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Wu H, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Gao Y, Wang L, Zhang H, Bu R, Ding Z, Han J. Effect of Different Seed Crystals on the Supersaturation State of Ritonavir Tablets Prepared by Hot-Melt Extrusion. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 185:106440. [PMID: 37004961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Hot-melt extrusion (HME) is a technology increasingly common for the commercial production of pharmaceutical amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), especially for poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, recrystallization of the APIs during dissolution must be prevented to maintain the supersaturation state enabled by ASD. Unfortunately, the amorphous formulation may be contaminated by seed crystals during the HME manufacturing process, which could lead to undesirable crystal growth during the dissolution process. In this study, the dissolution behavior of ritonavir ASD tablets prepared using both Form I and Form II polymorphs was examined, and the effects of different seed crystals on crystal growth rates were investigated. The aim was to understand how the presence of seed crystals can impact the dissolution of ritonavir, and to determine the optimal polymorph and seeding conditions for the production of ASDs. The results showed that both Form I and Form II ritonavir tablets had similar dissolution profiles, which were also similar to the reference listed drug (RLD). However, it was observed that the presence of seed crystals, particularly the metastable Form I seed, led to more precipitation compared to the stable Form II seed in all formulations. The Form I crystals that precipitated from the supersaturated solution were easily dispersed in the solution and could serve as seeds to facilitate crystal growth. On the other hand, Form II crystals tended to grow more slowly and presented as aggregates. The addition of both Form I and Form II seeds could affect their precipitation behaviors, and the amount and form of the seeds had significant effects on the precipitation process of the RLD tablets, as are the tablets prepared with different polymorphs. In conclusion, the study highlights the importance of minimizing the contamination risk of seed crystals during the manufacturing process and selecting the appropriate polymorph for the production of ASDs.
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Wu H, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Gao Y, Zhang H, Wang L, Wang Z, Han J. Effect of Span 20 Feeding Zone in the Twin Screw Extruder on the Properties of Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Ritonavir. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020441. [PMID: 36839764 PMCID: PMC9960583 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A ternary amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) system consisting of drug/polymer/surfactant is receiving increased attention to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The effect of polymers has been extensively studied, while the impact of surfactants has not yet to be studied to the same extent. Challenging questions to be answered are whether the surfactants should be added with the drug or separately and the resulting differences between the two operating processes. By adjusting the liquid feeding zone for Span 20 in the hot-melt twin screw extruder equipment, we investigated the effect of Span 20 on the properties of the polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVPVA)-based ASD formulations of ritonavir. We found that with the delayed feeding positions of Span 20 in the twin screw extruder, the ability of the ternary ASDs to maintain the supersaturation of the milled extrudates was observed to be significantly enhanced. Furthermore, adding surfactant after a thorough mixing of polymer and drug could decrease the molecular mobility of ternary ASD formulations. In addition, the effects of Span 20 on the complex viscosity and structure of PVPVA were also investigated. The delayed addition of Span 20 could improve the complex viscosity of PVPVA, thus leading to the drug precipitation inhibition. In conclusion, the delayed addition of Span 20 in the twin screw extruder and prolonging the mixing time of the drug and polymer may be critical to the maintenance of supersaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengqian Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
- Liaocheng High-Tech Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yanna Zhao
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Anhui Biochem Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jun Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
- Liaocheng High-Tech Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252059, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0635-8239136
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Alzahrani A, Nyavanandi D, Mandati P, Adel Ali Youssef A, Narala S, Bandari S, Repka M. A systematic and robust assessment of hot-melt extrusion-based amorphous solid dispersions: Theoretical prediction to practical implementation. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:121951. [PMID: 35753536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have gained attention as a formulation strategy in recent years, with the potential to improve the apparent solubility and, hence, the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. The process of formulating ASDs is commonly faced with challenges owing to the intrinsic physical and chemical instability of the initial amorphous form and the long-term physical stability of drug formulations. Numerous research publications on hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology have demonstrated that it is the most efficient approach for manufacturing reasonably stable ASDs. The HME technique has been established as a faster scale-up production strategy for formulation evaluation and has the potential to minimize the time to market. Thermodynamic evaluation and theoretical predictions of drug-polymer solubility and miscibility may assist to reduce the product development cost by HME. This review article highlights robust and established prediction theories and experimental approaches for the selection of polymeric carriers for the development of hot melt extrusion based stable amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). In addition, this review makes a significant contribution to the literature as a pilot guide for ASD assessment, as well as to confirm the drug-polymer compatibility and physical stability of HME-based formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677; Department of Pharmacy, East Jeddah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jeddah 22253, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dinesh Nyavanandi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Preethi Mandati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Ahmed Adel Ali Youssef
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Sagar Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Michael Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Zhang Z, Li L, Dong L, Tian J, Meng T, Zhao Q, Yang J. Molecular mechanisms involved in supersaturation of Emodin ternary solid dispersions based on bonding agents. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2000-2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang Z, Dong L, Guo J, Li L, Tian B, Zhao Q, Yang J. Prediction of the physical stability of amorphous solid dispersions: relationship of aging and phase separation with the thermodynamic and kinetic models along with characterization techniques. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:249-264. [PMID: 33112679 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1844181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Solid dispersion has been considered to be one of the most promising methods for improving the solubility and bioavailability of insoluble drugs. However, the physical stability of solid dispersions (SDs), including its aging and recrystallization, or phase separation, has always been one of the most challenging problems in the process of formulation development and storage.Areas covered: The high energy state of SDs is one of the primary reasons for the poor physical stability. The factors affecting the physical stability of SDs have been described from the perspective of thermodynamics and kinetics, and the corresponding theoretical model is put forward. We briefly summarize several commonly used techniques to characterize the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of SDs. Specific measures to improve the physical stability of SDs have been proposed from the perspective of prescription screening, process parameters, and storage conditions.Expert opinion: The separation of the drug from the polymer, the formation, and migration of drug crystals will cause the SDs to shift toward the direction of energy reduction, which is the intrinsic cause of instability. Furthermore, computational simulation can be used for efficient and rapid screening suitable for the excipients to improve the physical stability of SDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Luning Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jueshuo Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Qipeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
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Hiransuthikul A, Thammajaruk N, Techatanawat I, Karachot B, Chuasuwan B, Manamuti C, Duereh M, Sawpitiporn M, Sophonphan J, Gatechompol S, Avihingsanon A, Bowonwattanuwong C, Ruxrungtham K. Pharmacokinetics and 48-week safety and efficacy of generic ritonavir tablet-boosted atazanavir in HIV-1-infected Thai adults. Antivir Ther 2019; 23:699-703. [PMID: 30265243 DOI: 10.3851/imp3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ritonavir (RTV) tablets were not available in Thailand until they were manufactured by the Government Pharmaceutical Organization of Thailand. We assessed pharmacokinetics (PK), safety and efficacy of generic RTV-boosted atazanavir (ATV) in virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected Thai adults. METHODS Virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected Thai adults who currently use ATV (either 200 or 300 mg) with Norvir® soft gel capsule (SGC) 100-mg-based regimen were enrolled into this prospective, 48-week single-arm study. Participants switched from Norvir® SGC to generic RTV. Plasma trough concentration (Ctrough) was assessed at baseline before switching to generic RTV and week 24 in all participants, with the target ATV Ctrough of 0.15 mg/l. Plasma HIV-1 RNA and other laboratory safety parameters were assessed until week 48. RESULTS Of 100 participants (51% male) enrolled, 50% was using ATV 200 mg and 50% was using 300 mg at the time RTV SGC were changed into generic tablets. All participants used two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) as backbone. There were no significant changes in mean (sd) Ctrough of RTV (0.20 [0.33] versus 0.23 [0.39]; P=0.21) and ATV (0.83 [0.93] versus 0.88 [0.95]; P=0.62) between baseline and week 24. From entry to week 48, median alanine aminotransferase significantly increased from 25 to 30 IU/l (P=0.001) and total bilirubin significantly decreased from 1.7 to 1.3 (P=0.04). One study drug related grade 3 adverse event was reported. All but one participant maintained plasma HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml after 48 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Generic RTV-boosted ATV showed adequate levels, good tolerability and great efficacy after 48 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Busarat Karachot
- Government Pharmaceutical Organization of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bancha Chuasuwan
- Government Pharmaceutical Organization of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutima Manamuti
- Government Pharmaceutical Organization of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mariam Duereh
- Government Pharmaceutical Organization of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kiat Ruxrungtham
- HIV-NAT, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Jermain SV, Brough C, Williams RO. Amorphous solid dispersions and nanocrystal technologies for poorly water-soluble drug delivery – An update. Int J Pharm 2018; 535:379-392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Melt extrusion with poorly soluble drugs - An integrated review. Int J Pharm 2017; 535:68-85. [PMID: 29102700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, hot melt extrusion (HME) has emerged as a successful technology for a broad spectrum of applications in the pharmaceutical industry. As indicated by multiple publications and patents, HME is mainly used for the enhancement of solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. This review is focused on the recent reports on the solubility enhancement via HME and provides an update for the manufacturing/scaling up aspects of melt extrusion. In addition, drug characterization methods and dissolution studies are discussed. The application of process analytical technology (PAT) tools and use of HME as a continuous manufacturing process may shorten the drug development process; as a result, the latter is becoming the most widely utilized technique in the pharmaceutical industry. The advantages, disadvantages, and practical applications of various PAT tools such as near and mid-infrared, ultraviolet/visible, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopies are summarized, and the characteristics of other techniques are briefly discussed. Overall, this review also provides an outline for the currently marketed products and analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of HME application in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Pawar JN, Fule RA, Maniruzzaman M, Amin PD. Solid crystal suspension of Efavirenz using hot melt extrusion: Exploring the role of crystalline polyols in improving solubility and dissolution rate. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 78:1023-1034. [PMID: 28575936 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Poor aqueous solubility of drugs has emerged as a major issue for pharmaceutical scientists from many decades. The current study explores the manufacture and development of a thermodynamically stabilized solid crystal suspension (SCS) of poorly water soluble drug efavirenz via hot melt extrusion. Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and belongs to BCS class II. The SCS was prepared using pearlitol and xylitol as a crystalline carrier. The drug-excipient blend was processed by hot melt extrusion with up to 50% (w/w) drug loading. Physico-chemical characterization of the SCS conducted via a scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and hot stage microscopy confirmed that SCS are in crystalline state. Similarly, X-ray powder diffraction analysis revealed highly crystalline existence of pure drug, crystalline carriers and developed SCS. The FTIR chemical imaging analysis of SCS formulations showed a homogeneous drug distribution within respective crystalline carriers while an advanced chemical analysis via atomic force microscopy and Raman analysis complemented the foregoing findings. The developed SCS1 formulation showed up to 81 fold increase in the solubility and 4.1 fold increase in the dissolution rate of the drug compared to that of the bulk substance. Surprisingly, the developed SCS formulation remained stable for a period of more than one year at accelerated conditions inferred from dissolution studies. It can be concluded that the SCS approach can be used as an alternative contemporary technique to enhance the dissolution rates of many other poorly water-soluble drugs by means of thermal HME processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaywant N Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ritesh A Fule
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India; Faculty of Pharmaceutics Department, H.K. College of Pharmacy, Relief Road, Oshiwara, Jogeshwari West, Mumbai 400102, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohammed Maniruzzaman
- Department of Pharmacy (Chemistry), School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QT, United Kingdom.
| | - Purnima D Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
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Downstream processing of polymer-based amorphous solid dispersions to generate tablet formulations. Int J Pharm 2015; 486:268-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stanković M, Frijlink HW, Hinrichs WLJ. Polymeric formulations for drug release prepared by hot melt extrusion: application and characterization. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:812-23. [PMID: 25660507 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades hot melt extrusion (HME) has emerged as a powerful processing technology for the production of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms in which an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is dispersed into polymer matrices. It has been shown that formulations using HME can provide time-controlled, sustained and targeted drug delivery, and improved bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. In this review, the basic principles of the HME process are described together with an overview of some of the most common biodegradable and nonbiodegradable polymers used for the preparation of different formulations using this method. Further, the applications of HME in drug delivery and analytical techniques employed to characterize HME products are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Stanković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Henderik W Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter L J Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Brough C, Williams RO. Amorphous solid dispersions and nano-crystal technologies for poorly water-soluble drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:157-66. [PMID: 23751341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Poor water-solubility is a common characteristic of drug candidates in pharmaceutical development pipelines today. Various processes have been developed to increase the solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of these active ingredients belonging to BCS II and IV classifications. Over the last decade, nano-crystal delivery forms and amorphous solid dispersions have become well established in commercially available products and industry literature. This article is a comparative analysis of these two methodologies primarily for orally delivered medicaments. The thermodynamic and kinetic theories relative to these technologies are presented along with marketed product evaluations and a survey of commercial relevant scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Brough
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Campus Mail Code A1902, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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