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Cecilia A, Baecker A, Hamann E, Rack A, van de Kamp T, Gruhl FJ, Hofmann R, Moosmann J, Hahn S, Kashef J, Bauer S, Farago T, Helfen L, Baumbach T. Optimizing structural and mechanical properties of cryogel scaffolds for use in prostate cancer cell culturing. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 71:465-472. [PMID: 27987733 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) currently is the second most diagnosed cancer in men and the second most cause of cancer death after lung cancer in Western societies. This sets the necessity of modelling prostatic disorders to optimize a therapy against them. The conventional approach to investigating prostatic diseases is based on two-dimensional (2D) cell culturing. This method, however, does not provide a three-dimensional (3D) environment, therefore impeding a satisfying simulation of the prostate gland in which the PCa cells proliferate. Cryogel scaffolds represent a valid alternative to 2D culturing systems for studying the normal and pathological behavior of the prostate cells thanks to their 3D pore architecture that reflects more closely the physiological environment in which PCa cells develop. In this work the 3D morphology of three potential scaffolds for PCa cell culturing was investigated by means of synchrotron X-ray computed micro tomography (SXCμT) fitting the according requirements of high spatial resolution, 3D imaging capability and low dose requirements very well. In combination with mechanical tests, the results allowed identifying an optimal cryogel architecture, meeting the needs for a well-suited scaffold to be used for 3D PCa cell culture applications. The selected cryogel was then used for culturing prostatic lymph node metastasis (LNCaP) cells and subsequently, the presence of multi-cellular tumor spheroids inside the matrix was demonstrated again by using SXCμT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cecilia
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A Baecker
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 Bldg 329, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Karlsruhe D-76344, Germany
| | - E Hamann
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A Rack
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T van de Kamp
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 6980, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F J Gruhl
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 Bldg 329, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Karlsruhe D-76344, Germany
| | - R Hofmann
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - J Moosmann
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Max-Planck-Str. 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - S Hahn
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - J Kashef
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - S Bauer
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - T Farago
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - L Helfen
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T Baumbach
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 6980, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Ci X, Xing C, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Ni JJ, Zhou W, Dong JT. KLF5 inhibits angiogenesis in PTEN-deficient prostate cancer by attenuating AKT activation and subsequent HIF1α accumulation. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:91. [PMID: 25896712 PMCID: PMC4417294 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KLF5 is a basic transcriptional factor that regulates multiple physiopathological processes. Our recent study showed that deletion of Klf5 in mouse prostate promotes tumorigenesis initiated by the deletion of Pten. While molecular characterization of Klf5-null tumors suggested that angiogenesis was partially responsible for tumor promotion, the precise function and mechanism of KLF5 deletion in prostate tumor angiogenesis remain unclear. Results Applying histological staining to Pten-null mouse prostates, we observed that deletion of Klf5 significantly increased the number of microvessels, accompanied by the upregulation of multiple angiogenesis-related genes based on microarray analysis with MetaCore software. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HuVECs), tube formation and migration, both of which are indicators of angiogenic activities, were decreased by conditioned media from PC-3 and DU 145 human prostate cancer cells with KLF5 overexpression, but increased by media from cells with KLF5 knockdown. HIF1α, a key angiogenesis inducer, was upregulated by KLF5 loss at the protein but not the mRNA level in both mouse tissues and human cell lines, as determined by immunohistochemical staining, real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. Consistently, KLF5 loss also upregulated VEGF and PDGF, two pro-angiogenic mediators of HIF1α function, as analyzed by immunohistochemical staining in mouse tissues and ELISA in conditioned media. Mechanistically, AKT activity, which caused the accumulation of HIF1α, was increased by KLF5 knockout or knockdown but decreased by KLF5 overexpression. PI3K/AKT inhibitors consistently abolished the effects of KLF5 knockdown on angiogenic activity, HIF1α accumulation, and VEGF and PDGF expression. Conclusion KLF5 loss enhances tumor angiogenesis by attenuating PI3K/AKT signaling and subsequent accumulation of HIF1α in PTEN deficient prostate tumors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0365-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpei Ci
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China. .,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Baotong Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Jenny Jianping Ni
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China. .,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Differential sensitivity of prostate tumor derived endothelial cells to sorafenib and sunitinib. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:939. [PMID: 25494980 PMCID: PMC4295225 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of male cancer death in developed countries. Although the role of angiogenesis in its progression is well established, the efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy is not clearly proved. Whether this could depend on differential responses between tumor and normal endothelial cells has not been tested. Methods We isolated and characterized three lines of endothelial cells from prostate cancer and we tested the effect of Sunitinib and Sorafenib, and the combined treatment with the anti-androgen Casodex, on their angiogenic functions. Results Endothelial cells isolated from prostate tumors showed angiogenic properties and expression of androgen and vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptors. Sunitinib affected their proliferation, survival and motility while Sorafenib only showed a minor effect. At variance, Sunitinib and Sorafenib showed similar cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic effects on normal endothelial cells. Sorafenib and Sunitinib inhibited vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor2 phosphorylation of prostate cancer endothelial cells, while they differentially modulated Akt phosphorylation as no inhibitory effect of Sorafenib was observed on Akt activation. The combined treatment of Casodex reverted the observed resistance to Sorafenib both on cell viability and on Akt activation, whereas it did not modify the response to Sunitinib. Conclusions Our study demonstrates a resistant behavior of endothelial cells isolated from prostate cancer to Sorafenib, but not Sunitinib. Moreover, it shows the benefit of a multi-target therapy combining anti-angiogenic and anti-hormonal drugs to overcome resistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-939) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is no longer viewed mostly as a disease of abnormally proliferating epithelial cells, but rather as a disease affecting the complex interactions between the cells of the prostate epithelial compartment and the surrounding stromal compartment in which they live. Indeed, the microenvironment in which tumor cells evolve towards an aggressive phenotype is highly heterogeneous, as it is composed of different cell populations such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes, either resident or trans-differentiated by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells recruited at the tumor site. Cancer-associated fibroblasts, the most abundant population within this microenvironment, exert a mandatory role in prostate cancer progression as they metabolically sustain cancer cell survival and growth, recruit inflammatory and immune cells, and promote cancer cells stemness and epithelial mesenchymal transition, thereby favoring metastatic dissemination of aggressive cancers. The interruption of this two-compartment crosstalk, together with the idea that stromal cells are mostly vulnerable, being drug-sensitive, could lead to the development of anticancer therapies that target tumor stromal elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Chiarugi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, University of Florence, Tuscany Tumor Institute, viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, University of Florence, Tuscany Tumor Institute, viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Cirri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, University of Florence, Tuscany Tumor Institute, viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
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