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Pugalenthi A, Mojica K, Ady JW, Johnsen C, Love D, Chen NG, Aguilar RJ, Szalay AA, Fong Y. Recombinant vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 is a promising oncolytic vector in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:591-6. [PMID: 26584530 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2015.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although early stage cholangiocarcinoma (CC) can be cured by surgical extirpation, the options for treatment of advanced stage CC are very few and suboptimal. Oncolytic virotherapy using replication-competent vaccinia virus (VACV) is a promising new strategy to treat human cancers. The ability of oncolytic VACV GLV-1h68 to infect, replicate in, and lyse three human CC cell lines was assayed in vitro and in subcutaneous flank xenografts in athymic nude mice. In this study, we have demonstrated that GLV-1h68 effectively infects and lyses three CC cell lines (KMC-1, KMBC, and KMCH-1) in vitro. Expression of the viral marker gene ruc-gfp facilitated real-time monitoring of infection and replication. Furthermore in athymic nude mice, a single dose of GLV-1h68 significantly suppressed tumor growth. The treatment was well tolerated in all animals. Recombinant VACV GLV-1h68 has significant oncolytic ability against CC both in vitro and in vivo. GLV-1h68 has the potential to be used clinically as a therapeutic agent against CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amudhan Pugalenthi
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelly Mojica
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin W Ady
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clark Johnsen
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Damon Love
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nanhai G Chen
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.,Department of Virology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Aladar A Szalay
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Rudolph Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, and Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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Abstract
Introduction: Oncolytic viruses are experimental cancer therapies being translated to the clinic. They are unique in their ability to amplify within the body, therefore requiring careful monitoring of viral replication and biodistribution. Traditional monitoring strategies fail to recapitulate the dynamic nature of oncolytic virotherapy. Consequently, clinically relevant, noninvasive, high resolution strategies are needed to effectively track virotherapy in real time. Areas covered: The expression of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) reporter gene is tightly coupled to viral genome replication and mediates radioisotope concentration, allowing noninvasive molecular nuclear imaging of active viral infection with high resolution. This provides insight into replication kinetics, biodistribution, the impact of vector design, administration, and dosing on therapeutic outcomes, and highlights the heterogeneity of spatial distribution and temporal evolution of infection. NIS-mediated imaging in clinical trials confirms the feasibility of this technology to noninvasively and longitudinally observe oncolytic virus infection, replication, and distribution. Expert opinion: NIS-mediated imaging provides detailed functional and molecular information on the evolution of oncolytic virus infection in living animals. The use of NIS reporter gene imaging has rapidly advanced to provide unparalleled insight into the spatial and temporal context of oncolytic infection which will be integral to optimization of oncolytic treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Miller
- a Mayo Clinic, Department of Molecular Medicine , Rochester , MN 55905 , USA.,b Mayo Graduate School, Center for Clinical and Translational Science , Rochester , MN 55905 , USA
| | - Stephen J Russell
- a Mayo Clinic, Department of Molecular Medicine , Rochester , MN 55905 , USA.,c Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology , Rochester , MN 55905 , USA
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Molecular imaging of oncolytic viral therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2015; 1:14007. [PMID: 27119098 PMCID: PMC4782985 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have made their mark on the cancer world as a potential therapeutic option, with the possible advantages of reduced side effects and strengthened treatment efficacy due to higher tumor selectivity. Results have been so promising, that oncolytic viral treatments have now been approved for clinical trials in several countries. However, clinical studies may benefit from the ability to noninvasively and serially identify sites of viral targeting via molecular imaging in order to provide safety, efficacy, and toxicity information. Furthermore, molecular imaging of oncolytic viral therapy may provide a more sensitive and specific diagnostic technique to detect tumor origin and, more importantly, presence of metastases. Several strategies have been investigated for molecular imaging of viral replication broadly categorized into optical and deep tissue imaging, utilizing several reporter genes encoding for fluorescence proteins, conditional enzymes, and membrane protein and transporters. Various imaging methods facilitate molecular imaging, including computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, single photon emission CT, gamma-scintigraphy, and photoacoustic imaging. In addition, several molecular probes are used for medical imaging, which act as targeting moieties or signaling agents. This review will explore the preclinical and clinical use of in vivo molecular imaging of replication-competent oncolytic viral therapy.
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Cambien B, Franken PR, Lamit A, Mauxion T, Richard-Fiardo P, Guglielmi J, Crescence L, Mari B, Pourcher T, Darcourt J, Bardiès M, Vassaux G. ⁹⁹mTcO₄--, auger-mediated thyroid stunning: dosimetric requirements and associated molecular events. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92729. [PMID: 24663284 PMCID: PMC3963936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-energy Auger and conversion electrons deposit their energy in a very small volume (a few nm3) around the site of emission. From a radiotoxicological point of view the effects of low-energy electrons on normal tissues are largely unknown, understudied, and generally assumed to be negligible. In this context, the discovery that the low-energy electron emitter, 99mTc, can induce stunning on primary thyrocytes in vitro, at low absorbed doses, is intriguing. Extrapolated in vivo, this observation suggests that a radioisotope as commonly used in nuclear medicine as 99mTc may significantly influence thyroid physiology. The aims of this study were to determine whether 99mTc pertechnetate (99mTcO4−) is capable of inducing thyroid stunning in vivo, to evaluate the absorbed dose of 99mTcO4− required to induce this stunning, and to analyze the biological events associated/concomitant with this effect. Our results show that 99mTcO4−–mediated thyroid stunning can be observed in vivo in mouse thyroid. The threshold of the absorbed dose in the thyroid required to obtain a significant stunning effect is in the range of 20 Gy. This effect is associated with a reduced level of functional Na/I symporter (NIS) protein, with no significant cell death. It is reversible within a few days. At the cellular and molecular levels, a decrease in NIS mRNA, the generation of double-strand DNA breaks, and the activation of the p53 pathway are observed. Low-energy electrons emitted by 99mTc can, therefore, induce thyroid stunning in vivo in mice, if it is exposed to an absorbed dose of at least 20 Gy, a level unlikely to be encountered in clinical practice. Nevertheless this report presents an unexpected effect of low-energy electrons on a normal tissue in vivo, and provides a unique experimental setup to understand the fine molecular mechanisms involved in their biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Cambien
- Laboratoire TIRO, UMRE 4320, iBEB, DSV, CEA, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Department of nuclear medicine, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Philippe R. Franken
- Laboratoire TIRO, UMRE 4320, iBEB, DSV, CEA, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Department of nuclear medicine, Nice, France
| | - Audrey Lamit
- Laboratoire TIRO, UMRE 4320, iBEB, DSV, CEA, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Department of nuclear medicine, Nice, France
| | - Thibault Mauxion
- UMR 1037 INSERM/UPS, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Peggy Richard-Fiardo
- Laboratoire TIRO, UMRE 4320, iBEB, DSV, CEA, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Department of nuclear medicine, Nice, France
| | - Julien Guglielmi
- Laboratoire TIRO, UMRE 4320, iBEB, DSV, CEA, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Department of nuclear medicine, Nice, France
| | - Lydie Crescence
- Laboratoire TIRO, UMRE 4320, iBEB, DSV, CEA, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Department of nuclear medicine, Nice, France
| | - Bernard Mari
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire-IPMC, CNRS UMR 7275, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Thierry Pourcher
- Laboratoire TIRO, UMRE 4320, iBEB, DSV, CEA, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Department of nuclear medicine, Nice, France
| | - Jacques Darcourt
- Laboratoire TIRO, UMRE 4320, iBEB, DSV, CEA, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Department of nuclear medicine, Nice, France
| | - Manuel Bardiès
- UMR 1037 INSERM/UPS, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Georges Vassaux
- Laboratoire TIRO, UMRE 4320, iBEB, DSV, CEA, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Department of nuclear medicine, Nice, France
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Abstract
Viruses that selectively replicate in cancer cells, leading to the death of the cell, are being studied for their potential as cancer therapies. Some of these viruses are naturally occurring but cause little if any illness in humans; others have been engineered to make them specifically able to kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells. These oncolytic viruses may be selective for cancer cells because viral receptors are over-expressed on the surface of cancer cells or because antiviral pathways are distorted in cancer cells. Additionally, when oncolytic viruses kill cancer cells, it can stimulate an antitumour immune response from the host that can enhance efficacy. Numerous early phase trials of at least six oncolytic viruses have been reported with no evidence of concerning toxicity either as single agents or in combination with chemotherapies and radiotherapy. Three oncolytic viruses have reached randomized testing in cancer patients; reolysin in head and neck cancer and JX594 in hepatocellular cancers, while results from the first-phase III trial of T-vec in metastatic melanoma are expected shortly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Donnelly
- Targeted and Biological Therapies Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF
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Sodium iodide symporter (NIS)-mediated radiovirotherapy of hepatocellular cancer using a conditionally replicating adenovirus. Gene Ther 2012; 20:625-33. [PMID: 23038026 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we determined the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene transfer and the therapeutic potential of oncolytic virotherapy combined with radioiodine therapy using a conditionally replicating oncolytic adenovirus. For this purpose, we used a replication-selective adenovirus in which the E1a gene is driven by the mouse alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) promoter and the human NIS gene is inserted in the E3 region (Ad5-E1/AFP-E3/NIS). Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HuH7) infected with Ad5-E1/AFP-E3/NIS concentrated radioiodine at a level that was sufficiently high for a therapeutic effect in vitro. In vivo experiments demonstrated that 3 days after intratumoral (i.t.) injection of Ad5-E1/AFP-E3/NIS HuH7 xenograft tumors accumulated approximately 25% ID g(-1) (percentage of the injected dose per gram tumor tissue) (123)I as shown by (123)I gamma camera imaging. A single i.t. injection of Ad5-E1/AFP-E3/NIS (virotherapy) resulted in a significant reduction of tumor growth and prolonged survival, as compared with injection of saline. Combination of oncolytic virotherapy with radioiodine treatment (radiovirotherapy) led to an additional reduction of tumor growth that resulted in markedly improved survival as compared with virotherapy alone. In conclusion, local in vivo NIS gene transfer using a replication-selective oncolytic adenovirus is able to induce a significant therapeutic effect, which can be enhanced by additional (131)I application.
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