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Preusse C, Eede P, Heinzeling L, Freitag K, Koll R, Froehlich W, Schneider U, Allenbach Y, Benveniste O, Schänzer A, Goebel HH, Stenzel W, Radke J. NanoString technology distinguishes anti-TIF-1γ + from anti-Mi-2 + dermatomyositis patients. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12957. [PMID: 34043263 PMCID: PMC8412076 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatomyositis (DM) is a systemic idiopathic inflammatory disease affecting skeletal muscle and skin, clinically characterized by symmetrical proximal muscle weakness and typical skin lesions. Recently, myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSA) became of utmost importance because they strongly correlate with distinct clinical manifestations and prognosis. Antibodies against transcription intermediary factor 1γ (TIF-1γ) are frequently associated with increased risk of malignancy, a specific cutaneous phenotype and limited response to therapy in adult DM patients. Anti-Mi-2 autoantibodies, in contrast, are typically associated with classic DM rashes, prominent skeletal muscle weakness, better therapeutic response and prognosis, and less frequently with cancer. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of autoantibody testing is only moderate, and alternative reliable methods for DM patient stratification and prediction of cancer risk are needed. To further investigate these clinically distinct DM subgroups, we herein analyzed 30 DM patients (n = 15 Mi-2+ and n = 15 TIF-1 γ+ ) and n = 8 non-disease controls (NDC). We demonstrate that the NanoString technology can be used as a very sensitive method to clearly differentiate these two clinically distinct DM subgroups. Using the nCounter PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel™, we identified a set of significantly dysregulated genes in anti-TIF-1γ+ patient muscle biopsies including VEGFA, DDX58, IFNB1, CCL5, IL12RB2, and CD84. Investigation of type I IFN-regulated transcripts revealed a striking type I interferon signature in anti-Mi-2+ patient biopsies. Our results help to stratify both subgroups and predict, which DM patients require an intensified diagnostic procedure and might have a poorer outcome. Potentially, this could also have implications for the therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Preusse
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology with Institute for Translational Neurology, Münster University Hospital (UKM), Münster, Germany
| | - Pascale Eede
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucie Heinzeling
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Kiara Freitag
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Randi Koll
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Waltraud Froehlich
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo Schneider
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yves Allenbach
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Benveniste
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Department of Neuropathology, Justus Liebig Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans-Hilmar Goebel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Stenzel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josefine Radke
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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Naik PP. Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma: A Review of Early Diagnosis and Management. World J Oncol 2021; 12:7-19. [PMID: 33738001 PMCID: PMC7935621 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is a malignant tumor formed from pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. It is one of the most aggressive and fatal forms of skin malignancy. In the last decades, CM's incidence has gradually risen, with 351,880 new cases in 2015. Since the 1960s, its incidence has increased steadily, in 2019, with approximately 96,000 new cases. A greater understanding of early diagnosis and management of CM is urgently needed because of the high mortality rates due to metastatic melanoma. Timely detection of melanoma is crucial for successful treatment, but diagnosis with histopathology may also pose a significant challenge to this objective. Early diagnosis and management are essential and contribute to better survival rates of the patient. To better control this malignancy, such information is expected to be particularly useful in the early detection of possible metastatic lesions and the development of new therapeutic approaches. This article reviews the available information on the early diagnosis and management of CM and discusses such information's potential in facilitating the future prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyu Parth Naik
- Department of Dermatology, Saudi German Hospitals and Clinics, Hessa Street 331 West, Al Barsha 3, Exit 36 Sheikh Zayed Road, Opposite of American School, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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Jin B, Gong Y, Li H, Jiao L, Xin D, Gong Y, He Z, Zhou L, Jin Y, Wang X, Zhang Z. C/EBPβ promotes the viability of human bladder cancer cell by contributing to the transcription of bladder cancer specific lncRNA UCA1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:674-679. [PMID: 30376994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Urothelial Carcinoma Antigen 1 (UCA1) is a cell and tissue specific long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) associated with the tumorigenesis and invasion of bladder cancer. However, the mechanism driving the over-transcription of UCA1 in bladder cancer cells remains unclear. It has been reported that C/EBPβ has a significant role of regulation in tumorigenesis. Here we report that the expression of UCA1 was dramatically inhibited in 5637 cells with C/EBPβ down-regulation. Additionally, the function tests indicated that C/EBPβ could promote 5637 cells growth and colony formation by inducing the expression level of UCA1. These data suggest that C/EBPβ was involved in transcriptional regulation of UCA1 and contributed substantially to its high expression and proliferation promoting in bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yanbing Gong
- Department of Central Laboratory, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Lili Jiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Dianqi Xin
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital & Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yanqing Gong
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital & Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Zhisong He
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital & Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital & Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yaqiong Jin
- Biobank for Clinical Data and Samples in Pediatric, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital & Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China.
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4
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Melo DH, Mamede RCM, Neder L, Silva WA, Barros-Filho MC, Kowalski LP, Pinto CAL, Zago MA, Figueiredo DLA, Jungbluth AA. Expression of cancer/testis antigens MAGE-A, MAGE-C1, GAGE and CTAG1B in benign and malignant thyroid diseases. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6485-6496. [PMID: 29163685 PMCID: PMC5688795 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in the understanding of thyroid gland biology, correctly diagnosing thyroid nodules and treating high-grade thyroid carcinoma remains challenging. Cancer/testis (CT) antigens have emerged as potential diagnostic tools as well as targets of potential cancer vaccinations. In the present study, a total of 117 patients who underwent surgical therapy for thyroid disease were available for analysis. The expression levels of melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE) A, MAGE-C1/CT7, cancer/testis antigen 1B (CTAG1B) and G antigen (GAGE) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. None of the CT antigens were expressed in the normal thyroid or goiter. In papillary and follicular carcinoma, MAGE-A was present in 8.1% of cases, GAGE in 10.8% and CT/7MAGE-C1 and CTAG1B in 2.7% each. In medullary carcinoma, CT antigen expression was as follows: MAGE-A in 42.9% of patients; MAGE-C1/CT7 in 46.5%; GAGE in 92.9%; and CTAG1B in 3.6%. A statistically significant association was observed between the expression of G MAGE-C1/CT7 and patient gender as well as patient clinical stage (P=0.029 and 0.031, respectively). In poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinoma cases, CT antigen expression was as follows: MAGE-A in 61.8% of cases; MAGE-C1 in 57.1%; GAGE in 66.7%; and CTAG1B in 14.4%. There was a statistically significant association between expression of GAGE and gender (P=0.043). However, there was no association between CT antigen expression and patient survival in any of the tumor entities analyzed. The current study identified a distinct expression pattern of CT antigens in malignant thyroid tumors indicating that CT antigens have the potential to outperform existing thyroid cancer biomarkers. The prevalence of CT antigens in high-grade carcinomas suggests that they serve an important biological role within malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hardy Melo
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Sobral, CE 62042-280, Brazil
| | - Rui Celso Martins Mamede
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Center for Cell Based Therapy, CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Luciano Neder
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Center for Cell Based Therapy, CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Wilson Araújo Silva
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Center for Cell Based Therapy, CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Mateus Camargo Barros-Filho
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP 01509-010, Brazil
| | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP 01509-010, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Antônio Zago
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | | | - Achim A Jungbluth
- Division of Pathology Diagnostic Services, Cytology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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5
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Liu Y, Xun XH, Yi JM, Xiang Y, Hua J. Discovery of lung squamous carcinoma biomarkers by profiling the plasma peptide with LC/MS/MS. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Zhrebker L, Cherni I, Gross LM, Hinshelwood MM, Reese M, Aldrich J, Guileyardo JM, Roberts WC, Craig D, Von Hoff DD, Mennel RG, Carpten JD. Case report: whole exome sequencing of primary cardiac angiosarcoma highlights potential for targeted therapies. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:17. [PMID: 28056866 PMCID: PMC5217318 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-3000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Primary cardiac angiosarcomas are rare, but they are the most aggressive type of primary cardiac neoplasms. When patients do present, it is with advanced pulmonary and/or cardiac symptoms. Therefore, many times the correct diagnosis is not made at the time of initial presentation. These patients have metastatic disease and the vast majority of these patients die within a few months after diagnosis. Currently the treatment choices are limited and there are no targeted therapies available. Case presentation A 56-year-old male presented with shortness of breath, night sweats, and productive cough for a month. Workup revealed pericardial effusion and multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules suspicious for metastatic disease. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed a large pericardial effusion and a large mass in the base of the right atrium. Results of biopsy of bilateral lung nodules established a diagnosis of primary cardiac angiosarcoma. Aggressive pulmonary disease caused rapid deterioration; the patient went on hospice and subsequently died. Whole exome sequencing of the patient’s postmortem tumor revealed a novel KDR (G681R) mutation, and focal high-level amplification at chromosome 1q encompassing MDM4, a negative regulator of TP53. Conclusion Mutations in KDR have been reported previously in angiosarcomas. Previous studies also demonstrated that KDR mutants with constitutive KDR activation could be inhibited with specific KDR inhibitors in vitro. Thus, patients harboring activating KDR mutations could be candidates for treatment with KDR-specific inhibitors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-3000-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Zhrebker
- Baylor Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center at Dallas, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, 3410 Worth Street, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, 3500 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
| | - Irene Cherni
- Integrative Cancer Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445N 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Lara M Gross
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, 3500 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Margaret M Hinshelwood
- Baylor Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center at Dallas, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, 3410 Worth Street, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Merrick Reese
- Baylor Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center at Dallas, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, 3410 Worth Street, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,Texas Oncology/US Oncology, 3410 Worth Street, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Jessica Aldrich
- Integrative Cancer Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445N 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Joseph M Guileyardo
- Anatomic Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, 3600 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - William C Roberts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, 3500 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,Anatomic Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, 3600 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - David Craig
- Integrative Cancer Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445N 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Daniel D Von Hoff
- Clinical Translational Research Division Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445N 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Robert G Mennel
- Baylor Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center at Dallas, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, 3410 Worth Street, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,Texas Oncology/US Oncology, 3410 Worth Street, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, 3410 Worth Street, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - John D Carpten
- Integrative Cancer Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445N 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
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High expression levels of MAGE-A9 are correlated with unfavorable survival in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4871-81. [PMID: 26717042 PMCID: PMC4826249 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of melanoma-associated antigen-A (MAGE-A) protein are commonly detected in lung cancers. Their biological function is not well characterized but may involve cell cycle progression and the regulation of apoptosis. We hypothesized that MAGE-A9 is involved in the regulation of apoptosis. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated MAGE-A9 protein expression by immunohistochemical staining and we assessed the relationship between the expression of MAGE-A9 and clinical pathological parameters. In addition, we investigated the effect of MAGE-A9 down-regulation in lung adenocarcinoma. The results showed that a high expression level of MAGE-A9 protein in lung adenocarcinoma tumor cells was related to larger tumor diameter (P = 0.013) and poor differentiation (P = 0.029). Cox regression analysis revealed that the expression of MAGE-A9 in lung adenocarcinoma tumor cells (P < 0.001) is an independent prognostic factor in five-year survival rates. NSCLC cells with silenced MAGE-A9 had decreased cell proliferation, migration and invasion in cell culture compared to corresponding control cells. The NSCLC cells showing down-regulated MAGE-A9 induced the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins. In addition, MAGE-A9 was associated with resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Our findings provide evidence that MAGE-A9 could be a potential therapeutic target in NSCLC.
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Aberrant Kif2a and Ki67 expression predicts poor survival in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Auris Nasus Larynx 2016; 43:433-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Sehgal A, Whiteside TL, Boyiadzis M. Programmed death-1 checkpoint blockade in acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1191-203. [PMID: 26036819 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1051028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune checkpoints are regulatory pathways induced in activated T lymphocytes that regulate antigen responsiveness. These immune checkpoints are hijacked by tumors to promote dysfunction of anti-tumor effector cells and consequently of tumor escape from the host immune system. AREAS COVERED Programmed death-1/programmed death ligand (PD-1/PDL-1), a checkpoint pathway, has been extensively investigated in leukemia mouse models. Expression of PD-1 on the surface of activated immune cells and of its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, on leukemic blasts has been documented. Clinical trials with PD-1 inhibitors in patients with hematological malignancies are ongoing with promising clinical responses. EXPERT OPINION Therapy of hematological cancers with antibodies blocking inhibitory receptors is expected to be highly clinically effective. Checkpoint inhibitory receptors and their ligands are co-expressed on hematopoietic cells found in the leukemic milieu. Several distinct immunological mechanisms are likely to be engaged by antibody-based checkpoint blockade. Co-expression of multiple inhibitory receptors on hematopoietic cells offers an opportunity for combining blocking antibodies to achieve more effective therapy. Up-regulation of receptor/ligand expression in the leukemic milieu may provide a blood marker predictive of response. Finally, chemotherapy-induced up-regulation of PD-1 on T cells after conventional leukemia therapy creates a solid rationale for application of checkpoint blockade as a follow-up therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Sehgal
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology , 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 , USA
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10
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Abstract
Besides 5-azacytidine (azacitidine, Vidaza®), 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine, Dacogen®) is the most widely used inhibitor of DNA methylation, which triggers demethylation leading to consecutive reactivation of epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor genes in vitro and in vivo. Although antileukemic activity of decitabine is known for almost 40 years, its therapeutic potential in hematologic malignancies has only recently led to its approval in higher-risk MDS patients and as first-line treatment in AML patients>65 years who are not candidates for intensive chemotherapy. Several clinical trials showed promising activity of low-dose decitabine also in CML and hemoglobinopathies, whereas its efficacy in solid tumors is very limited. Clinical responses appear to be exerted both by epigenetic alterations and by induction of cell-cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. Recent and ongoing clinical trials investigate new dosing schedules, routes of administration, and combination of decitabine with other agents, including histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Wu H, Xu H, Zhang S, Wang X, Zhu H, Zhang H, Zhu J, Huang J. Potential therapeutic target and independent prognostic marker of TROP2 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2012; 35:1373-8. [PMID: 22987366 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human trophoblastic cell surface antigen 2 (TROP2) gene is associated with the development of malignancies, but its expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and its relationship with clinical characteristics of the disease remain undetermined. METHODS Expression of TROP2 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry with a self-made anti-TROP2 antibody in laryngeal SCC tissue microarrays. RESULTS Elevated expression of TROP2 was detected in laryngeal SCC tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. TROP2 expression in laryngeal SCC was related to tumor differentiation (p = .0001) and lymph node metastasis (p = .0352). Cox regression analyses confirmed that TROP2 expression (p = .015), lymph node metastasis (p = .001), degree of differentiation (p = .002), tumor site (p = .021), and T classification (p = .003) were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS TROP2 can be used as an independent prognostic indicator for laryngeal SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Nantong University Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Wojnarowicz P, Gambaro K, de Ladurantaye M, Quinn MCJ, Provencher D, Mes-Masson AM, Tonin PN. Overexpressing the CCL2 chemokine in an epithelial ovarian cancer cell line results in latency of in vivo tumourigenicity. Oncogenesis 2012; 1:e27. [PMID: 23552840 PMCID: PMC3503293 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequent loss of heterozygosity of chromosome (Chr) 17 in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), particularly high-grade ovarian serous carcinomas (HGOSCs), has been attributed to the disruption of known tumour suppressor genes, such as TP53 (17p13), as well as other genes on this chromosome that alone or in combination have a role in EOC. In a transcriptome analysis of Chr17 genes, we observed significant underexpression of the chemokine CCL2 (17q12) in a small set of HGOSC samples relative to normal ovarian surface epithelial cells and a significant upregulation of CCL2 in the TP53-mutated OV-90 EOC cell line rendered non-tumourigenic as a consequence of genetic manipulation. Here, we report that overexpressing CCL2 in OV-90 resulted in latency of tumour formation at intraperitoneal (i.p.) but not subcutaneous sites in a mouse xenograft model. Overexpressing CCL2 affected cell morphology and exerted modest, but not significant effects on cell viability, colony formation and cell migration. We report significant underexpression of CCL2 by transcriptome analysis (P=0.015) and by immunohistochemistry in 77% of HGOSC samples (n=65). Absent or a very low level of protein expression by immunohistochemistry was also observed in 71% of additional HGOSC samples (n=122). However, CCL2 protein expression did not significantly correlate with overall or disease-free survival. The epithelial cells of normal fallopian tubes, a purported origin of HGOSC, exhibited expression of CCL2 protein by immunohistochemistry. Our results affirm that CCL2 underexpression is a significant feature of HGOSC samples, and that CCL2 overexpression in an EOC cell line model affects tumourigenic potential in the i.p. setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wojnarowicz
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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13
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Stadler SC, Allis CD. Linking epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition and epigenetic modifications. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:404-10. [PMID: 22706095 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer, as well as other human disorders, has long been considered to result from the consequence of genetic mutations in key regulatory genes that reside in pathways controlling proliferation, cellular differentiation, DNA damage and repair. In the case of cancer, mutations are well documented to arise in key oncogenes and critically important tumor-suppressor genes as part of the disease progression process. In addition to more accepted, genetic mutations, a rapidly increasing body of evidence supports the general view that profound alterations also occur in 'epigenes', whose products serve to define the 'epigenetic landscape' of tumor cells. Aberrant changes in epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and expression of micro RNAs play an important role in cancer and contribute to malignant transitions. Here we review recent studies linking epigenetic mechanisms to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition as defined in normal processes, as well as abnormal transitions that lead to oncogensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja C Stadler
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
Epigenetics is an emerging science that can help to explain carcinogenesis. The possibility that carcinogenesis may originate in a stem cell process was proposed recently. Stem cells are generated and contribute to tumor formation during the process of tumor development. This chapter focuses on the role of epigenetics and genetics in stem cell formation, different theories about the origin of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and epigenetic mechanisms that occur in solid CSCs. Potential applications of knowledge gained through this field and future prospects for cancer treatment also are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Mishra
- Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), Delhi University, Delhi, India
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15
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Single base extension reaction-based surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy for DNA methylation assay. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 31:451-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Cheng YH, Wong EW, Cheng CY. Cancer/testis (CT) antigens, carcinogenesis and spermatogenesis. SPERMATOGENESIS 2011; 1:209-220. [PMID: 22319669 PMCID: PMC3271663 DOI: 10.4161/spmg.1.3.17990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During spermatogenesis, spermatogonial stem cells, undifferentiated and differentiated spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa all express specific antigens, yet the functions of many of these antigens remain unexplored. Studies in the past three decades have shown that many of these transiently expressed genes in developing germ cells are proto-oncogenes and oncogenes, which are expressed only in the testis and various types of cancers in humans and rodents. As such, these antigens are designated cancer/testis antigens (CT antigens). Since the early 1980s, about 70 families of CT antigens have been identified with over 140 members are known to date. Due to their restricted expression in the testis and in various tumors in humans, they have been used as the target of immunotherapy. Multiple clinical trials at different phases are now being conducted with some promising results. Interestingly, in a significant number of cancer patients, antibodies against some of these CT antigens were detected in their sera. However, antibodies against these CT antigens in humans under normal physiological conditions have yet to be reported even though many of these antigens are residing outside of the blood-testis barrier (BTB), such as in the basal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium and in the stem cell niche in the testis. In this review, we summarize latest findings in the field regarding several selected CT antigens which may be intimately related to spermatogenesis due to their unusual restricted expression during different discrete events of spermatogenesis, such as cell cycle progression, meiosis and spermiogenesis. This information should be helpful to investigators in the field to study the roles of these oncogenes in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ho Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research; The Population Council; New York, NY USA
- Richmond University Medical Center; Staten Island, NY USA
| | - Elissa Wp Wong
- Center for Biomedical Research; The Population Council; New York, NY USA
| | - C Yan Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research; The Population Council; New York, NY USA
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17
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Pastorcic-Grgic M, Sarcevic B, Dosen D, Juretic A, Spagnoli GC, Grgic M. Prognostic value of MAGE-A and NY-ESO-1 expression in pharyngeal cancer. Head Neck 2010; 32:1178-84. [PMID: 20029985 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic value of cancer testis antigens in pharyngeal cancer is understudied. METHODS We recruited 90 patients who were treated for pharyngeal cancer. Monoclonal antibodies 57B and B9.8.1.1 were used for detection of MAGE-A and NY-ESO-1 genes. RESULTS MAGE-A and NY-ESO-1 gene products were detectable in 70.0% and 33.3% of pharyngeal tumors, respectively. No correlation was established between MAGE-A and NY-ESO-1 expression and TNM staging at presentation. Survival analysis showed a trend toward a shorter 5-year disease-free survival in the group of patients with MAGE-A-positive tumors (log-rank test, p = .122). In contrast, a trend toward a prolonged 5-year disease-free survival was observed in the group of patients with NY-ESO-1-positive tumors (log-rank test, p = .219). CONCLUSION In a large population of patients with pharyngeal cancer and available 5-year survival data, prognosis tended to be poorer with MAGE-A expression and better with NY-ESO-1 expression, but the correlations did not reach statistical significance.
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Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation, in particular promoter hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes, has an important role in the development of many human cancers, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Indeed, apart from mutations in the well studied von Hippel-Lindau gene (VHL), the mutation frequency rates of known tumor suppressor genes in RCC are generally low, but the number of genes found to show frequent inactivation by promoter methylation in RCC continues to grow. Here, we review the genes identified as epigenetically silenced in RCC and their relationship to pathways of tumor development. Increased understanding of RCC epigenetics provides new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of RCC and opportunities for developing novel strategies for the diagnosis, prognosis and management of RCC.
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Abstract
The pyrimidine analogs, 5-azacytidine (azacitidine, Vidaza) and its deoxy derivative, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine, Dacogen, are the most widely used inhibitors of DNA methylation which trigger demethylation leading to a consecutive reactivation of epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor genes in vitro and in vivo. Although the antileukemic capacity of decitabine has been known for almost 40 years, its therapeutic potential in hematologic malignancies is still under intensive investigation. Multiple clinical trials have shown the promising activity of low-dose decitabine in AML, MDS, CML, and hemoglobinopathies, whereas its efficacy in solid tumors is rather limited.Clinical responses appear to be induced by both epigenetic alterations and the induction of cell-cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. Recent clinical trials have been investigating new dosing schedules, routes of administration, and combination of decitabine with other agents, including histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Daskalakis
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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20
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Kristensen LS, Nielsen HM, Hansen LL. Epigenetics and cancer treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 625:131-42. [PMID: 19836388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the genetic alterations, observed in cancer cells, are mitotically heritable changes in gene expression not encoded by the DNA sequences, which are referred to as epigenetic changes. DNA methylation is among the most studied epigenetic mechanisms together with various histone modifications involved in chromatin remodeling. As opposed to genetic lesions, the epigenetic changes are potentially reversible by a number of small molecules, known as epi-drugs. This review will focus on the biological mechanisms underlying the epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes observed in cancer cells, and the targeted molecular strategies that have been investigated to reverse these aberrations. In particular, we will focus on DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) as epigenetic targets for cancer treatment. A synergistic effect of a combined use of DNMT and HDAC inhibitors has been observed. Moreover, epi-drugs sensitize multiple different cancer cells to a large variety of other treatment strategies. In particular, we have focused on the ability of DNMT and HDAC inhibitors to restore the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) activity in breast cancer. Finally, we will discuss the potential of DNA methylation changes as biomarkers to be used in diverse areas of cancer treatment, especially for predicting response to treatment with DNMT and HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Sommer Kristensen
- Institute of Human Genetics, The Bartholin Building, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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21
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Kristensen LS, Hansen LL. PCR-based methods for detecting single-locus DNA methylation biomarkers in cancer diagnostics, prognostics, and response to treatment. Clin Chem 2009; 55:1471-83. [PMID: 19520761 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.121962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation is a highly characterized epigenetic modification of the human genome that is implicated in cancer. The altered DNA methylation patterns found in cancer cells include not only global hypomethylation but also discrete hypermethylation of specific genes. In particular, numerous tumor suppressor genes undergo epigenetic silencing because of hypermethylated promoter regions. Some of these genes are considered promising DNA methylation biomarkers for early cancer diagnostics, and some have been shown to be valuable for predicting prognosis or the response to therapy. CONTENT PCR-based methods that use sodium bisulfite-treated DNA as a template are generally accepted as the most analytically sensitive and specific techniques for analyzing DNA methylation at single loci. A number of new methods, such as methylation-specific fluorescent amplicon generation (MS-FLAG), methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM), and sensitive melting analysis after real-time methylation-specific PCR (SMART-MSP), now complement the traditional PCR-based methods and promise to be valuable diagnostic tools. In particular, the HRM technique shows great potential as a diagnostic tool because of its closed-tube format and cost-effectiveness. SUMMARY Numerous traditional and new PCR-based methods have been developed for detecting DNA methylation at single loci. All have characteristic advantages and disadvantages, particularly with regard to use in clinical settings.
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22
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Detection of MAGE and SSX gene expressions by RT-nested PCR using common primers in head and neck cancer. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 1:97-102. [PMID: 19434280 PMCID: PMC2671794 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2008.1.2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The melanoma antigen gene (MAGE) and synovial sarcoma on X chromosome (SSX) gene families are silent in most normal adult tissues, but are expressed in a variety of malignant lesions. Therefore, detection of MAGE and SSX transcription may be useful for the diagnosis of head and neck cancers. The aim of this study is to detect MAGE and SSX gene transcripts of head and neck cancers using the MAGE 1-6 assay and the SSX 1-9 assay. Methods The transcripts of MAGE 1-6 and SSX 1-9 genes were detected by the MAGE 1-6 assay and the SSX 1-9 assay respectively, in cancer cell lines, cancer tissue, and induced sputum specimens from head and neck cancer patients. Results The transcripts of MAGE 1-6 and SSX 1-9 genes were detected in 82.8% and 75.9% of head and neck cancer tissues (N=29) respectively, and 96.6% of cancer tissues expressed at least one of MAGE 1-6 or SSX 1-9 genes. In the induced sputum of head and neck cancer patients (N=18), the transcripts of MAGE 1-6 and SSX 1-9 genes were detected in 72.2% and 77.8%, respectively, and 94.4% of the sputum specimens were positive for either the MAGE 1-6 or the SSX 1-9 assay. Conclusion These results suggest that the combination of MAGE 1-6 and SSX 1-9 assays may be useful in the diagnosis of head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain.
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24
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He Y, Mao L, Lin Z, Deng Y, Tang Y, Jiang M, Li W, Jia Z, Wang J, Ni B, Wu Y. Identification of a common HLA-A*0201-restricted epitope among SSX family members by mimicking altered peptide ligands strategy. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:2455-64. [PMID: 18295890 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 01/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The synovial sarcoma X breakpoint (SSX) gene family contains nine members. The SSX proteins are CT (cancer/testis) antigens and can be expressed in many tumor types. T cell immune response against SSX protein can be detected in tumor patients and mice expressing any SSX. Screening predominant protective epitopes might improve the low immunogenicity against these "self" CT antigens. Herein, we predicted HLA-A*0201-restricted epitopes for all nine SSX family members, followed by validation with epitope molecular modeling, peptide/HLA-A*0201 affinity, and binding stability assays. We obtained four highly homologous candidate epitopes with the high immunogenicity scores designated P1, P4, P5 and P6, from the nine SSX members. Each of the four candidates could elicit strong epitope-specific CTL immune responses, but P4 could evoke more interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing T cells and more potent CTLs that could lyse more target cells. Importantly, almost all of the four epitopes induced CTLs could cross-lyse the mutual targets both in vitro in human PBMCs and HLA-A2.1/K(b) transgenic mice, but P4 showed superiority to other epitopes in term of cross-cytolysis. All of these results demonstrate that P4 can induce anti-tumor immunity in a fashion superior to other candidates, and may be the "common" CTL epitope among all SSX-expressing tumors. Due to its documented responses herein, P4 has potential application in peptide-mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangdong He
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University & Institute of Immunology, PLA, Chongqing 400038, China
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25
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Parmigiani RB, Bettoni F, Grosso DM, Lopes A, Cunha IW, Soares FA, Carvalho AL, Fonseca F, Camargo AA. Antibodies against the cancer-testis antigen CTSP-1 are frequently found in prostate cancer patients and are an independent prognostic factor for biochemical-recurrence. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2385-90. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Komis C, Lagogiannis GA, Faratzis G, Rapidis AD. Synovial Sarcoma of the Tongue: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 66:154-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2006.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
An altered pattern of epigenetic modifications is central to many common human diseases, including cancer. Many studies have explored the mosaic patterns of DNA methylation and histone modification in cancer cells on a gene-by-gene basis; among their results has been the seminal finding of transcriptional silencing of tumour-suppressor genes by CpG-island-promoter hypermethylation. However, recent technological advances are now allowing cancer epigenetics to be studied genome-wide - an approach that has already begun to provide both biological insight and new avenues for translational research. It is time to 'upgrade' cancer epigenetics research and put together an ambitious plan to tackle the many unanswered questions in this field using epigenomics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Evans EE, Henn AD, Jonason A, Paris MJ, Schiffhauer LM, Borrello MA, Smith ES, Sahasrabudhe DM, Zauderer M. C35 (C17orf37) is a novel tumor biomarker abundantly expressed in breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 5:2919-30. [PMID: 17121940 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identification of shared tumor-specific targets is useful in developing broadly applicable therapies. In a study designed to identify genes up-regulated in breast cancer, a cDNA clone corresponding to a novel gene C35 (C17orf37) was selected by representational difference analysis of tumor and normal human mammary cell lines. Abundant expression of C35 transcript in tumors was confirmed by Northern blot and real-time PCR. The C35 gene is located on chromosome 17q12, 505 nucleotides from the 3' end of the ERBB2 oncogene, the antigenic target for trastuzumab (Herceptin) therapy. The chromosomal arrangement of the genes encoding C35 and ERBB2 is tail to tail. An open reading frame encodes a 12-kDa protein of unknown function. Immunohistochemical analysis detected robust and frequent expression of C35 protein, including 32% of grade 1 and 66% of grades 2 and 3 infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast (in contrast to 20% overexpressing HER-2/neu), 38% of infiltrating lobular carcinoma (typically HER-2/neu negative), as well as tumors arising in other tissues. C35 was not detected in 38 different normal human tissues, except Leydig cells in the testes and trace levels in a small percentage of normal breast tissue samples. The distinct and favorable expression profile of C35 spanning early through late stages of disease, including high frequency of overexpression in various breast carcinoma, abundant expression in distant metastases, and either absence or low level expression in normal human tissues, warrants further investigation of the relevance of C35 as a biomarker and/or a target for development of broadly applicable cancer-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Evans
- Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, 1875 Mt. Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620, USA.
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29
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Han JF, Zhao TT, Liu HL, Lin ZH, Wang HM, Ruan ZH, Zou LY, Wu YZ. Identification of a new HLA-A*0201-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope from CML28. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:1575-83. [PMID: 16534571 PMCID: PMC11031099 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Identification of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes from additional tumor antigens is essential for the development of specific immunotherapy of malignant tumors. CML28, a recently discovered cancer-testis (CT) antigen from chronic myelogenous leukemia, is considered to be a promising target of tumor-specific immunotherapy. Because HLA-A*0201 is one of the most common histocompatibility molecule in Chinese, we aim at identifying CML28 peptides presented by HLA-A*0201. A panel of CML28-derived antigenic peptides was predicted using a computer-based program. Four peptides with highest predicted score were synthesized and tested for their binding affinities to HLA-A*0201 molecule. Then these peptides were assessed for their immunogenicity to elicit specific immune responses mediated by CTLs both in vitro, from PBMCs sourced from four healthy HLA-A*0201(+) donors, and in vivo, in HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice. One of the tested peptides, CML28((173-181)), induced peptide-specific CTLs in vitro as well as in vivo, which could specifically secrete IFN-gamma and lyse major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched tumor cell lines endogenously expressing CML28 antigen and CML28((173-181) )pulsed Jurkat-A2/Kb cells, respectively. These results demonstrate that CML28((173-181) )is a naturally processed and presented CTL epitope with HLA-A*0201 motif and has a promising immunogenicity both in vitro and in vivo. As CML28 is expressed in a large variety of histological tumors besides chronic myelogenous leukemia, we propose that the newly identified epitope, CML28((173-181)), would be of potential use in peptide-based, cancer-specific immunotherapy against a broad spectrum of tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/pharmacology
- COS Cells
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Exoribonucleases/genetics
- Exoribonucleases/immunology
- Exoribonucleases/pharmacology
- Exosome Multienzyme Ribonuclease Complex
- HLA-A Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-A2 Antigen
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/pharmacology
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Han
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhao
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Li Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Lin
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Hui-Ming Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Ruan
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Yun Zou
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Zhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, China
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30
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Parmigiani RB, Bettoni F, Vibranovski MD, Lopes MH, Martins WK, Cunha IW, Soares FA, Simpson AJG, de Souza SJ, Camargo AA. Characterization of a cancer/testis (CT) antigen gene family capable of eliciting humoral response in cancer patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:18066-71. [PMID: 17114284 PMCID: PMC1838707 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608853103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer/testis (CT) antigens are immunogenic proteins expressed in normal gametogenic tissues and in different types of tumors. CT antigens are promising candidates for cancer immunotherapy, and the identification of novel CT antigens is a prerequisite for the development of cancer vaccines. We have identified a CT antigen, named CTSP-1, with partial similarity to the breast differentiation antigen NY-BR-1. CTSP-1 presents several splicing and polyadenylation variants and has a very restricted expression pattern among normal tissues. CTSP-1 is exclusively expressed in normal testis and is aberrantly expressed in 47.6% (10 of 21) of tumor cell lines and in 44.4% (75 of 169) of tumors from different histological types. The highest percentages of positive expression were observed in melanomas (59.0%) followed by prostate (58.0%) and lung (57.0%) tumors. CTSP-1 is part of a highly conserved gene family, and members of this family also have a restricted expression pattern and similar protein structure. Antibodies against members of this gene family were detected in 10% (14 of 141) of plasma samples from patients with a wide spectrum of tumors. The highest percentages of antibody response were observed in patients with prostate (20.8%), thyroid (20.0%), and breast (16.6%) tumors. Because of its very restricted expression pattern in normal tissues and immunogenicity in different types of tumors, CTSP-1 should be considered a promising candidate for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiana Bettoni
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, SP 01509-010, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria D. Vibranovski
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, SP 01509-010, São Paulo, Brazil
- Biochemistry Department, University of São Paulo, SP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilene H. Lopes
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, SP 01509-010, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela W. Cunha
- Pathology Department, Hospital A. C. Camargo, São Paulo, SP 01509-010, Brazil; and
| | - Fernando A. Soares
- Pathology Department, Hospital A. C. Camargo, São Paulo, SP 01509-010, Brazil; and
| | - Andrew J. G. Simpson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10158
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31
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Aiyar SE, Blair AL, Hopkinson DA, Bekiranov S, Li R. Regulation of clustered gene expression by cofactor of BRCA1 (COBRA1) in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2006; 26:2543-53. [PMID: 17043641 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Eucaryotic genes that are coordinately expressed tend to be clustered. Furthermore, gene clusters across chromosomal regions are often upregulated in various tumors. However, relatively little is known about how gene clusters are coordinately expressed in physiological or pathological conditions. Cofactor of BRCA1 (COBRA1), a subunit of the human negative elongation factor, has been shown to repress estrogen-stimulated transcription of trefoil factor 1 (TFF1 or pS2) by stalling RNA polymerase II. Here, we carried out a genome-wide study to identify additional physiological target genes of COBRA1 in breast cancer cells. The study identified a total of 134 genes that were either activated or repressed upon small hairpin RNA-mediated reduction of COBRA1. Interestingly, many COBRA1-regulated genes reside as clusters on the chromosomes and have been previously implicated in cancer development. Detailed examination of two such clusters on chromosome 21 (21q22) and chromosome X (Xp11) reveals that COBRA1 is physically associated with a subset of its regulated genes in each cluster. In addition, COBRA1 was shown to regulate both estrogen-dependent and -independent transcription of the gene cluster at 21q22, which encompasses the previously identified COBRA1-regulated TFF1 (pS2) locus. Thus, COBRA1 plays a critical role in the regulation of clustered gene expression at preferred chromosomal domains in breast cancer cells.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, X/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Multigene Family
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA Polymerase II/genetics
- RNA Polymerase II/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptors, Estrogen
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Trefoil Factor-1
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Aiyar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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32
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Varga Z, Theurillat JP, Filonenko V, Sasse B, Odermatt B, Jungbluth AA, Chen YT, Old LJ, Knuth A, Jäger D, Moch H. Preferential nuclear and cytoplasmic NY-BR-1 protein expression in primary breast cancer and lymph node metastases. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:2745-51. [PMID: 16675566 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE NY-BR-1 is a recently isolated differentiation antigen, which is expressed in normal mammary tissue and in breast cancer. However, current data are based on RT-PCR analysis and nothing is known about the presence of NY-BR-1 on a protein level. We previously generated a monoclonal antibody to NY-BR-1 to study the protein expression of NY-BR-1. METHODS In our immunohistochemical study, NY-BR-1 was analyzed in normal tissues, various tumor types, 124 primary breast cancers, and 37 paired lymph node metastases. RESULTS Among normal tissues, NY-BR-1 was present solely in ductal epithelium of the breast. In tumors, carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma of the breast were NY-BR-1 positive whereas other tumors and normal tissues were negative. Sixty percent of invasive breast carcinomas were NY-BR-1 positive, displaying cytoplasmic and/or nuclear immunoreactivity. This coexpression was verified by confocal microscopy. Although the monoclonal antibody identified intratumoral heterogeneity, a majority (72%) of NY-BR-1-positive carcinomas revealed immunoreactivity in >50% of the tumor cells. NY-BR-1 expression was more frequent in estrogen receptor-positive and lymph node-negative primary carcinomas (P < 0.05 each) and was more common in grade 1 (77%) than in grade 2 (63%) or grade 3 (50%) carcinomas (P < 0.05). This suggests that NY-BR-1 expression is lost with tumor progression. Forty-nine percent of lymph node metastases were NY-BR-1 positive. CONCLUSION This study supports the notion that NY-BR-1 is a differentiation antigen of the breast, which is present in normal and tumorous mammary epithelium. The organ-specific expression of NY-BR-1 and its high prevalence in metastases indicate that it could be a valuable target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Varga
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Department Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Suri A. Cancer testis antigens--their importance in immunotherapy and in the early detection of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:379-89. [PMID: 16548764 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.4.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of successful immunotherapeutic strategies requires the identification and characterisation of immunogenic cancer antigens that will be recognised by the host immune system, leading to tumour rejection. The concept of immunotherapy is based on the assumption that antigenic structures expressed in tumours can be used for therapeutic approaches employing the autologous immune system or by the application of immunotherapeutic reagents. Based on this concept, there is a great need to gain profound knowledge of the actual protein/antigen expression and its distribution pattern within normal tissues and cancerous tissues. Cancer testis (CT) antigens represent a unique class of tumour antigens, which are expressed in a variety of cancerous tissues and are silent in normal tissues, except for the testis. Owing to their restricted gene expression in the testis and various malignancies, CT antigens represent potential defined targets for antigen-based vaccination and antigen-directed immunotherapy to control cancer growth. Moreover, the analysis of humoral and cellular immune responses to CT antigens has proved useful for identifying novel cancer serum biomarkers with potential implications in early diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Suri
- National Institute of Immunology, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India.
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Travaglino E, Comincini S, Benatti C, Azzalin A, Nano R, Rosti V, Ferretti L, Invernizzi R. Overexpression of the Doppel protein in acute myeloid leukaemias and myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol 2005; 128:877-84. [PMID: 15755294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the expression patterns and distribution of Doppel (Dpl), the product of the prion-like gene PRND, in the leukaemic cell lines HL-60 and K562 and in bone marrow cells from 44 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and 63 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Whereas normal samples were negative or showed very weak expression that was restricted to CD34(+) cells, Dpl was detected in both cell lines and in most AML and MDS cases by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed variable mRNA levels in almost all AML and MDS cases, but barely detectable levels in normal bone marrow. These differences were confirmed by in situ hybridization. PRND expression was higher in advanced compared with early MDS (P = 0.01), but Dpl levels did not predict disease progression. In AML there was no correlation between Dpl levels and clinical or laboratory findings. In conclusion, this is the first time that the expression of PRND has been demonstrated in human bone marrow. The molecular mechanism of the observed overexpression is unknown; however, the differential Dpl distribution in AML and MDS versus healthy subjects makes it a possible leukaemia-associated antigen that could be useful for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Travaglino
- Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology, University of Pavia, IRCCS Poloclinico S. Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Yang XA, Dong XY, Qiao H, Wang YD, Peng JR, Li Y, Pang XW, Tian C, Chen WF. Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of FATE/BJ-HCC-2 antigen in normal and malignant tissues. J Transl Med 2005; 85:205-13. [PMID: 15580283 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
FATE/BJ-HCC-2 is a newly identified cancer/testis (CT) antigen, which was detected in tumor tissues and testis. As previous studies of FATE/BJ-HCC-2 expression pattern were mainly based on messenger RNA (mRNA) analysis, it is necessary to investigate its actual protein expression pattern in tumor tissues for the evaluation of its application value. In this study, we produced specific polyclonal antibody (pAb) to the recombinant FATE/BJ-HCC-2 protein and analyzed the FATE/BJ-HCC-2 antigen expression in normal and malignant tissues by the immunohistochemical approach. The results showed that there was no detectable FATE/BJ-HCC-2 antigen expressed in normal tissues except testis. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues, the FATE/BJ-HCC-2 antigen was detected in 20% (7/35) specimens. All samples that expressed the FATE/BJ-HCC-2 antigen were of poorly or moderately differentiated HCC. The stained antigen was located in the cytoplasm and the staining pattern showed heterogeneity from focal to more than 40% of the tumor cells. The FATE/BJ-HCC-2 antigen was also expressed in other tumor tissues. The results of [3H]thymidine incorporation showed that FATE/BJ-HCC-2 protein enhanced tumor cell proliferation after transfection of FATE/BJ-HCC-2 gene in HCC cell line (P<0.01). This effect could be specifically blocked by anti-FATE/BJ-HCC-2 pAb. Serological screening showed that the antibody specific to the FATE/BJ-HCC-2 antigen was detected in 7.7% (4/52) patients. Notably, the four positive patients bore poorly or moderately differentiated HCC. FATE/BJ-HCC-2 mRNA transcript was detected in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 46.67% patients whose resected HCC tissue samples were positive for FATE/BJ-HCC-2 mRNA, which implicated tumor cell dissemination in blood circulation and may relate to the metastasis of HCC. Thus, FATE/BJ-HCC-2 may be a valuable candidate CT antigen for polyvalent vaccines in tumor immunotherapy and an assisting diagnostic marker for prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ang Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Conventional diagnosis and treatment of this malignancy have been dismal and should be complemented by novel tools. The development and progress of HCC are believed to be caused by the accumulation of genetic changes resulting in altered expression of thousands of cancer-related genes, which can be measured by globe genetic analysis. Gene expression profiling of HCC has been employed to elucidate hepatocarcinogenesis and disclose molecular mechanisms underlying complex clinical features. Identifying phenotype-associated genes/profiles has impacts on current diagnosis and management strategy of HCC. In spite of some pitfalls of this technology and challenges in improving the research process, scrutinous validation of profiling data of HCC combined with other approaches will eventually benefit the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Hai Zhang
- Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing Institute for Cancer Research, Beijing 100034, China
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Liao DJ, Du QQ, Yu BW, Grignon D, Sarkar FH. Novel perspective: focusing on the X chromosome in reproductive cancers. Cancer Invest 2003; 21:641-58. [PMID: 14533452 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-120022385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In an XX female, one of the two X chromosomes has been inactivated during early embryonic life to achieve a compensation of X-linked gene products between males and females, leaving only one allele of X-linked genes functional. There are some X-linked genes escaping the X-inactivation, i.e., being expressed from both alleles. Escape from X-inactivation varies at different levels; some genes have both alleles active in some women but only one allele active in others, whereas some other genes have both alleles active in neoplastic tissue but only one allele active normally. The X-inactivation may be considered functionally equivalent to a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for some genes, whereas escape from X-inactivation may be equivalent to functional gene amplification for others. The physiological LOH may make X-linked tumor suppressor genes lose their function more easily, compared with autosomal tumor suppressor genes, thus predisposing women to cancer formation more easily. Moreover, the human X chromosome contains many genes related to cancer or to sex and reproduction. All these properties of the X chromosome suggest that it may play more important roles than any autosomal chromosome in the development and progression of reproductive and urologic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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Abstract
The complex of humoral factors and immune cells comprises two interleaved systems, innate and acquired. Immune cells scan the occurrence of any molecule that it considers to be nonself. Transformed cells acquire antigenicity that is recognized as nonself. A specific immune response is generated that results in the proliferation of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Immunity is acquired when antibodies and T-cell receptors are expressed and up-regulated through the formation and release of lymphokines, chemokines, and cytokines. Both innate and acquired immune systems interact to initiate antigenic responses against carcinomas. A new approach to the treatment of cancer has been immunotherapy, which aims to up-regulate the immune system in order that it may better control carcinogenesis. Currently, several forms of immunotherapy that use natural biological substances to activate the immune system are being explored therapeutically. The various forms of immunotherapy fall into three main categories: monoclonal antibodies, immune response modifiers, and vaccines. While these modalities have individually shown some promise, it is likely that the best strategy to combat cancer may require multiple immunotherapeutic strategies in order to demonstrate benefit in different patient populations. It may be that the best results are obtained with vaccines in combination with a variety of immunotherapy combinations. Another potent strategy may be in combining with more traditional cancer drugs as evidenced from the benefit derived from enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy with cytokines. Through such concerted efforts, a durable, therapeutic antitumour immune response may be achieved and maintained over the course of a patient's lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila K Adam
- Department of Medical Science, Durban Institute of Technology (ML Sultan Campus), Durban, South Africa
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