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Raeisi A, Farjadian F. Commercial hydrogel product for drug delivery based on route of administration. Front Chem 2024; 12:1336717. [PMID: 38476651 PMCID: PMC10927762 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1336717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are hydrophilic, three-dimensional, cross-linked polymers that absorb significant amounts of biological fluids or water. Hydrogels possess several favorable properties, including flexibility, stimulus-responsiveness, versatility, and structural composition. They can be categorized according to their sources, synthesis route, response to stimulus, and application. Controlling the cross-link density matrix and the hydrogels' attraction to water while they're swelling makes it easy to change their porous structure, which makes them ideal for drug delivery. Hydrogel in drug delivery can be achieved by various routes involving injectable, oral, buccal, vaginal, ocular, and transdermal administration routes. The hydrogel market is expected to grow from its 2019 valuation of USD 22.1 billion to USD 31.4 billion by 2027. Commercial hydrogels are helpful for various drug delivery applications, such as transdermal patches with controlled release characteristics, stimuli-responsive hydrogels for oral administration, and localized delivery via parenteral means. Here, we are mainly focused on the commercial hydrogel products used for drug delivery based on the described route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Raeisi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Journey to the Market: The Evolution of Biodegradable Drug Delivery Systems. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12020935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers have been used as carriers in drug delivery systems for more than four decades. Early work used crude natural materials for particle fabrication, whereas more recent work has utilized synthetic polymers. Applications include the macroscale, the microscale, and the nanoscale. Since pioneering work in the 1960’s, an array of products that use biodegradable polymers to encapsulate the desired drug payload have been approved for human use by international regulatory agencies. The commercial success of these products has led to further research in the field aimed at bringing forward new formulation types for improved delivery of various small molecule and biologic drugs. Here, we review recent advances in the development of these materials and we provide insight on their drug delivery application. We also address payload encapsulation and drug release mechanisms from biodegradable formulations and their application in approved therapeutic products.
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Molinier C, Picot-Groz M, Malval O, Le Lamer-Déchamps S, Richard J, Lopez-Noriega A, Grizot S. Impact of octreotide counterion nature on the long-term stability and release kinetics from an in situ forming depot technology. J Control Release 2021; 336:457-468. [PMID: 34214596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The generation of acylated impurities has represented an important hurdle in the development of long acting injectables for therapeutic peptides using biocompatible polymers with a polyester moiety. We investigated here an in situ forming depot (ISFD) technology that uses polyethylene glycol - polyester copolymers and a solvent exchange mechanism to promote depot formation. This technology has shown promise in formulating small molecules as well as therapeutic proteins. In the present work, using the well-known somatostatin analog octreotide acetate (OctAc) as a model molecule, we evaluated this delivery platform to release therapeutic peptides. Peptide acylation was found to be pronounced in the formulation, while it was very limited once the depot was formed and during the release process. The octreotide acylation pattern was fully characterized by LC-MS/MS. Moreover, it was demonstrated that exchanging the acetate anion with more hydrophobic counterions like pamoate or lauryl sulfate allowed to greatly improve the peptide stability profile, as well as the formulation release performance. Finally, the in vivo evaluation through pharmacokinetics studies in rat of these new octreotide salts in ISFD formulations showed that octreotide was quantifiable up to four weeks post-administration with a high bioavailability and an acceptable initial burst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Océane Malval
- MedinCell, 3 Rue des Frères Lumière, 34830 Jacou, France
| | | | - Joël Richard
- MedinCell, 3 Rue des Frères Lumière, 34830 Jacou, France
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Hosseiny Davarani SS, Pourahadi A, Ghasemzadeh P. Quantification of controlled release leuprolide and triptorelin in rabbit plasma using electromembrane extraction coupled with HPLC–UV. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1074-1081. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Pourahadi
- Faculty of ChemistryShahid Beheshti University Evin Tehran Iran
| | - Peivand Ghasemzadeh
- Faculty of PharmacyTehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad University Tehran Iran
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Zvereva I, Dudko G, Dikunets M. Determination of GnRH and its synthetic analogues' abuse in doping control: Small bioactive peptide UPLC-MS/MS method extension by addition of in vitro and in vivo metabolism data; evaluation of LH and steroid profile parameter fluctuations as suitable bi. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:711-722. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Li H, Liu T, Zhu Y, Fu Q, Wu W, Deng J, Lan L, Shi S. An in situ-forming phospholipid-based phase transition gel prolongs the duration of local anesthesia for ropivacaine with minimal toxicity. Acta Biomater 2017; 58:136-145. [PMID: 28611004 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An injectable, phospholipid-based phase transition gel (PPTG) has been developed for prolonging the release of ropivacaine (RO) for local anesthesia. PPTG was prepared by mixing phospholipids, medium-chain triglyceride and ethanol. Prior to injection, the PPTG is in a sol state with low viscosity. After subcutaneous injection, the PPTG rapidly forms a gel in situ, which acts as a drug release depot as verified by in vitro release profiles and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Administering RO-PPTG to rats led to a significantly smaller initial burst release than administering RO solution or RO base suspension. Nerve blockade in guinea pigs lasted 3-fold longer after injection of RO-PPTG than after injection of RO solution. RO-PPTG showed good biocompatibility and excellent degradability in vivo. These results suggest that this PPTG-based depot system may be useful for sustained release of local anesthetics to prolong analgesia without causing systemic toxicity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The sustained release of local anesthetics at the surgical site after a single injection is the optimal method to control post-surgical pain. In situ forming implant is an attractive alternative for the sustained release of local anesthetics. However, its practical use is highly limited by certain drawbacks including high viscosity, involved toxic organic solvents and fast drug release. To date, phospholipids-based phase transition gel (PPTG) is emerging for clinical development because of the non-toxicity, biocompatibility and ready availability of phospholipids in body. Thus, we present a novel strategy for sustained release of local anesthetics to control post-surgical pain based on PPTG, which showed a prolonged duration of nerve blockade and excellent biocompatibility.
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Rahimi M, Mobedi H, Behnamghader A. In situ-forming PLGA implants loaded with leuprolide acetate/β-cyclodextrin complexes: mathematical modelling and degradation. J Microencapsul 2016; 33:355-64. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2016.1194905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Crawford ED, Moul JW, Sartor O, Shore ND. Extended release, 6-month formulations of leuprolide acetate for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer: achieving testosterone levels below 20 ng/dl. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 11:1465-74. [PMID: 26293510 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1073711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists such as leuprolide acetate (LA) are the most frequently utilized treatment of advanced prostate cancer as the regimen for achieving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). The efficacy of LA is determined by extent of testosterone (T) suppression in prostate cancer patients. Although, the historical castrate T suppression target has been defined as < 50 ng/dl, this level may not be as low as required to deliver equivalent suppression as achieved by surgical castration. Recent studies have demonstrated that a T level as low as 20 ng/dl may produce improved clinical outcomes. AREAS COVERED LA is available in long-acting formulations that deliver active drug over the course of 1-6 months from a single-dose administration. The technologies utilized to provide sustained drug delivery differ: one mode of administration uses microspheres, which encapsulate the drug and are injected as a suspension intramuscularly; another mode of administration uses a liquid polymer that creates a single, solid depot after injection subcutaneously. This article will review the safety and efficacy of both 6-month LA formulations, as well as their impact in prostate cancer treatment. EXPERT OPINION As the understanding of optimal T castrate level evolves and may be refined pending new data from contemporaneous trials, achievement and maintenance of T levels well below 50 ng/dl may be important in evaluating potential differences in ADT regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- E David Crawford
- a 1 University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Urologic Oncology Department , Mail Stop F710, 1665 N. Ursula Street, Rm 1004, P.O. Box 6510, Aurora, CO 80045, USA +1 720 848 0195 ; +1 720 848 0203 ;
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Jost J, Preux PM, Druet-Cabanac M, Ratsimbazafy V. How to reduce the treatment gap for people with epilepsy in resource-limited settings by innovative galenic formulations: A review of the current situation, overview of potential techniques, interests and limits. Epilepsy Res 2016; 119:49-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Rahimi M, Mobedi H, Behnamghader A. In situforming poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) implants containing leuprolide acetate/β-cyclodextrin complexes: preparation, characterization, andin vitrodrug release. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2015.1055633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cox MC, Scripture CD, Figg WD. Leuprolide acetate given by a subcutaneous extended-release injection: less of a pain? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 5:605-11. [PMID: 16111462 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.5.4.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy is a mainstay for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Hormonal therapy commonly consists of injection of gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone agonists. Based on the need for improved convenience of administration, a novel formulation of leuprolide acetate (Eligard; Atrix Laboratories Inc. & Sanofi Aventis) which incorporates a mixture of selected polymers and solvents to achieve sustained drug delivery after subcutaneous injection, was developed. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved 1-, 3-, 4- and 6-month formulations of leuprolide acetate. In clinical trials, leuprolide acetate achieves sustained suppression of serum testosterone to castration levels (< or =50 ng/dl). The adverse-event profile is consistent with the effects of testosterone suppression. This novel delivery system in addition to the availability of a 6-month formulation of leuprolide acetate, offers patients the option of a convenient twice-yearly injection schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Cox
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg 10, Rm 5A01, MSC 1910, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Wex J, Sidhu M, Odeyemi I, Abou-Setta AM, Retsa P, Tombal B. Leuprolide acetate 1-, 3- and 6-monthly depot formulations in androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer in nine European countries: evidence review and economic evaluation. CLINICOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2013; 5:257-69. [PMID: 23836996 PMCID: PMC3699057 DOI: 10.2147/ceor.s44855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Leuprolide is an established luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist used as first-line treatment in advanced prostate cancer. As different formulations and dosing schedules are likely to have economic implications, we aimed to evaluate their efficacy, safety, and costs in nine European countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, and Portugal. Methods Database searches identified 13 clinical trials of leuprolide 1- (1 M), 3- (3 M) and 6-monthly (6 M). Only data on leuprolide with Atrigel were compared for all three formulations, which had the same efficacy, safety, and adherence. Cost-minimization analysis accounting for cost of Eligard®, specialist consultations, and diagnostics during up to 12 months follow-up was conducted. The perspective was that of public payers. Results No significant differences were observed in the percentages of intention-to-treat patients achieving testosterone levels ≤ 50 ng/dL following treatment with Eligard® 1 M (93.3%), 3 M (98.3%), and 6 M (97.3%) (P > 0.05), and adverse event profiles of the three formulations were comparable. Overall, 6 M was the least expensive, with average total annual costs from €788 (Belgium) to €1839 (Portugal). The 3 M option was between 2.5% (Hungary) and 37.6% (Belgium) more expensive than 6 M; 1 M formulation was the most expensive, with costs 15.5% and 151.6% more expensive than 6 M for those countries, respectively. The 3 M option was 11.2%–45.3% less expensive than 1 M. Total costs were associated with frequency of visits for injection and monitoring. The 1 M required twelve visits, 3 M 4.4–4.8 visits, and 6 M 2.1–2.3 visits. Up to 50% additional visits could be funded with the savings resulting from switching eligible patients from 1 M and 3 M to 6 M. Results were stable in univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Conclusion Eligard® formulations offer comparable efficacy and safety, but different dosing schedules require different number of visits. The 6 M formulation offers the greatest cost savings and should be considered the treatment of choice in eligible patients in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaro Wex
- PharmArchitecture Limited, London, UK
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Tunn UW, Gruca D, Bacher P. Six-month leuprorelin acetate depot formulations in advanced prostate cancer: a clinical evaluation. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8:457-64. [PMID: 23637525 PMCID: PMC3639016 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s27931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For nearly three decades, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, particularly leuprorelin acetate (LA), have served as an important part of the treatment armamentarium for prostate cancer. The introduction of LA depot formulations provided a significant improvement in the acceptance of this therapy; however, their indicated treatment duration of 1 to 4 months was still not long enough to satisfy all medical needs. For this reason some manufacturers developed new injectable formulations that provide testosterone suppression for 6 months. This review article assesses key publications in order to compare these long-acting, commercially available, LA depot formulations and their clinical performance. The literature search identified 14 publications; by excluding reviews, duplications, and non-English articles, only three original papers describing clinical trial remained for review: two focused on microsphere-based LA formulations with either a 30 mg or 45 mg dose and one focused on a gel-based leuprorelin acetate with a 45 mg dose. All products were tested in individual clinical trials and have demonstrated their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf W Tunn
- Urological Department, Prostate Center, Offenbach, Germany.
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Abstract
Proteins constitute an increasing proportion of the drugs in development. The barriers to their entry into the blood stream and rapid clearance means that they often have to be injected several times a day, affecting patient compliance. This paper reviews the major technologies enabling the development of injectable sustained-release products and formulation strategies to maintain protein integrity and modify release rates. Whilst many injectable sustained-release products are on the market, these are all delivering small molecular weight drugs and peptides. This is due to the manufacturing processes that denature and degrade the proteins upon encapsulation and release into the body. Formulation strategies are discussed and a number of new technologies reviewed that are able to overcome the issues with conventional manufacturing processes. The reliance of many processes on organic solvents has prevented their application to the development of injectable sustained release protein products. The development of entirely solvent free and aqueous methods of manufacture of these products has meant that numerous sustained-release protein products are close to reaching the market.
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Peptides for cancer therapy: a drug-development opportunity and a drug-delivery challenge. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:609-21. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides (TPs) are a class of peptide-based agents capable of eliciting a therapeutic response by modulation of targets within or on the surface of cells. TPs are advantageous because they are amenable to rational design, they have high specificity for their targets and can be made to target almost any protein of interest, including proteins for which we have no small-molecule drugs. Owing to this versatility, TPs have a great potential for cancer therapy in an age of personalized medicine, in which we need novel drugs to target the many novel pathways being discovered as tumor drivers. However, in order to utilize TPs as drugs, many obstacles must be overcome. TPs have short half-lives in systemic circulation, are easily degraded by proteases in plasma and target cells, are often cleared by the reticuloendothelial system and can be immunogenic. This article will discuss ways of overcoming many of these hurdles by utilizing macromolecular peptide delivery systems and tumor-targeting agents.
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Tomar P, Jain N, Dixit VK. Nanoparticulate delivery of LHRH analogue for the treatment of prostate cancer. Pharm Dev Technol 2012; 18:645-52. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.663389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Astaneh R, Erfan M, Moghimi H, Mobedi H. Changes in morphology of in situ forming PLGA implant prepared by different polymer molecular weight and its effect on release behavior. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:135-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Astaneh R, Erfan M, Barzin J, Mobedi H, Moghimi HR. Effects of ethyl benzoate on performance, morphology, and erosion of PLGA implants formed in situ. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.20114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-eluting polymer implants present a compelling parenteral route of administration for cancer chemotherapy. With potential for minimally invasive, image-guided placement and highly localized drug release, these delivery systems are playing an increasingly important role in cancer management. This is particularly true as the use of labile proteins and other bioactive molecules is likely to increase in the upcoming years. OBJECTIVE In this review, we present the current trends in the application of Pre-formed and in situ-forming systems as drug-eluting implants for cancer chemotherapy. METHODS We outline the clinically available options as well as up-and-coming technologies and their advantages and challenges. We also describe ongoing related innovations with image-guided drug delivery, mathematical modeling of implanted delivery systems and implanted drug delivery in combination with other therapies. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Whether used alone or combined with other minimally invasive procedures, drug-eluting polymeric implants will play a significant role in the future of cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata A Exner
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Radiology, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-5056, USA.
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Berges R. Eligard® 6: Achieving Optimal Testosterone Control with the Convenience of a Twice-a-Year Formulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Astaneh R, Nafissi-Varcheh N, Erfan M. Zinc-leuprolide complex: preparation, physicochemical characterization and release behaviour from in situ
forming implant. J Pept Sci 2007; 13:649-54. [PMID: 17726721 DOI: 10.1002/psc.894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Leuprolide acetate (LA) has been accepted as treatment for prostatic cancer and is currently also being evaluated in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, the zinc complex of leuprolide was prepared and its structure determined by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), UV, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic absorption spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and compared with these parameters for leuorolide acetate. Also, the in vitro release profile of leuprolide and its complex form in situ forming implant (ISFI) in comparison to a commercial formulation (Eligard) was investigated. These studies indicate that the zinc complex can be effectively synthesized and influenced on tri-phasic pattern after burst release of LA from the ISFI and shifts this trend to a continuous release profile. Non-linear regression test confirmed this transformation as a zero-order release profile as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Astaneh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran.
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Schulman C, Alcaraz A, Berges R, Montorsi F, Teillac P, Tombal B. Expert opinion on 6-monthly luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist treatment with a novel depot delivery system for prostate cancer. BJU Int 2007; 100 Suppl 1:1-5. [PMID: 17593201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.06967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Schulman
- Department of Urology, University Clinics of Brussels, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.
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Barmoshe S, Zlotta AR. Pharmacotherapy for prostate cancer, with emphasis on hormonal treatments. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 7:1685-99. [PMID: 16925497 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.7.13.1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
For more than half a century, hormonal therapy has been one of the cornerstones of prostate cancer therapy. However, the position and timing of androgen deprivation therapy is continuously challenged. Nowadays, it is often combined with other types of treatment in a multi-modal approach, especially with radiation therapy. Besides the well-known luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonists, several developments have been introduced (e.g., luteinising hormone-releasing hormone antagonists or improved depot formulations achieving a better pharmacokinetic slope and lower testosterone levels). Research developments include a better understanding of the different gonadotropin-releasing hormone isoforms, the ligand-independent transformation of the androgen receptor and androgen receptor overexpression in hormone-insensitive disease. Prostate cancer, previously thought to be chemotherapy insensitive, is now treated at the metastatic stage by taxane-based chemotherapies. The combination of hormonal therapy and chemotherapy is currently studied at various stages of the disease, as early as localised or locally advanced prostate cancer. It is very likely that, in the future, pharmacological treatment for prostate cancer will include combination therapies rather than monotherapies. The authors suggest an in-depth re-evaluation of the place of androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sas Barmoshe
- Department of Urology, Erasme Hospital, University Clinics of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Zlotta AR, Abrahamsson PA, Tombal B, Berges R, Debruyne F. Hormone Therapy: Improving Therapy Decisions and Monitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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How Good do Current LHRH Agonists Control Testosterone? Can this be Improved with Eligard®? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Berges R. Eligard®: Pharmacokinetics, Effect on Testosterone and PSA Levels and Tolerability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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