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Wong JL, Rosenberg JE. Targeting nectin-4 by antibody-drug conjugates for the treatment of urothelial carcinoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:863-873. [PMID: 34030536 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1929168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nectin-4 is a tumor-associated antigen overexpressed in urothelial carcinoma and several other malignancies. It has emerged as a compelling target for novel tumor-directed therapies, particularly as a component of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), a growing class of anti-cancer therapeutic agents. Development of nectin-4-directed therapies has been led by enfortumab vedotin (EV), an ADC comprised of a fully human monoclonal antibody specific for nectin-4 conjugated via a cleavable linker to the microtubule inhibitor MMAE. EV was approved in 2019 as a first-in-class agent for the treatment of urothelial carcinoma. AREAS COVERED This article discusses general principles relevant to ADC design and our current understanding of nectin-4 in normal physiology and malignancy, followed by a review of the development of EV as well as additional drug conjugate strategies targeting nectin-4. EXPERT OPINION EV offers proof-of-concept for the clinical utility of nectin-4-directed therapies and provides further support for ADCs as an important class of anti-cancer agents. Future development of nectin-4-targeted approaches will benefit from a deeper understanding of nectin-4 biology in both health and disease, as well as a detailed exploration of the mechanisms underlying therapeutic activity and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Wong
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,b Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan E Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Xue Y, Bai H, Peng B, Fang B, Baell J, Li L, Huang W, Voelcker NH. Stimulus-cleavable chemistry in the field of controlled drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4872-4931. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01061h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively summarises stimulus-cleavable linkers from various research areas and their cleavage mechanisms, thus provides an insightful guideline to extend their potential applications to controlled drug release from nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xue
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Hua Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Bin Fang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Jonathan Baell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton
- Victoria 3168
- Australia
| | - Lin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Nicolas Hans Voelcker
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
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3
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Marensi V, Keeshan KR, MacEwan DJ. Pharmacological impact of FLT3 mutations on receptor activity and responsiveness to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114348. [PMID: 33242449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) is an aggressive blood cancer characterized by the rapid proliferation of immature myeloid blast cells, resulting in a high mortality rate. The 5-year overall survival rate for AML patients is approximately 25%. Circa 35% of all patients carry a mutation in the FLT3 gene which have a poor prognosis. Targeting FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase has become a treatment strategy in AML patients possessing FLT3 mutations. The most common mutations are internal tandem duplications (ITD) within exon 14 and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that leads to a point mutation in the D835 of the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD). Variations in the ITD sequence and the occurrence of other point mutations that lead to ligand-independent FLT3 receptor activation create difficulties in developing personalized therapeutic strategies to overcome observed mutation-driven drug resistance. Midostaurin and quizartinib are tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) with inhibitory efficacy against FLT3-ITD, but exhibit limited clinical impact. In this review, we focus on the structural aspects of the FLT3 receptor and correlate those mutations with receptor activation and the consequences for molecular and clinical responsiveness towards therapies targeting FLT3-ITD positive AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Marensi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Karen R Keeshan
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David J MacEwan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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4
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Mohamadi F, Shakibapour M, Sharafi SM, Reza AA, Tolouei S, Darani HY. Anti- Toxoplasma gondii antibodies attach to mouse cancer cell lines but not normal mouse lymphocytes. Biomed Rep 2019; 10:183-188. [PMID: 30906547 DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is prevalent intracellular parasite and a cause of worldwide infection in the human population. An inhibitory effect of this parasite on cancer growth has been demonstrated in cell culture and animal models. To determine whether the anticancer activities of T. gondii are associated with host immune response, in the current study the reactivity of anti-T. gondii antiserum with the surface of cancer cell lines was investigated. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were raised in rabbit and the reaction of this antiserum in comparison with other anti-parasite antisera (anti-T. vaginalis, anti-hydatid cyst fluid, anti-protoscolices antigens) with mouse melanoma or breast cancer cells lines was investigated using flow cytometry. Anti-T. gondii antiserum reacted markedly with the surface of mouse melanoma and breast cancer cells, and less so with the normal mouse spleen lymphocytes. Meanwhile, the other anti-parasite antisera did not react strongly with the surface of cancer cells compared with normal mouse spleen lymphocytes. In summary, it has been demonstrated herein that anti-T. gondii antiserum may selectively react with the surface of mouse cancer cells but not with normal mouse spleen lymphocytes. Therefore, further study on anti-Toxoplasma antibodies may be useful for directing the application of selective drug delivery in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Mohamadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8179498861, Iran
| | - Mahshid Shakibapour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8179498861, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Sharafi
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8179498861, Iran
| | - Ali Andalib Reza
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8179498861, Iran
| | - Sepideh Tolouei
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8179498861, Iran
| | - Hossein Yousofi Darani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8179498861, Iran.,Cancer Prevention Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8179498861, Iran
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5
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Rossi C, Chrétien ML, Casasnovas RO. Antibody–Drug Conjugates for the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies: A Comprehensive Review. Target Oncol 2018; 13:287-308. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-018-0558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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6
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Govindan SV, Sharkey RM, Goldenberg DM. Prospects and progress of antibody-drug conjugates in solid tumor therapies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:883-93. [PMID: 27045979 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1173203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for targeted chemotherapy have evolved in the past 2-3 decades to become a validated clinical cancer therapy modality. While considerable strides have been made in treating hematological tumors, challenges remain in the more difficult-to-treat solid cancers. AREAS COVERED The current model for a successful ADC uses a highly potent cytotoxic drug as the payload, with stringent linker requirements and limited substitutions. In solid tumor treatment, a number of ADCs have not progressed beyond Phase I clinical trials, indicating a need to optimize additional factors governing translational success. In this regard, insights from mathematical modeling provide a number of pointers relevant to target antigen and antibody selection. Together with the choice of targets, these can be expected to complement the gains made in ADC design towards the generation of better therapeutics. EXPERT OPINION While highly potent microtubule inhibitors continue to dominate the current ADC landscape, there are promising data with other drugs, linkers, and targets that suggest a more flexible model for a successful ADC is evolving. Such changes will undoubtedly lead to the consideration of new targets and constructs to overcome some of the unique natural barriers that impede the delivery of cytotoxic agents in solid tumor.
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7
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Shor B, Gerber HP, Sapra P. Preclinical and clinical development of inotuzumab-ozogamicin in hematological malignancies. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:107-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Sapra P, Shor B. Monoclonal antibody-based therapies in cancer: advances and challenges. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:452-69. [PMID: 23507041 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Conventional anticancer therapeutics often suffer from lack of specificity, resulting in toxicities to normal healthy tissues and poor therapeutic index. Antibody-mediated delivery of anticancer drugs or toxins to tumor cells through tumor selective or overexpressed antigens is progressively being recognized as an effective strategy for increasing the therapeutic index of anticancer drugs. In this review we focus on three therapeutic modalities in the field of antibody-mediated targeting, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), immunotoxins (ITs) and immunoliposomes (ILs). Design considerations for development of each of the above therapeutic modalities are discussed. Furthermore, an overview of ADCs, ITs or ILs approved for use in clinical oncology and those currently in clinical development is provided. Challenges encountered by the field of antibody-based targeting are discussed and concepts around development of the next generation of antibody therapeutics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Sapra
- Bioconjugates Discovery and Development, Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY, 10965, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which combine the specificity, favorable pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) with the cytotoxic potency of a drug, are promising new therapies for cancer. Along with the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and cytotoxic drugs, the design of the linker is of essential importance, because it impacts the efficacy and tolerability of ADCs. The linker needs to provide sufficient stability during systemic circulation but allow for the rapid and efficient release of the cytotoxic drug in an active form inside the tumor cells. This review provides an overview of linker technologies currently used for ADCs and advances that have resulted in linkers with improved properties. Also provided is a brief summary of some considerations for the conjugation of antibody and drug linker such as drug-to-antibody ratio and site of conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Nolting
- Biotherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, NY, USA
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10
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Litvak-Greenfeld D, Benhar I. Risks and untoward toxicities of antibody-based immunoconjugates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1782-99. [PMID: 22659123 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based immunoconjugates are specifically targeted monoclonal antibodies that deliver a cytotoxic payload to their target. The cytotoxic agents can be highly potent drugs, radionuclides or toxins. Such molecules, referred to as antibody-drug conjugates, radioimmunoconjugates and immunotoxins, respectively, represent a promising approach for enhancing the efficacy of unconjugated (naked) antibodies for improved therapeutic results. Though tremendous progress has been achieved over the last few decades, the safety of these molecules still remains a matter of concern and a careful design is required for achieving a relatively safe toxicity profile along with therapeutic effectiveness. This review focuses on the toxicities arising from the use of these potent agents.
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11
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Thomas X. Inotuzumab ozogamicin in the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:871-8. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.679359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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13
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Zhao RY, Erickson HK, Leece BA, Reid EE, Goldmacher VS, Lambert JM, Chari RVJ. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Antibody Conjugates of Phosphate Prodrugs of Cytotoxic DNA Alkylators for the Targeted Treatment of Cancer. J Med Chem 2012; 55:766-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201284m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Yongxin Zhao
- ImmunoGen,
Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts
02451, United States
| | - Hans K. Erickson
- ImmunoGen,
Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts
02451, United States
| | - Barbara A. Leece
- ImmunoGen,
Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts
02451, United States
| | - Emily E. Reid
- ImmunoGen,
Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts
02451, United States
| | | | - John M. Lambert
- ImmunoGen,
Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts
02451, United States
| | - Ravi V. J. Chari
- ImmunoGen,
Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts
02451, United States
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14
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Synthesis and Evaluation of Hydrophilic Linkers for Antibody–Maytansinoid Conjugates. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3606-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2002958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Chang A, Singh S, Bingman CA, Thorson JS, Phillips GN. Structural characterization of CalO1: a putative orsellinic acid methyltransferase in the calicheamicin-biosynthetic pathway. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2011; 67:197-203. [PMID: 21358050 PMCID: PMC3046457 DOI: 10.1107/s090744491100360x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray structure determination at 2.4 Å resolution of the putative orsellinic acid C3 O-methyltransferase (CalO1) involved in calicheamicin biosynthesis is reported. Comparison of CalO1 with a homology model of the functionally related calicheamicin orsellinic acid C2 O-methyltransferase (CalO6) implicates several residues that are likely to contribute to the regiospecificity of alkylation. Consistent with the proposed requirement of an acyl-carrier-protein-bound substrate, this structural study also reveals structural determinants within CalO1 that are anticipated to accommodate an association with an acyl carrier protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Center for Eukaryotic Structural Genomics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Shanteri Singh
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, National Cooperative Drug Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Craig A. Bingman
- Center for Eukaryotic Structural Genomics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, National Cooperative Drug Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - George N. Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Center for Eukaryotic Structural Genomics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Challenges in developing bioanalytical assays for characterization of antibody–drug conjugates. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:677-700. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With more than 34 targets being investigated and nearly 20 clinical trials at various phases of development, antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) hold a lot of promise for improving oncological malignancy therapy. This therapeutic strategy designed to specifically or preferentially deliver a cytotoxic agent to tumor cells through conjugation to a monoclonal antibody is not new. Although this approach is relatively simple conceptually, the history of ADCs clearly attests to the high degree of complexity in their development. Each component of an ADC is important to achieve efficacy with minimal toxicity, and the ability to monitor this multicomponent therapeutic entity is deemed to be critical for their successful optimization. In this article we review the different bioanalytical strategies that have been implemented to characterize various ADCs and discuss the challenges and issues associated with these approaches.
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17
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Preclinical anti-tumor activity of antibody-targeted chemotherapy with CMC-544 (inotuzumab ozogamicin), a CD22-specific immunoconjugate of calicheamicin, compared with non-targeted combination chemotherapy with CVP or CHOP. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 67:741-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are designed to bind a specific antigen to elicit pharmacological effects. Accurate quantification of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody in biological matrices is essential for assessing its pharmacokinetics and selecting an effective dosing regimen. Therapeutic antibodies may exist in free, partially bound and fully bound forms in the bloodstream. The choice of which form(s) to measure and how to measure them is gaining much attention with the increase in the number of soluble therapeutic targets. This article will review the bioanalytical methods used in supporting the clinical development of the US FDA-approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and also discuss how different factors, such as assay format, target and antibody concentrations, and sample dilutions, can have an impact on the measurement of each form of antibody. Appreciation of which form of drug is being measured and what factors may impact measurement under different conditions are important for interpretation of the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic antibodies.
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19
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Okeley NM, Miyamoto JB, Zhang X, Sanderson RJ, Benjamin DR, Sievers EL, Senter PD, Alley SC. Intracellular activation of SGN-35, a potent anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:888-97. [PMID: 20086002 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE SGN-35 is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) containing the potent antimitotic drug, monomethylauristatin E (MMAE), linked to the anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody, cAC10. As previously shown, SGN-35 treatment regresses and cures established Hodgkin lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma xenografts. Recently, the ADC has been shown to possess pronounced activity in clinical trials. Here, we investigate the molecular basis for the activities of SGN-35 by determining the extent of targeted intracellular drug release and retention, and bystander activities. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SGN-35 was prepared with (14)C-labeled MMAE. Intracellular ADC activation on CD30(+) and negative cell lines was determined using a combination of radiometric and liquid chromatograhpy/mass spectrometry-based assays. The bystander activity of SGN-35 was determined using mixed tumor cell cultures consisting of CD30(+) and CD30(-) lines. RESULTS SGN-35 treatment of CD30(+) cells leads to efficient intracellular release of chemically unmodified MMAE, with intracellular concentrations of MMAE in the range of 500 nmol/L. This was due to specific ADC binding, uptake, MMAE retention, and receptor recycling or resynthesis. MMAE accounts for the total detectable released drug from CD30(+) cells, and has a half-life of retention of 15 to 20 h. Cytotoxicity studies with mixtures of CD30(+) and CD30(-) cell lines indicated that diffusible released MMAE from CD30(+) cells was able to kill cocultivated CD30(-) cells. CONCLUSIONS MMAE is efficiently released from SGN-35 within CD30(+) cancer cells and, due to its membrane permeability, is able to exert cytotoxic activity on bystander cells. This provides mechanistic insight into the pronounced preclinical and clinical antitumor activities observed with SGN-35.
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20
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Senter PD. Potent antibody drug conjugates for cancer therapy. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:235-44. [PMID: 19414278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the past few years in the area of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) for the selective delivery of cytotoxic drugs to tumors. Early work in this field incorporated clinically approved drugs and mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which had modest activities, and were generally immunogenic. The results of these studies prompted investigation that led to the identity of several key parameters that influenced activity and tolerability. These included the antigen target, the use of non-immunogenic mAb carriers, the incorporation of highly potent drugs and novel conditionally stable linker technologies, and the specific methods used to attach drugs to mAbs. As a result of these investigations, new agents with pronounced clinical activities have been developed. These include SGN-35, an ADC directed against the CD30-positive malignancies such as Hodgkin's disease and anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and trastuzumab-DM1 which has shown activity in metastatic breast carcinoma. This review details many of the technological advancements, and provides examples of promising ADCs that are currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Senter
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Dr. SE, Bothell, WA 98021, United States.
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21
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McCoy JG, Johnson HD, Singh S, Bingman CA, Lei IK, Thorson JS, Phillips GN. Structural characterization of CalO2: a putative orsellinic acid P450 oxidase in the calicheamicin biosynthetic pathway. Proteins 2009; 74:50-60. [PMID: 18561189 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although bacterial iterative Type I polyketide synthases are now known to participate in the biosynthesis of a small set of diverse natural products, the subsequent downstream modification of the resulting polyketide products remains poorly understood. Toward this goal, we report the X-ray structure determination at 2.5 A resolution and preliminary characterization of the putative orsellenic acid P450 oxidase (CalO2) involved in calicheamicin biosynthesis. These studies represent the first crystal structure for a P450 involved in modifying a bacterial iterative Type I polyketide product and suggest the CalO2-catalyzed step may occur after CalO3-catalyzed iodination and may also require a coenzyme A- (CoA) or acyl carrier protein- (ACP) bound substrate. Docking studies also reveal a putative docking site within CalO2 for the CLM orsellinic acid synthase (CalO5) ACP domain which involves a well-ordered helix along the CalO2 active site cavity that is unique compared with other P450 structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G McCoy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, USA
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22
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23
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Gao Q, Thorson JS. The biosynthetic genes encoding for the production of the dynemicin enediyne core in Micromonospora chersina ATCC53710. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 282:105-14. [PMID: 18328078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynemicin is a novel anthraquinone-fused member of the 10-membered enediyne antitumor antibiotic family. The development of a genetic system for the dynemicin producer Micromonospora chersina confirmed, for the first time, the requirement of the putative enediyne core biosynthetic genes (dynE8, U14 and U15) and a tailoring oxidase gene (orf23) for dynemicin production. Cloning and sequence analysis of a 76 kb of genomic sequence region containing dynE8 revealed a variety of genes conserved among known enediyne loci. Surprisingly, this fragment and flanking chromosomal DNA lacked any obvious genes encoding for the biosynthesis of the anthraquinone, suggesting that the location of genes encoding for the biosynthesis of the dynemicin enediyne core and the dynemicin anthraquinone are chromosomally distinct. The demonstrated trace production of a shunt product from mutant strain QGD23 (Deltaorf23) also sets the stage for subsequent studies to delineate the key steps in enediyne core biosynthesis and tailoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunjie Gao
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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24
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Alley SC, Benjamin DR, Jeffrey SC, Okeley NM, Meyer DL, Sanderson RJ, Senter PD. Contribution of Linker Stability to the Activities of Anticancer Immunoconjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:759-65. [DOI: 10.1021/bc7004329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Alley
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021
| | | | - Scott C. Jeffrey
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021
| | - Nicole M. Okeley
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021
| | - Damon L. Meyer
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021
| | | | - Peter D. Senter
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021
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DiJoseph JF, Dougher MM, Armellino DC, Kalyandrug L, Kunz A, Boghaert ER, Hamann PR, Damle NK. CD20-specific antibody-targeted chemotherapy of non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma using calicheamicin-conjugated rituximab. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1107-17. [PMID: 17160682 PMCID: PMC11030154 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-targeted delivery of a potent cytotoxic agent, calicheamicin, using its immunoconjugates is a clinically validated therapeutic strategy. Rituximab is a human CD20-specific chimeric antibody extensively used in B-NHL therapy. We investigated whether conjugation to calicheamicin can improve the anti-tumor activity of rituximab against human B-cell lymphoma (BCL) xenografts in preclinical models. BCL cells were cultured with rituximab or its calicheamicin conjugates and their in vitro growth was monitored. BCL cells were injected s.c. to establish localized xenografts in nude mice or i.v. to establish disseminated BCL in severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice. I.p. treatment with rituximab or its calicheamicin conjugates was initiated and its effect on s.c. BCL growth or survival of mice with disseminated BCL was monitored. Conjugation of calicheamicin to rituximab vastly enhanced its growth inhibitory activity against BCL in vitro. Conjugation to calicheamicin had no deleterious effect on the effector functional activity of rituximab. Calicheamicin conjugated to rituximab with an acid-labile linker exhibited greater anti-tumor activity against s.c. BCL xenografts and improved survival of mice with disseminated BCL over that of unconjugated rituximab. Anti-tumor activities of rituximab conjugated to calicheamicin via an acid-stable linker were similar to that of unconjugated rituximab. Superior anti-tumor efficacy exhibited by a calicheamicin immunoconjugate of rituximab with an acid-labile linker over that of rituximab demonstrates the therapeutic potential of CD20-specific antibody-targeted chemotherapy strategy in the treatment of B-NHL.
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MESH Headings
- Aminoglycosides/administration & dosage
- Aminoglycosides/immunology
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Drug Delivery Systems/methods
- Enediynes/administration & dosage
- Enediynes/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/administration & dosage
- Immunoconjugates/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Rituximab
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. DiJoseph
- Oncology Discovery, Wyeth Research, 200/4604, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA
| | - Maureen M. Dougher
- Oncology Discovery, Wyeth Research, 200/4604, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA
| | - Douglas C. Armellino
- Oncology Discovery, Wyeth Research, 200/4604, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA
| | - Lyka Kalyandrug
- Oncology Discovery, Wyeth Research, 200/4604, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA
| | - Arthur Kunz
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, Pearl River, NY USA
| | - Erwin R. Boghaert
- Oncology Discovery, Wyeth Research, 200/4604, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA
| | - Philip R. Hamann
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, Pearl River, NY USA
| | - Nitin K. Damle
- Oncology Discovery, Wyeth Research, 200/4604, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA
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Gredicak M, Jerić I. Enediyne compounds - new promises in anticancer therapy. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2007; 57:133-50. [PMID: 17507311 DOI: 10.2478/v10007-007-0011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scientists of all kinds have long been intrigued by the nature, action and potential of natural toxins that possess exceptional antibacterial and anticancer activities. These compounds, named enediynes, are among the most effective chemotherapeutic agents known. Often compared with intelligent weapons, due to the unique structure and sophisticated mechanism by which they destroy double-helical DNA, enediyne antibiotics are nowadays the most promising leaders in the anticancer therapy. Apart from their diversity, enediyne compounds share some structural and functional similarities. One fragment of a structure is responsible for the recognition and transport, another part acts as molecular trigger while the third, reactive enediyne unit, undergoes Bergman cycloaromatization and causes DNA breakage. Members of the enediyne family are already in clinical use to treat various cancers, but more general use is limited by their complex structure, which makes them formidable targets for synthetic chemists. There are three main approaches in the design of new enediyne-related compounds: improvement of enediyne >>warheads<<, increasing the selectivity and control of chemical or photo-induced activation. This paper gives an overview of naturally occurring enediynes, their mode of action and efforts undertaken to design artificial enediyne-related DNA cleaving agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Gredicak
- Ruder Bosković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,10002 Zagreb, Croatia
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28
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Morris KL, Adams JA, Liu JA. Effect of gemtuzumab ozogamicin on acute myeloid leukemia blast cells in vitro, as a single agent and combined with other cytotoxic cells. Br J Haematol 2007; 135:509-12. [PMID: 17054677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) alone, or combined with low-dose cytarabine or etoposide, on the proliferation of acute myeloid leukaemia blast cells in vitro was investigated. GO alone induced a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation although an increase in apoptosis was only seen in a minority of patients. A correlation was found between PgP function and GO sensitivity but not between CD33 or PgP expression and GO. Combinations of GO with varying concentrations of cytarabine or etoposide were additive in inhibiting proliferation, reducing cell viability and increasing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Morris
- University Department of Clinical Haematology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
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Singh S, Hager MH, Zhang C, Griffith BR, Lee MS, Hallenga K, Markley JL, Thorson JS. Structural insight into the self-sacrifice mechanism of enediyne resistance. ACS Chem Biol 2006; 1:451-60. [PMID: 17168523 DOI: 10.1021/cb6002898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of the first "self-sacrifice" mechanism for bacterial resistance to the enediyne antitumor antibiotics, where enediyne-induced proteolysis of the resistance protein CalC inactivates both the highly reactive metabolite and the resistance protein, revealed yet another ingenious bacterial mechanism for controlling reactive metabolites. As reported herein, the first 3D structures of CalC and CalC in complex with calicheamicin (CLM) divulge CalC to be a member of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related transfer (START) domain superfamily. In contrast to previous studies of proteins known to bind DNA-damaging natural products ( e.g ., bleomycins, mitomycins, and nine-membered chromoprotein enediynes), this is the first demonstrated involvement of a START domain fold. Consistent with the CalC self-sacrifice mechanism, CLM in complex with CalC is positioned for direct hydrogen abstraction from Gly113 to initiate the oxidative proteolysis-based resistance mechanism. These structural studies also illuminate, for the first time, a small DNA-binding region within CalC that may serve to localize CalC to the enediyne target (DNA). Given the role of START domains in nuclear/cytosolic transport and translocation, this structural study also may implicate START domains as post-endocytotic intracellular chaperones for enediyne-based therapeutics such as MyloTarg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanteri Singh
- Center for Eukaryotic Structural Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, USA
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30
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Shukla GS, Krag DN. Selective delivery of therapeutic agents for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:39-54. [PMID: 16370913 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Research activity aimed towards achieving specific and targeted delivery of cancer therapeutics has expanded tremendously in the last decade, resulting in new ways of directing drugs to tumours, as well as new types of drugs. The available strategies exploit differences in the nature of normal and cancer cells and their microenvironment. The discovery and validation of cancer-associated markers, as well as corresponding ligands, is pivotal for developing selective delivery technology for cancer. Although most current clinical trials are either monoclonal antibody- or gene-based, methodological advances in combinatorial libraries of peptides, single chain variable fragments and small organic molecules are expected to change this scenario in the near future. Nanotechnology platforms today allow systematic and modular combinations of therapeutic agents and tumour-binding moieties that may generate novel, personalised agents for selective delivery in cancer. This paper discusses recent developments and future prospects of targeted delivery technologies in the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girja S Shukla
- Vermont Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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31
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DiJoseph JF, Dougher MM, Kalyandrug LB, Armellino DC, Boghaert ER, Hamann PR, Moran JK, Damle NK. Antitumor efficacy of a combination of CMC-544 (inotuzumab ozogamicin), a CD22-targeted cytotoxic immunoconjugate of calicheamicin, and rituximab against non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:242-9. [PMID: 16397048 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CMC-544 is a CD22-targeted cytotoxic immunoconjugate, currently being evaluated in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL) patients. Rituximab is a CD20-targeted antibody commonly used in B-NHL therapy. Here, we describe antitumor efficacy of a combination of CMC-544 and rituximab against B-cell lymphoma (BCL) in preclinical models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN BCLs were cultured in vitro with CMC-544, rituximab, or their combination. BCLs were injected either s.c. or i.v. to establish localized s.c. BCL in nude mice or disseminated BCL in severe combined immunodeficient mice, respectively. I.p. treatment with CMC-544 or rituximab was initiated at various times either alone or in combination and its effect on s.c. BCL growth or survival of mice with disseminated BCL was monitored. RESULTS In vitro growth-inhibitory activity of CMC-544 combined with rituximab was additive. Rituximab but not CMC-544 exhibited effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Rituximab was less effective in inhibiting growth of established BCL xenografts than developing xenografts. In contrast, CMC-544 was equally effective against both developing and established BCL xenografts. Although CMC-544 and rituximab individually caused partial inhibition of the growth of BCL xenografts at suboptimal doses examined, their combination suppressed xenograft growth by >90%. In a disseminated BCL model, 60% of CMC-544-treated mice and 20% of rituximab-treated mice survived for 125 days. In contrast, 90% of mice treated with the combination of CMC-544 and rituximab survived for longer than 125 days. CONCLUSION The demonstration of superior antitumor activity of a combination of CMC-544 and rituximab described here provides the preclinical basis for its clinical evaluation as a treatment option for B-NHL.
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MESH Headings
- Aminoglycosides/chemistry
- Aminoglycosides/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage
- Inotuzumab Ozogamicin
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Rituximab
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2/drug effects
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2/immunology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- John F DiJoseph
- Oncology Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA
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32
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Sunderland CJ, Steiert M, Talmadge JE, Derfus AM, Barry SE. Targeted nanoparticles for detecting and treating cancer. Drug Dev Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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33
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Ternant D, Paintaud G. Pharmacokinetics and concentration–effect relationships of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 5 Suppl 1:S37-47. [PMID: 16187939 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.1.s37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) constitute a major advance in therapeutics, their pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties are not fully understood. Saturable mechanisms are thought to occur in distribution and elimination of mAbs, which are protected from degradation by the Brambell's receptor (FcRn). The binding of mAbs to their target antigen explains part of their nonlinear PK and PD properties. The interindividual variability in mAb PK can be explained by several factors, including immune response against the biodrug and differences in the number of antigenic sites. The concentration-effect relationships of mAbs are complex and dependent on their mechanism of action. Interindividual differences in mAb PD can be explained by factors such as genetics and clinical status. PK and concentration-effect studies are necessary to design optimal dosing regimens. Because of their above-mentioned characteristics, the interindividual variability in their dose-response relationships must be studied by PK-PD modelling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Crohn Disease/drug therapy
- Crohn Disease/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Routes
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Humans
- Models, Biological
- Pharmacogenetics
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Rituximab
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ternant
- François-Rabelais University, UPRES EA 3853 Immuno-Pharmaco-Genetics of Therapeutic Antibodies, Faculty of Medicine, F 37032 Tours Cedex 1, France
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Davies J, Wang H, Taylor T, Warabi K, Huang XH, Andersen RJ. Uncialamycin, A New Enediyne Antibiotic. Org Lett 2005; 7:5233-6. [PMID: 16268546 DOI: 10.1021/ol052081f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Laboratory cultures of an undescribed streptomycete obtained from the surface of a British Columbia lichen produce uncialamycin (1), a new enediyne antibiotic. The structure of uncialamycin (1) has been elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data. Uncialamycin (1) exhibits potent in vitro antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative human pathogens, including Burkholderia cepacia, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Davies
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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35
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Abstract
Immunoconjugates--monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) coupled to highly toxic agents, including radioisotopes and toxic drugs (ineffective when administered systemically alone)--are becoming a significant component of anticancer treatments. By combining the exquisite targeting specificity of mAbs with the enhanced tumor-killing power of toxic effector molecules, immunoconjugates permit sensitive discrimination between target and normal tissue, resulting in fewer toxic side effects than most conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. Two radioimmunoconjugates, ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin) and tositumomab-131I (Bexxar), and one drug conjugate, gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg), are now on the market. For the next generation of immunoconjugates, advances in protein engineering will permit greater control of mAb targeting, clearance and pharmacokinetics, resulting in significantly improved delivery to tumors of radioisotopes and potent anticancer drugs. Pre-targeting strategies, which separate the two functions of antibody-based localization and delivery or generation of the toxic agent into two steps, also promise to afford superior tumor targeting and therapeutic efficacy. Several challenges in optimizing immunoconjugates remain, however, including poor intratumoral mAb uptake, normal tissue conjugate exposure and issues surrounding drug potency and conditional release from mAb carriers. Nonetheless, highly promising results from preclinical models will continue to drive the clinical development of this therapeutic class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951770, 700 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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