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Gandolfi S, Sanouj A, Chaput B, Coste A, Sallerin B, Varin A. The role of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells, macrophages and bioscaffolds in cutaneous wound repair. Biol Direct 2024; 19:85. [PMID: 39343924 PMCID: PMC11439310 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-024-00534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin healing is a complex and dynamic physiological process that follows mechanical alteration of the skin barrier. Under normal conditions, this complex process can be divided into at least three continuous and overlapping phases: an inflammatory reaction, a proliferative phase that leads to tissue reconstruction and a phase of tissue remodeling. Macrophages critically contribute to the physiological cascade for tissue repair. In fact, as the inflammatory phase progresses, macrophage gene expression gradually shifts from pro-inflammatory M1-like to pro-resolutive M2-like characteristics, which is critical for entry into the repair phase. A dysregulation in this macrophage' shift phenotype leads to the persistence of the inflammatory phase. Mesenchymal stromal cells and specifically the MSC-derived from adipose tissue (ADSCs) are more and more use to treat inflammatory diseases and several studies have demonstrated that ADSCs promote the wound healing thanks to their neoangiogenic, immunomodulant and regenerative properties. In several studies, ADSCs and macrophages have been injected directly into the wound bed, but the delivery of exogenous cells directly to the wound raise the problem of cell engraftment and preservation of pro-resolutive phenotype and viability of the cells. Complementary approaches have therefore been explored, such as the use of biomaterials enriched with therapeutic cell to improve cell survival and function. This review will present a background of the current scaffold models, using adipose derived stromal-cells and macrophage as therapeutic cells for wound healing, through a discussion on the potential impact for future applications in skin regeneration. According to the PRISMA statement, we resumed data from investigations reporting the use ADSCs and bioscaffolds and data from macrophages behavior with functional biomaterials in wound healing models. In the era of tissue engineering, functional biomaterials, that can maintain cell delivery and cellular viability, have had a profound impact on the development of dressings for the treatment of chronic wounds. Promising results have been showed in pre-clinical reports using ADSCs- and macrophages-based scaffolds to accelerate and to improve the quality of the cutaneous healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gandolfi
- FLAMES Team, Restore Institute, Inserm, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, 4Bis Av. H. Curien, 31100, Toulouse, France.
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Toulouse University Hospital, 1 Av. Pr.Jean Poulhès, 31400, Toulouse, France.
| | - A Sanouj
- FLAMES Team, Restore Institute, Inserm, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, 4Bis Av. H. Curien, 31100, Toulouse, France
| | - B Chaput
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Toulouse University Hospital, 1 Av. Pr.Jean Poulhès, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - A Coste
- FLAMES Team, Restore Institute, Inserm, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, 4Bis Av. H. Curien, 31100, Toulouse, France
| | - B Sallerin
- FLAMES Team, Restore Institute, Inserm, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, 4Bis Av. H. Curien, 31100, Toulouse, France
- Department of Pharmacology, Toulouse University Hospital, 1 Av Pr.Jean Poulhès, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - A Varin
- FLAMES Team, Restore Institute, Inserm, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, 4Bis Av. H. Curien, 31100, Toulouse, France
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2
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Poonia K, Bhalla M. Premature Graying of Hair: A Comprehensive Review and Recent Insights. Indian Dermatol Online J 2024; 15:721-731. [PMID: 39359282 PMCID: PMC11444426 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_807_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hair symbolizes well-being and self-expression, with graying occurring naturally among different racial groups at varying ages. Premature graying has psychological and societal impacts, influencing self-esteem and quality of life. Gray hair usually advances gradually and is permanent, with occasional reports of natural repigmentation. Premature graying of hair (PMGH) results from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and cellular factors. Materials and Methods Studies exploring links between gray hair and conditions such as osteopenia, hearing loss, smoking, obesity, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease have yielded mixed results. Despite continuous research into the causes of gray hair, effective, evidence-based treatments are lacking and still need to be improved. Conclusion Herein, we reviewed the causes, mechanisms, risk factors, psychosocial effects, and emerging therapies for PMGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Poonia
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, All India Institute of Medical Science, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Mala Bhalla
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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3
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Coutant K, Magne B, Ferland K, Fuentes-Rodriguez A, Chancy O, Mitchell A, Germain L, Landreville S. Melanocytes in regenerative medicine applications and disease modeling. J Transl Med 2024; 22:336. [PMID: 38589876 PMCID: PMC11003097 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes are dendritic cells localized in skin, eyes, hair follicles, ears, heart and central nervous system. They are characterized by the presence of melanosomes enriched in melanin which are responsible for skin, eye and hair pigmentation. They also have different functions in photoprotection, immunity and sound perception. Melanocyte dysfunction can cause pigmentary disorders, hearing and vision impairments or increased cancer susceptibility. This review focuses on the role of melanocytes in homeostasis and disease, before discussing their potential in regenerative medicine applications, such as for disease modeling, drug testing or therapy development using stem cell technologies, tissue engineering and extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Coutant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Brice Magne
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Karel Ferland
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Fuentes-Rodriguez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Chancy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Lucie Germain
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Solange Landreville
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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4
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Lee S, An L, Soloway PD, White AC. Dynamic regulation of chromatin accessibility during melanocyte stem cell activation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2023; 36:531-541. [PMID: 37462349 PMCID: PMC10794558 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) of the hair follicle are necessary for hair pigmentation and can serve as melanoma cells of origin when harboring cancer-driving mutations. McSCs can be released from quiescence, activated, and undergo differentiation into pigment-producing melanocytes during the hair cycle or due to environmental stimuli, such as ultraviolet-B (UVB) exposure. However, our current understanding of the mechanisms regulating McSC stemness, activation, and differentiation remains limited. Here, to capture the differing possible states in which murine McSCs can exist, we sorted melanocyte nuclei from quiescent (telogen) skin, skin actively producing hair shafts (anagen), and skin exposed to UVB. With these sorted nuclei, we then utilized single-nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (snATAC-seq) and characterized three melanocyte lineages: quiescent McSCs (qMcSCs), activated McSCs (aMcSCs), and differentiated melanocytes (dMCs) that co-exist in all three skin conditions. Furthermore, we successfully identified differentially accessible genes and enriched transcription factor binding motifs for each melanocyte lineage. Our findings reveal potential gene regulators that determine these melanocyte cell states and provide new insights into how aMcSC chromatin states are regulated differently under divergent intrinsic and extrinsic cues. We also provide a publicly available online tool with a user-friendly interface to explore this comprehensive dataset, which will provide a resource for further studies on McSC regulation upon natural or UVB-mediated stem cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Lee
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Luye An
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Paul D Soloway
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Andrew C White
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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5
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Naasani LIS, Azevedo JG, Sévigny J, Franco de Oliveira T, Maria-Engler SS, Wink MR. Epidermal melanocytes metabolize extracellular nucleotides by purinergic enzymes. Biochem Cell Biol 2023. [PMID: 36657128 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2022-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The human epidermal melanocyte (hEM) are melanin-producing cells that provide skin pigmentation and protection against ultraviolet radiation. Although purinergic signaling is involved in skin biology and pathology, the presence of NTPDase members, as well as the rate of nucleotides degradation by melanocytes were not described yet. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the expression of ectonucleotidases in hEM derived from discarded foreskin of male patients. The expression of purinergic enzymes was confirmed by mRNA and flow cytometry. Among the ectonucleotidases, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase1 (NTPDase1) and ecto-5´-nucleotidase were the ectoenzymes with higher expressions. The hydrolysis rate for ATP, ADP, and AMP was low in comparison to other primary cells already investigated. The amount of ATP in the culture medium was increased after a scratch wound and decreased to basal levels in 48 h, while the NTPDase1 and P2X7 expressions increased. Therefore, it is possible to suggest that after cell injury, the ATP released by hEM into the extracellular space will be hydrolyzed by ectonucleotidases as the NTPDase1 that will control the levels of nucleotides in the skin micro-environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Ivet Sous Naasani
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Gonçalves Azevedo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec city, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec city, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Tiago Franco de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Skin Biology and Melanoma Lab, Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Márcia Rosângela Wink
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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6
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Wang ZH, Liu LP, Zheng YW. Melanocyte stem cells in skin diseases and their potential in cell-based therapy. Histol Histopathol 2022; 37:937-953. [PMID: 35553404 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytes have a complex function and play an important role in a variety of regulatory mechanisms in the human system. Melanocyte stem cells (MelSCs) serve as a reservoir to replenish the melanocytes by regenerating new ones, and they are capable of self-renewal and differentiation to maintain their homeostasis, repair, and regeneration in tissues. The numerical decrease and functional impairment of MelSCs may be closely related to the development and treatment response of many skin diseases. However, the current knowledge about MelSCs mainly comes from studies in mice, and little is known about human MelSC markers; especially, their markers are still unclear or lack consensus. This leads to uncertainty in clinical findings, which further limits our comprehensive understanding of pigmentary disorders and also hinders the progress of new treatments. Thus, in this review article, combined with our previous and current work, we summarize and update the recent advances in MelSC research, including the molecular markers of human MelSCs and their niche, as well as the association of MelSCs with skin diseases, including vitiligo, hair greying, and melanoma. Due to the limited tools available to explore the identified characteristics of human MelSCs, pluripotent stem cells can provide a new research model for further study, especially combined with CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The visualization of human MelSCs' development and differentiation can help to identify their molecular characteristics and understand their cellular fate dynamically, which will allow us not only to further explore their roles in associated diseases, but also to achieve MelSC-based cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Wang
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yun-Wen Zheng
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, and School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Papaccio F, D′Arino A, Caputo S, Bellei B. Focus on the Contribution of Oxidative Stress in Skin Aging. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1121. [PMID: 35740018 PMCID: PMC9220264 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is one of the most evident signs of human aging. Modification of the skin during the life span is characterized by fine lines and wrinkling, loss of elasticity and volume, laxity, rough-textured appearance, and pallor. In contrast, photoaged skin is associated with uneven pigmentation (age spot) and is markedly wrinkled. At the cellular and molecular level, it consists of multiple interconnected processes based on biochemical reactions, genetic programs, and occurrence of external stimulation. The principal cellular perturbation in the skin driving senescence is the alteration of oxidative balance. In chronological aging, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced mainly through cellular oxidative metabolism during adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation from glucose and mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas in extrinsic aging, loss of redox equilibrium is caused by environmental factors, such as ultraviolet radiation, pollution, cigarette smoking, and inadequate nutrition. During the aging process, oxidative stress is attributed to both augmented ROS production and reduced levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic protectors. Apart from the evident appearance of structural change, throughout aging, the skin gradually loses its natural functional characteristics and regenerative potential. With aging, the skin immune system also undergoes functional senescence manifested as a reduced ability to counteract infections and augmented frequency of autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. This review proposes an update on the role of oxidative stress in the appearance of the clinical manifestation of skin aging, as well as of the molecular mechanisms that underline this natural phenomenon sometimes accelerated by external factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (S.C.)
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8
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Modeling human gray hair by irradiation as a valuable tool to study aspects of tissue aging. GeroScience 2022; 45:1215-1230. [PMID: 35612775 PMCID: PMC9886793 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the earliest and most visible phenomenon of aging, gray hair makes it a unique model system for investigating the mechanism of aging. Ionizing radiation successfully induces gray hair in mice, and also provides a venue to establish an organ-cultured human gray hair model. To establish a suitable organ-cultured human gray HF model by IR, which imitates gray hair in the elderly, and to explore the mechanisms behind the model. By detecting growth parameters, melanotic and senescence markers of the model, we found that the model of 5 Gy accords best with features of elderly gray hair. Then, we investigated the formation mechanisms of the model by RNA-sequencing. We demonstrated that the model of organ-cultured gray HFs after 5 Gy irradiation is closest to the older gray HFs. Moreover, the 5 Gy inhibited the expression of TRP-1, Tyr, Pmel17, and MITF in hair bulbs/ORS of HFs. The 5 Gy also significantly induced ectopically pigmented melanocytes and increased the expression of DNA damage and senescence in HFs. Finally, RNA-seq analysis of the model suggested that IR resulted in cell DNA damage, and the accumulation of oxidative stress in the keratinocytes. Oxidative stress and DNA damage caused cell dysfunction and decreased melanin synthesis in the gray HFs. We found that HFs irradiated at 5 Gy successfully constructed an appropriate aging HF model. This may provide a useful model for cost-effective and predictable treatment strategies to human hair graying and the process of aging.
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9
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van der Sluis N, Scheers EC, Krenning G, van der Lei B, Oonk MH, van Dongen JA. Autologous lipoaspirate as a new treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus: A review on literature. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:689-699. [PMID: 35276020 PMCID: PMC9314062 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis that mostly affects the genital and anal skin areas. Symptoms may vary from pruritis and pain to sexual dysfunction; however, LS can also be asymptomatic. LS occurs at all ages and in both sexes. Approximately 5% of all women affected by vulvar LS will develop vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Topical treatment is safe but less effective resulting in chronic course in most patients, who suffer from persistent itching and pain. In severe cases of therapy-resistant LS, there is no adequate treatment. Fat grafting is a novel regenerative therapy to reduce dermal fibrosis. The therapeutic effect of adipose tissue grafts for LS is already investigated in various pioneering studies. This review provides an overview of these studies and the putative mechanisms-of-action of fat grafting to treat LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanouk van der Sluis
- Department of Plastic SurgeryUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Plastic‐, Reconstructive‐ and Hand SurgeryMedisch Spectrum TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Esther C.A.H. Scheers
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Guido Krenning
- Department of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of Groningen and University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Berend van der Lei
- Department of Plastic SurgeryUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Maaike H.M. Oonk
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Joris A. van Dongen
- Department of Plastic‐, Reconstructive‐ and Hand Surgery, Utrecht University Medical CenterUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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10
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Arbab AH, Zaroug EE, Mudawi MME. Review on Plants with Traditional Uses and Bio-Activity Against Hair Graying. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083808666220208105012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Hair graying occurs worldwide, and it has a high impact on the self-esteem of an individual. Hair graying is a melanogenesis disorder that can be attributed to many factors, including age, oxidative stress, psychological stress, and malnutrition. Though there are effective p-phenylenediamine based hair dyes, they often cause allergy and systematic toxicity. Plants are popular a traditional remedy for the management of hair disorders. Due to their high chemical diversity, phytoproducts offer great promises to develop an effective and safe product to manage hair graying and melanogenesis disorders. The aim of the present article is to review plants with traditional uses and bio-activity against hair graying. An extensive literature search was conducted on PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases using many combinations of the following keywords: plants used to treat gray hair, natural products, hair graying, melanogenesis, pigmentation, and tyrosinase activity. This review documented about sixty-one plants, including a summary of 47 plants frequently used in traditional medicine, and a brief review of fourteen plants showing promising activity against hair graying. The active constituents and the mechanisms by which active constituents exert anti-hair graying effects were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. Arbab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Elwaleed E. Zaroug
- Department of Phytochemistry and Natural Products, Northern Border University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Sudan
| | - Mahmoud M. E. Mudawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Sudan
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11
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Brombin A, Simpson DJ, Travnickova J, Brunsdon H, Zeng Z, Lu Y, Young AIJ, Chandra T, Patton EE. Tfap2b specifies an embryonic melanocyte stem cell that retains adult multifate potential. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110234. [PMID: 35021087 PMCID: PMC8764619 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells, are replenished from multiple stem cell niches in adult tissue. Although pigmentation traits are known risk factors for melanoma, we know little about melanocyte stem cell (McSC) populations other than hair follicle McSCs and lack key lineage markers with which to identify McSCs and study their function. Here we find that Tfap2b and a select set of target genes specify an McSC population at the dorsal root ganglia in zebrafish. Functionally, Tfap2b is required for only a few late-stage embryonic melanocytes, and is essential for McSC-dependent melanocyte regeneration. Fate mapping data reveal that tfap2b+ McSCs have multifate potential, and are the cells of origin for large patches of adult melanocytes, two other pigment cell types (iridophores and xanthophores), and nerve-associated cells. Hence, Tfap2b confers McSC identity in early development, distinguishing McSCs from other neural crest and pigment cell lineages, and retains multifate potential in the adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Brombin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Daniel J Simpson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Jana Travnickova
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Hannah Brunsdon
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Zhiqiang Zeng
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Yuting Lu
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Adelaide I J Young
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Tamir Chandra
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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12
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Ebrahimi A, Ahmadi H, Ghasrodashti ZP, Tanideh N, Shahriarirad R, Erfani A, Ranjbar K, Ashkani-Esfahani S. Therapeutic effects of stem cells in different body systems, a novel method that is yet to gain trust: A comprehensive review. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2021; 21:672-701. [PMID: 34255619 PMCID: PMC8554700 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2021.5508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has been used to treat several types of diseases, and it is expected that its therapeutic uses shall increase as novel lines of evidence begin to appear. Furthermore, stem cells have the potential to make new tissues and organs. Thus, some scientists propose that organ transplantation will significantly rely on stem cell technology and organogenesis in the future. Stem cells and its robust potential to differentiate into specific types of cells and regenerate tissues and body organs, have been investigated by numerous clinician scientists and researchers for their therapeutic effects. Degenerative diseases in different organs have been the main target of stem cell therapy. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoarthritis, congenital cardiovascular diseases, and blood cell diseases such as leukemia are among the health conditions that have benefited from stem cell therapy advancements. One of the most challenging parts of the process of incorporating stem cells into clinical practice is controlling their division and differentiation potentials. Sometimes, their potential for uncontrolled growth will make these cells tumorigenic. Another caveat in this process is the ability to control the differentiation process. While stem cells can easily differentiate into a wide variety of cells, a paracrine effect controlled activity, being in an appropriate medium will cause abnormal differentiation leading to treatment failure. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the therapeutic effects of stem cells in diseases of various organ systems. In order to advance this new treatment to its full potential, researchers should focus on establishing methods to control the differentiation process, while policymakers should take an active role in providing adequate facilities and equipment for these projects. Large population clinical trials are a necessary tool that will help build trust in this method. Moreover, improving social awareness about the advantages and adverse effects of stem cell therapy is required to develop a rational demand in the society, and consequently, healthcare systems should consider established stem cell-based therapeutic methods in their treatment algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ebrahimi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hanie Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Pourfraidon Ghasrodashti
- Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nader Tanideh
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Shahriarirad
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Erfani
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Keivan Ranjbar
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soheil Ashkani-Esfahani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Pss R, Madhunapantula SV, Betkerur JB, Bovilla VR, Shastry V. Melanogenesis markers expression in premature graying of hair- a cross-sectional study. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 35:180-186. [PMID: 34700322 DOI: 10.1159/000520172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on mice and aging human hair follicles provide compelling evidence that graying of hair results from premature differentiation of Melanocyte stem cells (MeSC) in the niche/bulge. OBJECTIVE To analyze whether differentiation of melanocyte stem cells is responsible for premature graying of hair (PGH). METHODS Twenty- five patients of PGH (n=25) attending dermatology department were recruited. Five unpigmented and five pigmented hairs were obtained per patient by separating individual follicles by 1 mm punch biopsies. The hairs were dissected at a distance of 2 mm from the bulb to separate the stem cells (upper segment) (US) from the melanocytes (lower segment) (LS). RNA was extracted from hair follicle segments US and LS, and expression of GP100, Tyrosinase (TYR) and Tyrosinase related protein-1 (TYRP1) genes was quantified using Qiagen one-step RT-PCR kit. RESULTS We found melanogenesis gene expression in both temporary (US) and permanent (LS) segments of unpigmented and pigmented hair follicles. When compared between the US and LS of white hair, the expression of TYR and GP100 was much higher in US than LS, suggestive of melanogenesis in the bulge. Similarly, when compared between white and black US, the expression of all three genes was higher in white US than black US, although not statistically significant. LIMITATIONS Low samples size and lack of data pertaining to the expression of genes at protein level are the limitations of current study. CONCLUSION Even though this pilot study data yielded key information about the expression of GP100, TYR and TYRP-1 at mRNA level, further studies quantifying the expression of these genes at protein level are needed to provide additional clues to further address the results in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranugha Pss
- Department of Dermatology, JSS Medical College, JSSAHER, Mysore, India
| | | | | | | | - Veeranna Shastry
- Department of Dermatology, JSS Medical College, JSSAHER, Mysore, India
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14
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Bertolini M, McElwee K, Gilhar A, Bulfone‐Paus S, Paus R. Hair follicle immune privilege and its collapse in alopecia areata. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:703-725. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin McElwee
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Skin Sciences University of Bradford Bradford UK
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Amos Gilhar
- Laboratory for Skin Research Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Silvia Bulfone‐Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Dermatology Research University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre Manchester UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Dermatology Research University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre Manchester UK
- Dr. Philip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
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15
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Errichetti E, Zelin E, Pinzani C, Kyrgidis A, Lallas A, Stinco G. Dermoscopic and Clinical Response Predictor Factors in Nonsegmental Vitiligo Treated with Narrowband Ultraviolet B Phototherapy: A Prospective Observational Study. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2020; 10:1089-1098. [PMID: 32749663 PMCID: PMC7477062 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-020-00431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Few data on possible local factors that can influence the achievement of response in nonsegmental vitiligo (NSV) treated with narrowband ultraviolet B (Nb-UVB) phototherapy are available. Our objective is to evaluate possible correlations between therapeutic outcomes and dermoscopic and local (lesional) clinical findings of vitiligous lesions undergoing Nb-UVB phototherapy to find positive and/or negative response predictor factors to such treatment. Methods For each target patch, we calculated the extension area using a computer-aided method and assessed dermoscopic and local (lesional) clinical findings at baseline. After 30 phototherapy sessions (twice weekly), surface area of the lesions was reevaluated to assess clinical improvement, correlating the therapeutic outcome with initial clinical and dermoscopic features. Results A total of 70 lesions were finally included in the study. At the end of therapy, 18 patches (25.7%) achieved improvement, and the presence of perifollicular pigmentation on baseline dermoscopic examination was found to be associated with a 12-fold higher probability of having a positive therapeutic outcome. Similarly, face localization was also correlated with clinical amelioration, with a sevenfold higher probability for improvement. No association (p > 0.05) between therapeutic outcomes (either good or poor) and other dermoscopic or local clinical variables (including leukotrichia) was observed. Conclusions Therapeutic response of vitiligo to Nb-UVB phototherapy may be positively affected by local features of the lesions, i.e., face localization and presence of perifollicular pigmentation on baseline dermoscopic examination, which might be considered as positive response predictor factors to optimize treatment of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Errichetti
- Department of Medical Area, Institute of Dermatology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
| | - Enrico Zelin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Caterina Pinzani
- Department of Medical Area, Institute of Dermatology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Athanassios Kyrgidis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aimilios Lallas
- First Department of Dermatology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Giuseppe Stinco
- Department of Medical Area, Institute of Dermatology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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16
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Liu LP, Guo NN, Li YM, Zheng YW. Generation of Human iMelanocytes from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells through a Suspension Culture System. STAR Protoc 2020; 1:100004. [PMID: 33111066 PMCID: PMC7580196 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2019.100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes, derived from neural crest cells, are involved in melanin production. This protocol describes a method to generate induced melanocytes (iMelanocytes) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using a suspension culture system, which considerably improves the differentiation efficiency. The most critical parts of this protocol are the selection of a reliable iPSC line with strong potential to differentiate into melanocytes and their stemness maintenance. For complete information on the use and generation of this protocol, please refer to our Cell Reports article, Liu el al. (2019). Selection of reliable iPSC lines and their stemness maintenance is critical EB-based suspensive system enhances efficiency of iMelanocytes generation EBs characterized by smooth borders and dark centers without cavities are preferred Quality control is performed through morphology checks and melanocyte markers
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Liu
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China.,Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China.,University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ning-Ning Guo
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China.,Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Yu-Mei Li
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China.,Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Yun-Wen Zheng
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China.,University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.,Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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17
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Sameri S, Samadi P, Dehghan R, Salem E, Fayazi N, Amini R. Stem Cell Aging in Lifespan and Disease: A State-of-the-Art Review. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:362-378. [DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200213105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging is considered as inevitable changes at different levels of genome, cell, and organism.
From the accumulation of DNA damages to imperfect protein homeostasis, altered cellular communication
and exhaustion of stem cells, aging is a major risk factor for many prevalent diseases, such as
cancer, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, diabetes, and neurological disorders. The cells are
dynamic systems, which, through a cycle of processes such as replication, growth, and death, could
replenish the bodies’ organs and tissues, keeping an entire organism in optimal working order. In many
different tissues, adult stem cells are behind these processes, replenishing dying cells to maintain normal
tissue function and regenerating injured tissues. Therefore, adult stem cells play a vital role in preventing
the aging of organs and tissues, and can delay aging. However, during aging, these cells also
undergo some detrimental changes such as alterations in the microenvironment, a decline in the regenerative
capacity, and loss of function. This review aimed to discuss age-related changes of stem cells in
different tissues and cells, including skin, muscles, brain, heart, hair follicles, liver, and lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Sameri
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Pouria Samadi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Razieh Dehghan
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Elham Salem
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Nashmin Fayazi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Razieh Amini
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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18
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Kim DS, Ju HJ, Lee HN, Choi IH, Eun SH, Kim J, Bae JM. Skin seeding technique with 0.5-mm micropunch grafting for vitiligo irrespective of the epidermal-dermal orientation: Animal and clinical studies. J Dermatol 2020; 47:749-754. [PMID: 32452060 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Micropunch grafting is the simplest surgical intervention for refractory vitiligo but is tedious and time-consuming. Therefore, we aimed to verify the efficacy and safety of dermal orientation grafting using motorized 0.5-mm micropunch grafting for vitiligo. In a preliminary animal study, 12-week-old rats were used to observe the healing process after the transplantation of dermal orientation grafts with various punch sizes. In a clinical trial, a total of 100 vitiligo patches in 50 patients with stable vitiligo were randomly allocated to motorized 0.5-mm micropunch grafting in epidermal and dermal orientations, respectively. The grafts were implanted at intervals of 5 mm at the recipient site. Treatment success was defined as greater than 75% repigmentation. In the animal study, all grafts were shown to be well integrated into the recipient site within 3 weeks. In the clinical trial, treatment success was achieved in 72% and 76% of the epidermal and dermal orientation groups, respectively; a cobblestone appearance was observed in 4% and 2%, respectively. In conclusion, we demonstrated that this new grafting method irrespective of epidermal-dermal orientation using motorized 0.5-mm micropunch grafting was effective and safe. We have named this the "skin seeding technique" and it differs from traditional punch grafting in that it can be performed regardless of the graft orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun Jeong Ju
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Han Na Lee
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - In Hye Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Bucheon St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Sung Hye Eun
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | | | - Jung Min Bae
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
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19
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Gauthier Y, Almasi-Nasrabadi M, Cario-André M, Pain C, Rakhshan A, Ghalamkarpour F. Tacrolimus (FK506) ointment combined with Nb-UVB could activate both hair follicle (HF) and dermal melanocyte precursors in vitiligo: the first histopathological and clinical study. Arch Dermatol Res 2020; 313:383-388. [PMID: 32303824 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-020-02068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Topical Tacrolimus, especially when combined with Nb-UVB, has been proven clinically to be effective in the treatment of vitiligo. However, no histological study has evaluated the repigmentation mechanism of tacrolimus ointment in combination therapy with Nb-UVB. In this study, the histological findings in patients receiving Nb-UVB were compared with those receiving topical tacrolimus combined with Nb-UVB. Twenty patients were recruited and received Nb-UVB treatment. The first ten patients were selected for the combination therapy and instructed to apply tacrolimus 0.1% ointment twice daily on the specified lesion of interest. The remaining ten patients did not receive any other topical treatments. Skin biopsy was performed at baseline from the depigmented area and 2-3 months post-treatment from the repigmented area. Biopsy specimens were stained with haematoxylin-eosin-safran (HES), Fontana Masson, HMB45, Melan A, MITF, SOX10 and Nestin. Clinically, in the combination therapy group, interfollicular repigmentation in addition to the perifollicular and marginal pattern was observed. Histologically, in the combination therapy group, besides the migration of melanocytes from the bulge of the hair follicle seen in the monotherapy group, for the first time, we observed dermal melanocyte precursors located in mid- and superficial dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvon Gauthier
- Vitiligo and Melasma Research Association, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mina Almasi-Nasrabadi
- Skin Research Center, Shohada-E Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Shahrdari St, 1989934148, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Azadeh Rakhshan
- Department of Pathology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Ghalamkarpour
- Skin Research Center, Shohada-E Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Shahrdari St, 1989934148, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Kaur K, Kaur R, Bala I. Therapeutics of premature hair graying: A long journey ahead. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 18:1206-1214. [PMID: 31115162 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Premature graying of hair has major psychosocial and socioeconomic repercussion, as it is considered as a sign of hastily progressing old age, ill health and often leads to loss of self-esteem. Hair is said to gray prematurely when it happens before the age of 20 years in Caucasians, 25 years in Asians, and 30 years in Africans. The hair color chiefly depends on melanin pigment, and fabrication of this pigment takes place in melanosomes through the process of melanogenesis. This complex biochemical pathway (melanogenesis) is further dependent on tyrosinase which acts as fuel.The normal human scalp is subjected to various factors categorized as intrinsic and extrinsic leading to graying of hair. Intrinsic factors comprise of variants responsible for changes at genetic level while extrinsic factors include air pollution, ultraviolet radiation, smoking, and nutrition. It has been proposed that direct or indirect effect of all these factors results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus leading to further damage. Though research has expanded in last few years in terms of microscopic, biochemical (hormonal, enzymatic), and molecular changes happening within hair follicle/shaft, still the exact mechanism leading to premature graying of hair is not well understood. Probable solutions toward this quandary are diet, herbal remedies, and temporary hair colorants. Ironically, the latter one being the most common has various side effects such as allergic reactions, inflammation, and hair loss. The aim of this paper was to review the manifestation and probable future interventions in preventing premature hair graying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiranjeet Kaur
- Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Rajveer Kaur
- Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Indu Bala
- Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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21
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Chan C, Magro CM, Pham AK, LeBlanc RE, Yan S, Barton DT, Pace NC, Chapman MS, Momtahen S. Spontaneous Hair Repigmentation in an 80-Year-Old Man: A Case of Melanoma-Associated Hair Repigmentation and Review of the Literature. Am J Dermatopathol 2019; 41:671-674. [PMID: 30730394 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous hair repigmentation of physiologically white or gray hair is a rare occurrence that may be associated with melanoma in elderly individuals. We present the first case of this phenomenon in a man. A gray-haired, 80-year-old man presented to dermatology clinic with a 3-cm lock of black hair on his vertex scalp that developed over 1 year. Punch biopsies showed an increase in junctional dendritic melanocytes with rare pagetoid cells and extension along the follicular outer root sheath epithelium and interfollicular epidermis, associated with prominent dendritic melanocytic hyperplasia and pigment-containing melanocytes within the hair bulbs. Although the findings on the biopsies were not diagnostic of melanoma in situ, an irregular interfollicular distribution of melanocytes was concerning for an adjacent atypical process. A complete excision was performed and revealed melanoma in situ, lentigo maligna type. Rare reports describe spontaneous hair repigmentation as a harbinger of lentigo maligna in women. Repigmentation can occur in the setting of proliferation of malignant pigment-producing melanocytes or by paracrine stimulation of benign bulbar melanocytes through receptor tyrosine kinase KIT activation. Presence of prominent dendritic melanocytic hyperplasia and pigment-containing melanocytes within the hair bulbs in our patient's biopsies was suggestive of paracrine or physiologic stimulation of bulbar melanocytes. Given the importance of early melanoma detection and the low visibility of the scalp, this report raises awareness of an extraordinary presentation of lentigo maligna and exemplifies the importance of close clinicopathologic correlation to ensure optimal clinical management and patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Chan
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Cynthia M Magro
- Division of Dermatopathology, Department of pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Anh Khoa Pham
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Robert E LeBlanc
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Shaofeng Yan
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Dorothea T Barton
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Nicole C Pace
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - M Shane Chapman
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Shabnam Momtahen
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
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22
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Fernandez-Flores A, Saeb-Lima M, Cassarino DS. Histopathology of aging of the hair follicle. J Cutan Pathol 2019; 46:508-519. [PMID: 30932205 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles experience several changes with aging, the most noticeable of which is graying of the hair shaft due to loss of melanin. Additional changes in the diameter and length of the hair have contributed to the concept of senescent alopecia, which is different from androgenetic alopecia according to most. Graying happens in most individuals, although in different grades and starting at different ages. It is related to a decrease in the number and activity of the melanocytes of the hair bulb, which eventually completely disappear from the bulb of the white hair. Residual non-active melanocytes remain in the outer root sheath and in the bulge, which allows for repigmentation of the hair under certain stimuli or conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Fernandez-Flores
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Hospital El Bierzo, Ponferrada, Spain.,Department of the CellCOM-SB Research Group, Biomedical Investigation Institute of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.,Department of Cellular Pathology, Hospital de la Reina, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Marcela Saeb-Lima
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Dermatopathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David S Cassarino
- Department of Pathology, Los Angeles Medical Center (LAMC), Southern California Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles, California
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23
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Hassanshahi A, Hassanshahi M, Khabbazi S, Hosseini‐Khah Z, Peymanfar Y, Ghalamkari S, Su Y, Xian CJ. Adipose‐derived stem cells for wound healing. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7903-7914. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hassanshahi
- Department of Genetics Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran
| | - Mohammadhossein Hassanshahi
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Samira Khabbazi
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Zahra Hosseini‐Khah
- Department of Immunology School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Yaser Peymanfar
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | | | - Yu‐Wen Su
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Cory J. Xian
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia Adelaide South Australia Australia
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24
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Jo SK, Lee JY, Lee Y, Kim CD, Lee JH, Lee YH. Three Streams for the Mechanism of Hair Graying. Ann Dermatol 2018; 30:397-401. [PMID: 30065578 PMCID: PMC6029974 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2018.30.4.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair graying is an obvious sign of human aging. Although graying has been investigated extensively, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we reviewed previous studies on the mechanism of graying and seek to offer some new insights. The traditional view is that hair graying is caused by exhaustion of the pigmentary potential of the melanocytes of hair bulbs. Melanocyte dysfunction may be attributable to the effects of toxic reactive oxygen species on melanocyte nuclei and mitochondria. A recent study suggests that bulge melanocyte stem cells (MSCs) are the key cells in play. Graying may be caused by defective MSC self-maintenance, not by any deficiency in bulbar melanocytes. Our previous study suggested that graying may be principally attributable to active hair growth. Active hair growth may produce oxidative or genotoxic stress in hair bulge. These internal stress may cause eventually depletion of MSC in the hair follicles. Taken together, hair graying may be caused by MSC depletion by genotoxic stress in the hair bulge. Hair graying may also be sometimes caused by dysfunction of the melanocytes by oxidative stress in the hair bulb. In addition, hair graying may be attributable to MSC depletion by active hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kyeong Jo
- Department of Anatomy, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chang Deok Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Ho Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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25
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Li H, Hou L. Regulation of melanocyte stem cell behavior by the niche microenvironment. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 31:556-569. [PMID: 29582573 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Somatic stem cells are regulated by their niches to maintain tissue homeostasis and repair throughout the lifetime of an organism. An excellent example to study stem cell/niche interactions is provided by the regeneration of melanocytes during the hair cycle and in response to various types of injury. These processes are regulated by neighboring stem cells and multiple signaling pathways, including WNT/β-catenin, KITL/KIT, EDNs/EDNRB, TGF-β/TGF-βR, α-MSH/MC1R, and Notch signaling. In this review, we highlight recent studies that have advanced our understanding of the molecular crosstalk between melanocyte stem cells and their neighboring cells, which collectively form the niche microenvironment, and we focus on the question of how McSCs/niche interactions shape the responses to genotoxic damages and mechanical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ling Hou
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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26
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Xiong J, Song J. [Research progress of adipose-derived stem cells on refractory wounds]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2018; 32:457-461. [PMID: 29806304 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201712078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To summarize the recent advances in the research of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) for the treatment of refractory wounds. Methods The related literature about using ADSCs for treating refractory wounds in recent years was reviewed, and their repair mechanism and treatment progress were summarized in detail. Results Tremendous progress has been achieved in using ADSCs in combination with single stent technology, sheet technology, and other methods to promote the healing of refractory wounds. ADSCs can accelerate wound angiogenesis and promote the healing of refractory wounds through its own mechanisms of paracrine, proangiogenic, anti-oxidative and apoptosis. Conclusion With the advantages of adequate sources, easy to extract and culture, non-immune rejection, multidirectional differentiation potential, and significant angiogenic potential, ADSCs has become the ideal seed cells of tissue regeneration. However, it is necessary to improve stem cell transmission technology and develop biomaterials for clinical application in order to improve the refractory wounds healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachao Xiong
- Graduate School, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P.R.China
| | - Jianxing Song
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433,
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27
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The Use of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Selected Skin Diseases (Vitiligo, Alopecia, and Nonhealing Wounds). Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:4740709. [PMID: 28904532 PMCID: PMC5585652 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4740709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The promising results derived from the use of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in many diseases are a subject of observation in preclinical studies. ADSCs seem to be the ideal cell population for the use in regenerative medicine due to their easy isolation, nonimmunogenic properties, multipotential nature, possibilities for differentiation into various cell lines, and potential for angiogenesis. This article reviews the current data on the use of ADSCs in the treatment of vitiligo, various types of hair loss, and the healing of chronic wounds.
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28
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Tarasen A, Carlson JA, Leonard MK, Merlino G, Kaetzel D, Slominski AT. Pigmented Epithelioid Melanocytoma (PEM)/Animal Type Melanoma (ATM): Quest for an Origin. Report of One Unusual Case Indicating Follicular Origin and Another Arising in an Intradermal Nevus. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081769. [PMID: 28809777 PMCID: PMC5578158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma (PEM) is a tumor encompassing epithelioid blue nevus of Carney complex (EBN of CNC) and was previously termed animal-type melanoma. Histologically PEMs are heavily pigmented spindled and epithelioid dermal melanocytic tumors with infiltrative borders, however, their origin remains unclear. Stem cells for the epidermis and hair follicle are located in the bulge area of the hair follicle with the potential to differentiate into multiple lineages. Multiple cutaneous carcinomas, including follicular cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (FSCC), are thought to arise from stem cells in the follicular bulge. We present two cases of PEM/ATM in a 63 year-old male on the scalp with follicular origin and a 72 year-old female on the upper back arising in an intradermal nevus. Biopsy of both cases revealed a proliferation of heavily pigmented dermal nests of melanocytes with atypia. The Case 1 tumor was in continuation with the outer root sheath of the hair follicle in the bulge region. Case 2 arose in an intradermal melanocytic nevus. Rare mitotic figures, including atypical mitotic figures, were identified in both cases. We present two cases of PEM, with histologic evidence suggesting two origins: one from the follicular bulb and one from an intradermal nevus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Tarasen
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35201, USA.
| | - J Andrew Carlson
- Department of Dermatopathology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
| | - M Kathryn Leonard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 21201, USA.
| | - David Kaetzel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35201, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35201, USA.
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29
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Li H, Fan L, Zhu S, Shin MK, Lu F, Qu J, Hou L. Epilation induces hair and skin pigmentation through an EDN3/EDNRB-dependent regenerative response of melanocyte stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7272. [PMID: 28779103 PMCID: PMC5544680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07683-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to various types of injury, melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) located in the bulge of hair follicles can regenerate mature melanocytes for hair and skin pigmentation. How McSCs respond to injury, however, remains largely unknown. Here we show that after epilation of mice, McSCs regenerate follicular and epidermal melanocytes, resulting in skin and hair hyperpigmentation. We further show that epilation leads to endogenous EDN3 upregulation in the dermal papilla, the secondary hair germ cells, and the epidermis. Genetic and pharmacological disruption of the EDN3 receptor EDNRB in vivo significantly blocks the effect of epilation on follicular and epidermal melanocyte regeneration as well as skin and hair hyperpigmentation. Taken together, these results indicate that epilation induces McSCs activation through EDN3/EDNRB signaling and in turn leads to skin and hair hyperpigmentation. The findings suggest that EDN/EDNRB signaling may serve as a potential therapeutic target to promote repigmentation in hypopigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Lilv Fan
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shanpu Zhu
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Myung K Shin
- Genetically Engineered Models Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Fan Lu
- State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Ling Hou
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325003, China.
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30
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Signaling Pathways in Melanogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071144. [PMID: 27428965 PMCID: PMC4964517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes are melanin-producing cells found in skin, hair follicles, eyes, inner ear, bones, heart and brain of humans. They arise from pluripotent neural crest cells and differentiate in response to a complex network of interacting regulatory pathways. Melanins are pigment molecules that are endogenously synthesized by melanocytes. The light absorption of melanin in skin and hair leads to photoreceptor shielding, thermoregulation, photoprotection, camouflage and display coloring. Melanins are also powerful cation chelators and may act as free radical sinks. Melanin formation is a product of complex biochemical events that starts from amino acid tyrosine and its metabolite, dopa. The types and amounts of melanin produced by melanocytes are determined genetically and are influenced by a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic factors such as hormonal changes, inflammation, age and exposure to UV light. These stimuli affect the different pathways in melanogenesis. In this review we will discuss the regulatory mechanisms involved in melanogenesis and explain how intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulate melanin production. We will also explain the regulatory roles of different proteins involved in melanogenesis.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Niti Khunger
- Department of Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India
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