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Liu Y, Peng Y, Chen C, Ren H, Zhu J, Deng Y, Cui Q, Hu X, He J, Li H, Zhu X, Yin Y, He J, Xiao Y. Flavonoids from mulberry leaves inhibit fat production and improve fatty acid distribution in adipose tissue in finishing pigs. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:147-157. [PMID: 38357574 PMCID: PMC10864206 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of flavonoids from mulberry leaves (FML) on plasma biochemical indices, serum activities of lipid metabolism-related enzymes, fat morphology, fatty acid composition, and lipid metabolism in different adipose tissues of finishing pigs. We used 120 Chinese hybrid barrows of Berkshire and Bama mini-pigs with an average initial body weight of 45.11 ± 4.23 kg. The pigs were randomly assigned to five treatment groups and fed a control diet based on corn, soybean meal, and wheat bran or a control diet supplemented with 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.08%, or 0.16% FML. Each experimental group had six replicates (pens), with four pigs per pen. After a 7-d adaptation period, the feeding trial was conducted for 58 d. Blood and adipose tissue samples were collected from 30 pigs (one pig per pen) at the end of the test. The results showed that FML supplementation significantly decreased the feed intake to body gain ratio, the plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and free fatty acids, and the serum activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (linear or quadratic effects, P < 0.05), and decreased the plasma triglyceride concentration (quadratic, P = 0.07). Increasing FML supplementation increased the average daily gain and serum activities of lipoprotein lipase (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.05) and adipose triglyceride lipase (linear, P < 0.05). Dietary FML supplementation decreased the adipocyte area in the dorsal subcutaneous adipose (DSA) tissue of finishing pigs (linear, P = 0.05) and increased the adipocyte area in the visceral adipose tissue (quadratic, P < 0.01). Increasing FML supplementation decreased the C20:1 content in DSA, abdominal subcutaneous adipose, and visceral adipose tissues of finishing pigs (P < 0.05) and increased the C18:3n3 and n-3 PUFA contents (P < 0.05). The lipid metabolism genes were regulated by the PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1 signaling pathway, and their expressions differed in different adipose tissues. These findings suggest that FML improved growth performance, regulated lipid metabolism, inhibited fat production, and improved fatty acid distribution in the adipose tissue of finishing pigs, thereby improving pig fat's nutritional quality and health value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, 410131, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Local Pig Breed Germplasm Resources, Changsha, 410131, China
| | - Yinglin Peng
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, 410131, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Local Pig Breed Germplasm Resources, Changsha, 410131, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, 410131, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Local Pig Breed Germplasm Resources, Changsha, 410131, China
| | - Huibo Ren
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, 410131, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Local Pig Breed Germplasm Resources, Changsha, 410131, China
| | - Ji Zhu
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, 410131, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Local Pig Breed Germplasm Resources, Changsha, 410131, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, 410131, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Local Pig Breed Germplasm Resources, Changsha, 410131, China
| | - Qingming Cui
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, 410131, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Local Pig Breed Germplasm Resources, Changsha, 410131, China
| | - Xionggui Hu
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, 410131, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Local Pig Breed Germplasm Resources, Changsha, 410131, China
| | - Jianhua He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Huali Li
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, 410131, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Local Pig Breed Germplasm Resources, Changsha, 410131, China
| | - Xinghui Zhu
- College of Information and Intelligence, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Jun He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- College of Information and Intelligence, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
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Li HX, Sun MR, Zhang Y, Song LL, Zhang F, Song YQ, Hou XD, Ge GB. Human Carboxylesterase 1A Plays a Predominant Role in Hydrolysis of the Anti-Dyslipidemia Agent Fenofibrate in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1490-1498. [PMID: 37550069 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate, a marketed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) agonist, has been widely used for treating severe hypertriglyceridemia and mixed dyslipidemia. As a canonical prodrug, fenofibrate can be rapidly hydrolyzed to release the active metabolite (fenofibric acid) in vivo, but the crucial enzyme(s) responsible for fenofibrate hydrolysis and the related hydrolytic kinetics have not been well-investigated. This study aimed to assign the key organs and crucial enzymes involved in fenofibrate hydrolysis in humans, as well as reveal the impact of fenofibrate hydrolysis on its non-PPAR-mediated biologic activities. Our results demonstrated that fenofibrate could be rapidly hydrolyzed in the preparations from both human liver and lung to release fenofibric acid. Reaction phenotyping assays coupling with chemical inhibition assays showed that human carboxylesterase 1A (hCES1A) played a predominant role in fenofibrate hydrolysis in human liver and lung, while human carboxylesterase 2A (hCES2A) and human monoacylglycerol esterase (hMAGL) contributed to a very lesser extent. Kinetic analyses showed that fenofibrate could be rapidly hydrolyzed by hCES1A in human liver preparations, while the inherent clearance of hCES1A-catalyzed fenofibrate hydrolysis is much higher (>200-fold) than than that of hCES2A or hMAGL. Biologic assays demonstrated that both fenofibrate and fenofibric acid showed very closed Nrf2 agonist effects, but fenofibrate hydrolysis strongly weakens its inhibitory effects against both hCES2A and hNtoum. Collectively, our findings reveal that the liver is the major organ and hCES1A is the predominant enzyme-catalyzing fenofibrate hydrolysis in humans, while fenofibrate hydrolysis significantly reduces inhibitory effects of fenofibrate against serine hydrolases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Fenofibrate can be completely converted to fenofibric acid in humans and subsequently exert its pharmacological effects, but the hydrolytic pathways of fenofibrate in humans have not been well-investigated. This study reported that the liver was the predominant organ and human carboxylesterase 1A was the crucial enzyme involved in fenofibrate hydrolysis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xin Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.-X.L., M.-R.S., Y.Z., L.-L.S., F.Z., Y.-Q.S., X.-D.H., G.-B.G.) and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (L.-L.S.)
| | - Meng-Ru Sun
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.-X.L., M.-R.S., Y.Z., L.-L.S., F.Z., Y.-Q.S., X.-D.H., G.-B.G.) and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (L.-L.S.)
| | - Ya Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.-X.L., M.-R.S., Y.Z., L.-L.S., F.Z., Y.-Q.S., X.-D.H., G.-B.G.) and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (L.-L.S.)
| | - Li-Lin Song
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.-X.L., M.-R.S., Y.Z., L.-L.S., F.Z., Y.-Q.S., X.-D.H., G.-B.G.) and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (L.-L.S.)
| | - Feng Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.-X.L., M.-R.S., Y.Z., L.-L.S., F.Z., Y.-Q.S., X.-D.H., G.-B.G.) and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (L.-L.S.)
| | - Yun-Qing Song
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.-X.L., M.-R.S., Y.Z., L.-L.S., F.Z., Y.-Q.S., X.-D.H., G.-B.G.) and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (L.-L.S.)
| | - Xu-Dong Hou
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.-X.L., M.-R.S., Y.Z., L.-L.S., F.Z., Y.-Q.S., X.-D.H., G.-B.G.) and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (L.-L.S.)
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.-X.L., M.-R.S., Y.Z., L.-L.S., F.Z., Y.-Q.S., X.-D.H., G.-B.G.) and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (L.-L.S.)
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Seo YB, Kim JH, Song JH, Jung W, Nam KY, Kim N, Choi YW, Cho S, Ki DH, Lee HJ, Moon J, Lee S, Kim J, Hong JH, Sunwoo J, Jung JG. Safety and pharmacokinetic comparison between fenofibric acid 135 mg capsule and 110 mg enteric-coated tablet in healthy volunteers. Transl Clin Pharmacol 2023; 31:95-104. [PMID: 37440778 PMCID: PMC10333648 DOI: 10.12793/tcp.2023.31.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety profiles of 2 fenofibric acid formulations under fasting and fed conditions. The reference was a 135 mg capsule, while the test was a 110 mg enteric-coated tablet. This randomized, open-label, two-sequence, two-period crossover phase 1 clinical trial was conducted in healthy Korean men. Sixty participants were enrolled in each of the fasting and feeding groups. Blood samples were collected 72 hours after drug administration. PK parameters were calculated using a non-compartmental method with Phoenix WinNonlin®. A total of 53 and 51 participants from the fasting and feeding groups, respectively, completed the study. The geometric mean ratio and 90% confidence intervals of the maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve to the last measurable plasma concentration were 0.9195 (0.8795-0.9614) and 0.8630 (0.8472-0.8791) in the fasting study and 1.0926 (1.0102-1.1818) and 0.9998 (0.9675-1.0332) in the fed study, respectively. The time to reach Cmax of the enteric-coated tablet compared to that of the capsule was extended by 1 and 3 hours under fasting and fed conditions, respectively. In conclusion, enteric-coated tablets have a higher bioavailability than capsules. In addition, the enteric-coated tablet was smaller than the capsule, making it easier for patients to swallow. Trial Registration Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0007177, KCT0003304.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bin Seo
- Clinical Trials Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Kim
- Clinical Trials Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Song
- Clinical Trials Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - WonTae Jung
- Korea United Pharm. Inc., Seoul 06116, Korea
| | | | - Nyung Kim
- Korea United Pharm. Inc., Seoul 06116, Korea
| | | | - SangMin Cho
- Korea United Pharm. Inc., Seoul 06116, Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Ki
- Korea United Pharm. Inc., Seoul 06116, Korea
| | | | | | | | - JaeHee Kim
- Caleb Multilab. Inc., Seoul 06745, Korea
| | - Jang Hee Hong
- Clinical Trials Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jung Sunwoo
- Clinical Trials Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jin-Gyu Jung
- Department of Family Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
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Thapa RK, Kim JO. Nanomedicine-based commercial formulations: current developments and future prospects. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2023; 53:19-33. [PMID: 36568502 PMCID: PMC9761651 DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background In recent decades, there has been a considerable increase in the number of nanomedicine-based formulations, and their advantages, including controlled/targeted drug delivery with increased efficacy and reduced toxicity, make them ideal candidates for therapeutic delivery in the treatment of complex and difficult-to-treat diseases, such as cancer. Areas covered This review focuses on nanomedicine-based formulation development, approved and marketed nanomedicines, and the challenges faced in nanomedicine development as well as their future prospects. Expert opinion To date, the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency have approved several nanomedicines, which are now commercially available. However, several critical challenges, including reproducibility, proper characterization, and biological evaluation, e.g., via assays, are still associated with their use. Therefore, rigorous studies alongside stringent guidelines for effective and safe nanomedicine development and use are still warranted. In this study, we provide an overview of currently available nanomedicine-based formulations. Thus, the findings here reported may serve as a basis for further studies regarding the use of these formulations for therapeutic purposes in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Thapa
- Pharmacy Program, Gandaki University, Gyankunja, Pokhara-32, Kaski, Nepal
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- grid.413028.c0000 0001 0674 4447College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan, 712-749 Republic of Korea
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Kikuchi R, Maeda Y, Tsuji T, Yamaguchi K, Abe S, Nakamura H, Aoshiba K. Fenofibrate inhibits TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation in human lung fibroblasts in vitro. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11. [PMID: 34228906 PMCID: PMC8329776 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate (FF), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) agonist and a lipid-lowering agent, can decrease experimental pulmonary fibrosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the antifibrotic effect of FF remain unknown. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of FF on transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation in lung fibroblasts. The results showed that FF inhibited alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and connective tissue growth factor expression, collagen production, cell motility, SMAD3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, and metabolic reprogramming in TGF-β-exposed cells. The inhibitory effect of FF did not decrease with the addition of a PPAR-α antagonist. Moreover, the inhibitory effect given by FF could not be reproduced with the addition of an alternative PPAR-α agonist. FF inhibited mitochondrial respiration. However, rotenone, a complex I inhibitor, did not suppress TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation. Furthermore, the TGF-β-induced nuclear reduction of protein phosphatase, Mg2+ /Mn2+ -dependent 1A (PPM1A), a SMAD phosphatase, was inhibited by FF. These results showed that FF suppressed TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation independent of PPAR-α activation and impaired mitochondrial respiration. In conclusion, this study provides information on the effects of FF on anti-TGF-β mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kikuchi
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityShinjuku‐kuJapan
| | - Yuki Maeda
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department of MedicineOtsuki Municipal HospitalJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
| | - Shinji Abe
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityShinjuku‐kuJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
| | - Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
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Tomlinson B, Chan P, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Lam CWK. Pharmacokinetics of current and emerging treatments for hypercholesterolemia. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:371-385. [PMID: 32223657 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1749261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Reduction of low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and other apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins reduces cardiovascular (CV) events and greater reductions have greater benefits. Current lipid treatments cannot always achieve desirable LDL-C targets and additional or alternative treatments are often needed.Areas covered: In this article, we review the pharmacokinetics of the available and emerging treatments for hypercholesterolemia and focus on recently approved drugs and those at a late stage of development.Expert opinion: Statin pharmacokinetics are well known and appropriate drugs and doses can usually be chosen for individual patients to achieve LDL-C targets and avoid adverse effects and drug-drug interactions. Ezetimibe, icosapent ethyl and the monoclonal antibodies evolocumab and alirocumab have established efficacy and safety. Newer oral agents including pemafibrate and bempedoic acid have generally favorable pharmacokinetics supporting use in a wide range of patients. RNA-based therapies with antisense oligonucleotides are highly specific for their targets and those inhibiting apoB, apoCIII, angiopoietin-like protein 3 and lipoprotein(a) have shown promising results. The small-interfering RNA inclisiran has the notable advantage that a single subcutaneous administration may be effective for up to 6 months. The CV outcome trial results and long term safety data are eagerly awaited for these new agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Tomlinson
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Paul Chan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Lian X, Wang G, Zhou H, Zheng Z, Fu Y, Cai L. Anticancer Properties of Fenofibrate: A Repurposing Use. J Cancer 2018; 9:1527-1537. [PMID: 29760790 PMCID: PMC5950581 DOI: 10.7150/jca.24488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death throughout the world, and cancer therapy remains a big medical challenge in terms of both its therapeutic efficacy and safety. Therefore, to find out a safe anticancer drug has been long goal for oncologist and medical scientists. Among clinically used medicines with no or little toxicity, fenofibrate is a drug of the fibrate class that plays an important role in lowering the levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides while elevating the levels of high-density lipoproteins. Recently, several studies have implied that fenofibrate may exert anticancer effects via a variety of pathways involved in apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, invasion, and migration. Given the great potential that fenofibrate may have anticancer effects, this review was to investigate all published works which directly or indirectly support the anticancer activity of fenofibrate. These studies provide evidence that fenofibrate exerted antitumor effects in several human cancer cell lines, such as breast, liver, glioma, prostate, pancreas, and lung cancer cell lines. Among these studies some have further confirmed the possibility and efficacy of fenofibrate anticancer in xenograft mouse models. In the last part of this review, we also discuss the potential mechanisms of action of fenofibrate based on the available information. Overall, we may repurpose fenofibrate as an anticancer drug in cancer treatment, which urgently need further and comprehensively investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lian
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zongyu Zheng
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yaowen Fu
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Departments of Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Ramakrishna R, Kumar D, Bhateria M, Gaikwad AN, Bhatta RS. 16-Dehydropregnenolone lowers serum cholesterol by up-regulation of CYP7A1 in hyperlipidemic male hamsters. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 168:110-117. [PMID: 28232149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
16-Dehydropregnenolone (DHP) has been developed and patented as a promising antihyperlipidemic agent by CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), India. Although DHP is implicated in controlling cholesterol homeostasis, the mechanism underlying its pharmacological effect in hyperlipidemic disease models is poorly understood. In the present study, we postulated that DHP lowers serum lipids through regulating the key hepatic genes accountable for cholesterol metabolism. The hypothesis was tested on golden Syrian hamsters fed with high-fat diet (HFD) following oral administration of DHP at a dose of 72mg/kg body weight for a period of one week. The serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and total bile acids (TBA) in feces were measured. Real time comparative gene expression studies were performed for CYP7A1, LXRα and PPARα level in liver tissue of hamsters. The results revealed that the DHP profoundly decreased the levels of serum TC, TG, LDL-C and atherogenic index (AI), whilst elevated the HDL-C/TC ratio. Besides, DHP exhibited an anti-hyperlipidemic effect in the HFD induced hyperlipidemic hamsters by means of: (1) up-regulating the gene expression of CYP7A1 encoded cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, that promotes the catabolism of cholesterol to bile acid; (2) inducing the gene expression of transcription factors LXRα and PPARα; (3) increasing the TBA excretion through feces. Collectively, the findings presented confer the hypolipidemic activity of DHP via up-regulation of hepatic CYP7A1 pathway that promotes cholesterol-to-bile acid conversion and bile acid excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachumallu Ramakrishna
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Manisha Bhateria
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Anil Nilkanth Gaikwad
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001, India.
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Malátková P, Kanavi M, Nobilis M, Wsól V. In vitro metabolism of fenofibric acid by carbonyl reducing enzymes. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 258:153-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Tsai SC, Tsai MH, Chiu CF, Lu CC, Kuo SC, Chang NW, Yang JS. AMPK-dependent signaling modulates the suppression of invasion and migration by fenofibrate in CAL 27 oral cancer cells through NF-κB pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:866-876. [PMID: 25545733 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist and lipid-lowering agent, has been used worldwide for treatment of hyperlipidemia. The clinical trials demonstrate that fenofibrate possesses multiple pharmacological activities, including antitumor effects. However, the precise mechanisms in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of fenofibrate on the migration and invasion of human oral cancer CAL 27 cells. Fenofibrate inhibited the cell migration and invasion of CAL 27 cells by the wound healing and Boyden chamber transwell assays, respectively. In addition, fenofibrate reduced the protein expressions of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 by Western blotting and inhibited enzyme activities of MMP-2/-9 using gelatin zymography assay. Results from immunoblotting analysis showed that the proteins of p-LKB1 (Ser428), LKB1, p-AMPKα (Thr172), p-AMPKα1/α2 (Ser425/Ser491), p-AMPKβ1 (Ser108), and AMPKγ1 were upregulated by fenofibrate; the levels of p-IKKα/β (Ser176) and p-IκBα were reduced in fenofibrate-treated cells. Also, fenofibrate suppressed the expressions of nuclear NF-κB p65 and p50 by immunoblotting and NF-κB DNA binding activity by EMSA assay. The anti-invasive effect of fenofibrate was attenuated by compound C [an adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor] or dominant negative form of AMPK (DN-AMPKα1). Thus, fenofibrate considerably inhibited metastatic behaviors of CAL 27 cells might be mediated through blocking NF-κB signaling, resulting in the inhibition of MMPs; these effects were AMPK-dependent rather than PPARα signaling. Our findings provide a molecular rationale, whereby fenofibrate exerts anticancer effects and additional beneficial effects for the treatment of cancer patients. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 866-876, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chang Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsui Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Fang Chiu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- Bracco Pharmaceutical Corp. Ltd., Taipei, 104, Taiwan
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11
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Shi Y, Li J, Kennedy LJ, Tao S, Hernández AS, Lai Z, Chen S, Wong H, Zhu J, Trehan A, Lim NK, Zhang H, Chen BC, Locke KT, O’Malley KM, Zhang L, Srivastava RA, Miao B, Meyers DS, Monshizadegan H, Search D, Grimm D, Zhang R, Harrity T, Kunselman LK, Cap M, Muckelbauer J, Chang C, Krystek SR, Li YX, Hosagrahara V, Zhang L, Kadiyala P, Xu C, Blanar MA, Zahler R, Mukherjee R, Cheng PTW, Tino JA. Discovery and Preclinical Evaluation of BMS-711939, an Oxybenzylglycine Based PPARα Selective Agonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:590-4. [PMID: 27326332 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BMS-711939 (3) is a potent and selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α agonist, with an EC50 of 4 nM for human PPARα and >1000-fold selectivity vs human PPARγ (EC50 = 4.5 μM) and PPARδ (EC50 > 100 μM) in PPAR-GAL4 transactivation assays. Compound 3 also demonstrated excellent in vivo efficacy and safety profiles in preclinical studies and thus was chosen for further preclinical evaluation. The synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, and in vivo pharmacology of 3 in preclinical animal models as well as its ADME profile are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Kennedy
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Shiwei Tao
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Andrés S. Hernández
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Zhi Lai
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Sean Chen
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Henry Wong
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Juliang Zhu
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ashok Trehan
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ngiap-Kie Lim
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Bang-Chi Chen
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Kenneth T. Locke
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Kevin M. O’Malley
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Litao Zhang
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Rai Ajit Srivastava
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Bowman Miao
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Daniel S. Meyers
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Hossain Monshizadegan
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Debra Search
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Denise Grimm
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Rongan Zhang
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Thomas Harrity
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Lori K. Kunselman
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Michael Cap
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jodi Muckelbauer
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Chiehying Chang
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Stanley R. Krystek
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Yi-Xin Li
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Vinayak Hosagrahara
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Lisa Zhang
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Pathanjali Kadiyala
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Carrie Xu
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Michael A. Blanar
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Robert Zahler
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ranjan Mukherjee
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Peter T. W. Cheng
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Joseph A. Tino
- Research
and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
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12
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Zhang H, Ding CZ, Lai Z, Chen SS, Devasthale P, Herpin T, Morton G, Qu F, Ryono D, Smirk R, Wang W, Wu S, Ye XX, Li YX, Apedo A, Farrelly D, Wang T, Gu L, Morgan N, Flynn N, Chu C, Kunselman L, Lippy J, Locke K, O'Malley K, Harrity T, Cap M, Zhang L, Hosagrahara V, Kadiyala P, Xu C, Doweyko AM, Zahler R, Hariharan N, Cheng PTW. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrrolidine acid analogs as potent dual PPARα/γ agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1196-205. [PMID: 25686852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a novel series of 3,4-disubstituted pyrrolidine acid analogs as PPAR ligands is outlined. In both the 1,3- and 1,4-oxybenzyl pyrrolidine acid series, the preferred stereochemistry was shown to be the cis-3R,4S isomer, as exemplified by the potent dual PPARα/γ agonists 3k and 4i. The N-4-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidinyl pyrrolidine acid analog 4i was efficacious in lowering fasting glucose and triglyceride levels in diabetic db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development (R&D), Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Charles Z Ding
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development (R&D), Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Zhi Lai
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development (R&D), Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Sean S Chen
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development (R&D), Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Pratik Devasthale
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development (R&D), Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Tim Herpin
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development (R&D), Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - George Morton
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development (R&D), Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Fucheng Qu
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development (R&D), Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Denis Ryono
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development (R&D), Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Rebecca Smirk
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development (R&D), Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development (R&D), Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Shung Wu
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development (R&D), Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Xiang-Xang Ye
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development (R&D), Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Yi-Xin Li
- Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Atsu Apedo
- Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Dennis Farrelly
- Metabolic Diseases Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Lead Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Liqun Gu
- Metabolic Diseases Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Nathan Morgan
- Metabolic Diseases Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Neil Flynn
- Metabolic Diseases Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Cuixia Chu
- Metabolic Diseases Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Lori Kunselman
- Metabolic Diseases Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Jonathan Lippy
- Lead Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Kenneth Locke
- Lead Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Kevin O'Malley
- Lead Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Thomas Harrity
- Metabolic Diseases Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Michael Cap
- Metabolic Diseases Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Lisa Zhang
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Vinayak Hosagrahara
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Pathanjali Kadiyala
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Carrie Xu
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Arthur M Doweyko
- Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Robert Zahler
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development (R&D), Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Narayanan Hariharan
- Metabolic Diseases Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
| | - Peter T W Cheng
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development (R&D), Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
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13
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Molecular mechanisms of fenofibrate-induced metabolic catastrophe and glioblastoma cell death. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 35:182-98. [PMID: 25332241 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00562-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate (FF) is a common lipid-lowering drug and a potent agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). FF and several other agonists of PPARα have interesting anticancer properties, and our recent studies demonstrate that FF is very effective against tumor cells of neuroectodermal origin. In spite of these promising anticancer effects, the molecular mechanism(s) of FF-induced tumor cell toxicity remains to be elucidated. Here we report a novel PPARα-independent mechanism explaining FF's cytotoxicity in vitro and in an intracranial mouse model of glioblastoma. The mechanism involves accumulation of FF in the mitochondrial fraction, followed by immediate impairment of mitochondrial respiration at the level of complex I of the electron transport chain. This mitochondrial action sensitizes tested glioblastoma cells to the PPARα-dependent metabolic switch from glycolysis to fatty acid β-oxidation. As a consequence, prolonged exposure to FF depletes intracellular ATP, activates the AMP-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin-autophagy pathway, and results in extensive tumor cell death. Interestingly, autophagy activators attenuate and autophagy inhibitors enhance FF-induced glioblastoma cytotoxicity. Our results explain the molecular basis of FF-induced glioblastoma cytotoxicity and reveal a new supplemental therapeutic approach in which intracranial infusion of FF could selectively trigger metabolic catastrophe in glioblastoma cells.
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14
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15
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Curcuma oil ameliorates hyperlipidaemia and associated deleterious effects in golden Syrian hamsters. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:437-46. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512005363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Essential oil components from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) are documented for neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anti-thrombotic and antioxidant effects. The present study aimed to investigate the disease-modifying potential of curcuma oil (C. oil), a lipophilic component from C. longa L., in hyperlipidaemic hamsters. Male golden Syrian hamsters were fed a chow or high-cholesterol (HC) and fat-rich diet with or without C. oil (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) for 28 d. In HC diet-fed hamsters, C. oil significantly reduced plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and TAG, and increased HDL-cholesterol when compared with the HC group. Similar group comparisons showed that C. oil treatment reduced hepatic cholesterol and oxidative stress, and improved liver function. Hyperlipidaemia-induced platelet activation, vascular dysfunction and repressed eNOS mRNA expression were restored by the C. oil treatment. Furthermore, aortic cholesterol accumulation and CD68 expression were also reduced in the C. oil-treated group. The effect of C. oil at 300 mg/kg was comparable with the standard drug ezetimibe. Delving into the probable anti-hyperlipidaemic mechanism at the transcript level, the C. oil-treated groups fed the chow and HC diets were compared with the chow diet-fed group. The C. oil treatment significantly increased the hepatic expression of PPARα, LXRα, CYP7A1, ABCA1, ABCG5, ABCG8 and LPL accompanied by reduced SREBP-2 and HMGCR expression. C. oil also enhanced ABCA1, ABCG5 and ABCG8 expression and suppressed NPC1L1 expression in the jejunum. In the present study, C. oil demonstrated an anti-hyperlipidaemic effect and reduced lipid-induced oxidative stress, platelet activation and vascular dysfunction. The anti-hyperlipidaemic effect exhibited by C. oil seems to be mediated by the modulation of PPARα, LXRα and associated genes involved in lipid metabolism and transport.
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16
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Ling H, Luoma JT, Hilleman D. A Review of Currently Available Fenofibrate and Fenofibric Acid Formulations. Cardiol Res 2013; 4:47-55. [PMID: 28352420 PMCID: PMC5358213 DOI: 10.4021/cr270w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate is a third-generation fibric acid derivative indicated as a monotherapy to reduce elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B; to increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with primary hyperlipidemia or mixed dyslipidemia; and to reduce triglycerides in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. In this review, the key characteristics of available fenofibrate formulations are examined. A literature search was conducted, focusing on comparative studies examining bioavailability, food effects, absorption, and lipid efficacy. Fenofibrate is highly lipophilic, virtually insoluble in water, and poorly absorbed. Coadministration with meals was necessary to maximize bioavailability of early formulations. Micronized and nanoparticle formulations of fenofibrate with reduced particle sizes were developed, resulting in greater solubility, improved bioavailability, and in some cases, the ability to be given irrespective of food. A recently introduced hydrophilic choline salt of fenofibric acid also can be taken without regard to meals, is absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, has the highest bioavailability among marketed formulations, and is approved for coadministration with a statin. Differences in bioavailability of fenofibrate formulations have resulted in low-dose (40 - 67) mg and standard-dose (120 - 200 mg) formulations. Different formulations are not equivalent on a milligram-to-milligram basis. In order to prevent medication errors, resulting in underdosing or overdosing with attendant consequences, it is important for healthcare providers to recognize that the formulations of fenofibrate and fenofibric acid that are currently available vary substantially in relation to food effect, equivalency on a milligram-to-milligram basis, and indication to be coadministered with a statin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ling
- School of Medicine, Cardiac Center of Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - John T. Luoma
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, AbbVie (formerly Abbott Laboratories), North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Hilleman
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Cardiac Center of Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
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