL5, and G-CSF release. Further slight inhibitory effects on IL-1α, CXCL8, GM-CSF, and PAI-1 production were also observed. Erythromycin was very weakly active. Qualitatively and quantitatively, macrolides exerted distinctive and, compared to other tested classes of compounds, more pronounced immunomodulatory effects, particularly in terms of chemokine (CCL3, CCL5, CCL20, CCL22, and CXCL5), IL-1β, G-CSF and PAI-1 release. The described modulation of inflammatory mediators could potentially contribute to further definition of biomarkers of macrolide anti-inflammatory activity in COPD.
Collapse
|
18
|
Tashkin DP. Impact of tiotropium on the course of moderate-to-very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the UPLIFT trial. Expert Rev Respir Med 2010; 4:279-89. [PMID: 20524910 DOI: 10.1586/ers.10.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Understanding Potential Long-term Improvements in Function with Tiotropium (UPLIFT) trial was a global 4-year randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial that evaluated the long-term impact of tiotropium bromide 18 microg once daily on the accelerated age-related decline in pre- and post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1); co-primary end points). Secondary end points included lung function at serial clinic visits, health-related quality of life, exacerbations, exacerbation-related hospitalizations, mortality, safety and tolerability. The study was carried out in 5992 patients (75% male, mean age 65 years, 30% current smokers) with moderate-to-very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who were permitted to receive prescribed treatment with long-acting beta(2)-agonists and/or inhaled corticosteroids in addition to the study drug. While the results failed to show an effect of tiotropium on the primary end points (rate of decline in pre- and post-bronchodilator FEV(1)), they did show improvements in lung function and health-related quality of life that were maintained throughout the study and a reduction in the risk of exacerbations and related hospitalizations. Tiotropium also reduced all-cause mortality in patients on treatment over the 4-year trial period and reduced lower respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity, including respiratory failure and myocardial infarction. Adverse events were consistent with the drug's known anticholinergic pharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald P Tashkin
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90272, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cazzola M. The divergent opinions of regulatory authorities on roflumilast are puzzling but we need new drugs for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2010; 4:195-198. [DOI: 10.1177/1753465810377636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cazzola
- Unit of Respiratory Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy,
| |
Collapse
|