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Varu DM, Rhee MK, Akpek EK, Amescua G, Farid M, Garcia-Ferrer FJ, Lin A, Musch DC, Mah FS, Dunn SP. Conjunctivitis Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology 2019; 126:P94-P169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Leite B, Werle CH, Carmo CPD, Nóbrega DB, Milanez GP, Culler HF, Sircili MP, Alvarez-Martinez CE, Brocchi M. Integration host factor is important for biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica Enteritidis. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:3934652. [PMID: 28859308 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica Enteritidis forms biofilms and survives in agricultural environments, infecting poultry and eggs. Bacteria in biofilms are difficult to eradicate compared to planktonic cells, causing serious problems in industry and public health. In this study, we evaluated the role of ihfA and ihfB in biofilm formation by S. enterica Enteritidis by employing different microbiology techniques. Our data indicate that ihf mutant strains are impaired in biofilm formation, showing a reduction in matrix formation and a decrease in viability and metabolic activity. Phenotypic analysis also showed that deletion of ihf causes a deficiency in curli fimbriae expression, cellulose production and pellicle formation. These results show that integration host factor has an important regulatory role in biofilm formation by S. enterica Enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Leite
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-864, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catierine Hirsch Werle
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-864, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Pinheiro do Carmo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-864, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Borin Nóbrega
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-864, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Paier Milanez
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-864, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristina E Alvarez-Martinez
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-864, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-864, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mahvan TD, Hornecker JR, Buckley WA, Clark S. The role of besifloxacin in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Ann Pharmacother 2014; 48:616-25. [PMID: 24566460 DOI: 10.1177/1060028014524175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of besifloxacin in bacterial conjunctivitis treatment. DATA SOURCES Searches were made on MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE (January 2007 to January 2014) using the terms besifloxacin and Besivance. References from these publications were reviewed for additional resources. Additional information was collected from Bausch & Lomb, the manufacturer of Besivance; www.clinicaltrials.gov; and American Academy of Ophthalmology. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION English-language documents were reviewed for pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety, with priority on clinical trials. DATA SYNTHESIS Three large randomized controlled clinical trials established the safety and efficacy of besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% compared with placebo or active comparator (moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.5%) given 3 times a day for 5 days for acute bacterial conjunctivitis (BC) treatment. Compared with placebo, besifloxacin had clinically superior bacterial eradication rates and was noninferior to moxifloxacin. Besifloxacin was compared with placebo in 2 randomized, placebo-controlled trials, dosed twice a day for 3 days. Superior efficacy was seen compared with placebo, which supports the shorter dosing schedule. Ophthalmic besifloxacin is well tolerated; the most common adverse effect (conjunctival redness) occurred in 2% of patients. Adverse effects in 1% to 2% of patients included blurred vision, eye pain, eye irritation, eye pruritus, and headache. CONCLUSION Besifloxacin 0.6% ophthalmic suspension 3 times a day for 5 days is safe and effective for BC. Twice-a-day dosing for 3 days was also effective-a simplified regimen compared with other fluoroquinolones. Disadvantages include price and lack of a generic. Further evaluation is needed to evaluate comparative efficacy among other ocular fluoroquinolones and unlabeled uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy D Mahvan
- University of Wyoming School of Pharmacy, Laramie, WY, USA
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Non-hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA chronic carrier patients in infection control. Am J Infect Control 2011; 39:250-3. [PMID: 21367491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study reports research on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonized-infected patients who were admitted to a 320-bed hospital. Specifically, we report on the difficulties related to MRSA infection control as a consequence of the increasing incidence of non-hospital-associated MRSA acquisition and patients as chronic carriers who are frequently readmitted to the hospital.
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Lee K, Kim H, Kim J, Lee G, Lee H, Kim H, Kim D, Sohn I, Pai H. Successful Treatment of Recurrent Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusBacteremia and Endocarditis by Linezolid, Valve Replacement, and Excisional Surgery of Limb in a Patient with Complicated Arteriovenous Malformation. Infect Chemother 2010. [DOI: 10.3947/ic.2010.42.6.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kangwon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuck Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gilwoo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyungtak Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyungtae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongchan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ilwoong Sohn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Pai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Emergence of multiresistant variants of the community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineage ST1-SCCmecIV in 2 hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 65:300-5. [PMID: 19748199 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Usually, community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is susceptible to a variety of non-beta-lactam drugs. These isolates commonly display SCCmecIV and are associated with community-acquired infections. More recently, CA-MRSA has been isolated from health-care-associated diseases. We characterized MRSA isolates from 2 hospitals in Rio de Janeiro area to assess the entry of new lineages. The isolates were primary genotyped using a combination of molecular typing methods including SCCmec, restriction modification test, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) detection. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was carried out for representatives of each lineages found. Disk diffusion test was performed as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. SCCmecIV was the predominant cassette mec detected. The most frequent MRSA lineage, a PVL nonproducer, was allocated in the CC1-SCCmecIV. It was found that 56% of these isolates were resistant to 3 or more non-beta-lactam drugs. Multilocus sequence typing of a representative of the CC1 isolates supported our finds that multiresistant variants of a CA-MRSA lineage (ST1-SCCmecIV) emerged in this city.
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Adams JC, Keiser MJ, Basuino L, Chambers HF, Lee DS, Wiest OG, Babbitt PC. A mapping of drug space from the viewpoint of small molecule metabolism. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5:e1000474. [PMID: 19701464 PMCID: PMC2727484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecule drugs target many core metabolic enzymes in humans and pathogens, often mimicking endogenous ligands. The effects may be therapeutic or toxic, but are frequently unexpected. A large-scale mapping of the intersection between drugs and metabolism is needed to better guide drug discovery. To map the intersection between drugs and metabolism, we have grouped drugs and metabolites by their associated targets and enzymes using ligand-based set signatures created to quantify their degree of similarity in chemical space. The results reveal the chemical space that has been explored for metabolic targets, where successful drugs have been found, and what novel territory remains. To aid other researchers in their drug discovery efforts, we have created an online resource of interactive maps linking drugs to metabolism. These maps predict the "effect space" comprising likely target enzymes for each of the 246 MDDR drug classes in humans. The online resource also provides species-specific interactive drug-metabolism maps for each of the 385 model organisms and pathogens in the BioCyc database collection. Chemical similarity links between drugs and metabolites predict potential toxicity, suggest routes of metabolism, and reveal drug polypharmacology. The metabolic maps enable interactive navigation of the vast biological data on potential metabolic drug targets and the drug chemistry currently available to prosecute those targets. Thus, this work provides a large-scale approach to ligand-based prediction of drug action in small molecule metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Corey Adams
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics,
University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of
America
| | - Michael J. Keiser
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, San
Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Li Basuino
- San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco,
San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Henry F. Chambers
- San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco,
San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Deok-Sun Lee
- Center for Complex Network Research and Departments of Physics, Biology,
and Computer Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United
States of America
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston,
Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Natural Medical Sciences, Inha University, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Olaf G. Wiest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Patricia C. Babbitt
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of
California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San
Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of
California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Impact of sarA on antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in a catheter-associated in vitro model of biofilm formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2475-82. [PMID: 19289527 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01432-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the staphylococcal accessory regulator (sarA) in Staphylococcus aureus limits but does not abolish the capacity of the organism to form a biofilm. As a first step toward determining whether this limitation is therapeutically relevant, we carried out in vitro studies comparing the relative susceptibility of an S. aureus clinical isolate (UAMS-1) and its isogenic sarA mutant (UAMS-929) in the specific context of a catheter-associated biofilm. The antibiotics tested were daptomycin, linezolid, and vancomycin, all of which were evaluated by using concentrations based on the MIC defined as the breakpoint for a susceptible strain of S. aureus (< or = 1.0, < or = 2.0, and < or = 4.0 microg/ml for daptomycin, vancomycin, and linezolid, respectively). Mutation of sarA had no significant impact on the MIC of UAMS-1 for any of the targeted antibiotics, as defined by Etest antimicrobial susceptibility testing. However, mutation of sarA did result in a significant increase in antimicrobial susceptibility to all targeted antibiotics when they were tested in the specific context of a biofilm. Additionally, whether susceptibility was assessed by using UAMS-1 or its sarA mutant, daptomycin was found to be more effective against established S. aureus biofilms than either linezolid or vancomycin.
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In vivo activity of the pyrrolopyrazolyl-substituted oxazolidinone RWJ-416457. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2028-33. [PMID: 19273686 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00833-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RWJ-416457 is an investigational pyrrolopyrazolyl-substituted oxazolidinone with activity against antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant gram-positive pathogens. Efficacies of RWJ-416457, linezolid, and vancomycin against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) in murine skin and systemic infections were compared, as were efficacies against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a lower respiratory infection. In staphylococcal systemic infections, RWJ-416457 was equipotent with to twofold more potent than linezolid, with 50% effective dose values ranging from 1.5 to 5 mg/kg of body weight/day. RWJ-416457 was two- to fourfold less potent than vancomycin against MSSA but up to fourfold more potent than vancomycin against CA-MRSA. In MSSA and CA-MRSA skin infections, RWJ-416457 demonstrated an efficacy similar to that of linezolid, reducing CFU/g skin approximately 1.0 log(10) at all doses tested; vancomycin yielded greater reductions than the oxazolidinones, with decreases in CFU/g skin of 3 log(10) (MSSA) and 2 log(10) (CA-MRSA). In the pneumococcal model, RWJ-416457 was two- to fourfold more potent than linezolid. The free-drug area under the concentration-time curves at 24 h (fAUC(24)) were similar for RWJ-416457 and linezolid. The half-life of RWJ-416457 was up to threefold longer than that of linezolid for all routes of administration. The fAUC(24)/MIC ratio, the pharmacodynamic parameter considered predictive of oxazolidinone efficacy, was approximately twofold greater for RWJ-416457 than for linezolid. Since the fAUC values were similar for both compounds, the higher fAUC/MIC ratios of RWJ-416457 appear to result from its greater in vitro potency. These results demonstrate that RWJ-416457 is a promising new oxazolidinone with efficacy in S. aureus or S. pneumoniae mouse infection models.
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