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Sayed N, Allawadhi P, Khurana A, Singh V, Navik U, Pasumarthi SK, Khurana I, Banothu AK, Weiskirchen R, Bharani KK. Gene therapy: Comprehensive overview and therapeutic applications. Life Sci 2022; 294:120375. [PMID: 35123997 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is the product of man's quest to eliminate diseases. Gene therapy has three facets namely, gene silencing using siRNA, shRNA and miRNA, gene replacement where the desired gene in the form of plasmids and viral vectors, are directly administered and finally gene editing based therapy where mutations are modified using specific nucleases such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regulatory interspaced short tandem repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas)-associated nucleases. Transfer of gene is either through transformation where under specific conditions the gene is directly taken up by the bacterial cells, transduction where a bacteriophage is used to transfer the genetic material and lastly transfection that involves forceful delivery of gene using either viral or non-viral vectors. The non-viral transfection methods are subdivided into physical, chemical and biological. The physical methods include electroporation, biolistic, microinjection, laser, elevated temperature, ultrasound and hydrodynamic gene transfer. The chemical methods utilize calcium- phosphate, DAE-dextran, liposomes and nanoparticles for transfection. The biological methods are increasingly using viruses for gene transfer, these viruses could either integrate within the genome of the host cell conferring a stable gene expression, whereas few other non-integrating viruses are episomal and their expression is diluted proportional to the cell division. So far, gene therapy has been wielded in a plethora of diseases. However, coherent and innocuous delivery of genes is among the major hurdles in the use of this promising therapy. Hence this review aims to highlight the current options available for gene transfer along with the advantages and limitations of every method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilofer Sayed
- Department of Pharmacy, Pravara Rural Education Society's (P.R.E.S.'s) College of Pharmacy, Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey (SNDT) Women's University, Nashik 400020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prince Allawadhi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering (CBME), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, Telangana, India; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Mamnoor, Warangal 506166, Telangana, India; Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Vishakha Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Umashanker Navik
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | | | - Isha Khurana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Anil Kumar Banothu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, Telangana, India
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kala Kumar Bharani
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Mamnoor, Warangal 506166, Telangana, India.
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Wen AM, Shukla S, Saxena P, Aljabali AA, Yildiz I, Dey S, Mealy JE, Yang AC, Evans DJ, Lomonossoff GP, Steinmetz NF. Interior engineering of a viral nanoparticle and its tumor homing properties. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3990-4001. [PMID: 23121655 PMCID: PMC3525095 DOI: 10.1021/bm301278f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of multifunctional nanoparticles for medical applications is of growing technological interest. A single formulation containing imaging and/or drug moieties that is also capable of preferential uptake in specific cells would greatly enhance diagnostics and treatments. There is growing interest in plant-derived viral nanoparticles (VNPs) and establishing new platform technologies based on these nanoparticles inspired by nature. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) serves as the standard model for VNPs. Although exterior surface modification is well-known and has been comprehensively studied, little is known of interior modification. Additional functionality conferred by the capability for interior engineering would be of great benefit toward the ultimate goal of targeted drug delivery. Here, we examined the capacity of empty CPMV (eCPMV) particles devoid of RNA to encapsulate a wide variety of molecules. We systematically investigated the conjugation of fluorophores, biotin affinity tags, large molecular weight polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and various peptides through targeting reactive cysteines displayed selectively on the interior surface. Several methods are described that mutually confirm specific functionalization of the interior. Finally, CPMV and eCPMV were labeled with near-infrared fluorophores and studied side-by-side in vitro and in vivo. Passive tumor targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention effect and optical imaging were confirmed using a preclinical mouse model of colon cancer. The results of our studies lay the foundation for the development of the eCPMV platform in a range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Pooja Saxena
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alaa A.A. Aljabali
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ibrahim Yildiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sourav Dey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Joshua E. Mealy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alice C. Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David J. Evans
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - George P. Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Yildiz I, Tsvetkova I, Wen AM, Shukla S, Masarapu MH, Dragnea B, Steinmetz NF. Engineering of Brome mosaic virus for biomedical applications. RSC Adv 2012; 2:3670-3677. [PMID: 28018580 PMCID: PMC5180450 DOI: 10.1039/c2ra01376b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are becoming versatile tools in platform technology development. Their well-defined structures as well as their programmability through chemical and genetic modification allow VNPs to be engineered for potential imaging and therapeutic applications. In this article, we report the application of a variety of bioconjugation chemistries to the plant VNP Brome mosaic virus (BMV). Functional BMV nanoparticles displaying multiple copies of fluorescent dyes, PEG molecules, chemotherapeutic drug moieties, targeting proteins and cell penetrating peptides were formulated. This opens the door for the application of BMV in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Yildiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Irina Tsvetkova
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Amy M. Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - M. Hema Masarapu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Bogdan Dragnea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Radiology, Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Kano A, Moriyama K, Yamano T, Nakamura I, Shimada N, Maruyama A. Grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) to poly-lysine augments its lifetime in blood circulation and accumulation in tumors without loss of the ability to associate with siRNA. J Control Release 2011; 149:2-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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In vitro and in vivo studies of adenovirus-mediated human norepinephrine transporter gene transduction to hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 18:196-205. [PMID: 21072068 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The clinical value of (131)I-MIBG for targeted imaging and targeted radiotherapy is limited to neural crest-derived tumors expressing human norepinephrine transporters (hNET) protein. To extend (131)I-MIBG-targeted therapy to other nonexpressed hNET tumors, this study investigated the hNET expression in vitro and in vivo in HepG2 hepatoma mediated by recombinant adenovirus encoding the hNET gene (Ad-hNET). For this purpose, the HepG2 cells showed a 4.87-fold increase in (125)I-MIBG uptake after infection with Ad-hNET, and the uptake of (125)I-MIBG could be specifically inhibited by maprotiline. Immunohistological analysis, in vivo biological study and (131)I-MIBG scintigraphic imaging also revealed the high expression of hNET protein in hepatoma. This in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate the feasibility of hNET gene transfer, meditated by adenovirus vector, could extend to tumors other than those derived from the neural crest, which provides a sound foundation for further investigation of hepatocellular carcinoma-targeted radiotherapy mediated by adenovirus transfection with hNET gene.
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma, a class of cancer that originates from bone, afflicts mainly young people usually in their teenage years of life. Despite surgery and chemotherapy, the outlook for sufferers is not that positive, with a third of patients with metastatic disease not surviving past the 10-year mark. Like other neoplasms, other forms of therapeutics are being evaluated, and amongst these is gene therapy. This review discusses approaches for gene therapy of osteosarcoma using cationic liposomes and polyethylenimine in vivo. The field is still in its infancy as far as osteosarcoma is concerned and much more needs to be done to test its true potential as a feasible therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin R Dass
- Department of Orthopaedics, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
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Alesci S, Perera SM, Lai EW, Kukura C, Abu-Asab M, Tsokos M, Morris JC, Pacak K. Adenoviral gene transfer in bovine adrenomedullary and murine pheochromocytoma cells: potential clinical and therapeutic relevance. Endocrinology 2007; 148:3900-7. [PMID: 17525127 PMCID: PMC2527237 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adenoviruses (rAd) have been widely used as gene transfer vectors both in the laboratory and in human clinical trials. In the present study, we investigated the effects of adenoviral-mediated gene transfer in primary bovine adrenal chromaffin cells (BACC) and a murine pheochromocytoma cell line (MPC). Cells were infected with one of three nonreplicating E1/E3-deleted (E1(-)/E3(-)) rAd vectors: Ad.GFP, expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP); Ad.null, expressing no transgene; or Ad.C2.TK, expressing the herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase gene (TK). Forty-eight hours after exposure to Ad.GFP, the percentage of GFP-expressing BACC ranged from 23.5-97% in a dose-dependent manner and similarly from 1.06-84.4% in the MPC, indicating that adrenomedullary cells are a potentially valuable target for adenoviral-mediated gene transfer. Ultrastructural analysis, however, revealed profound changes in the nucleus and mitochondria of cells infected with rAd. Furthermore, infection of BACC with Ad.null was accompanied by a time- and dose-dependent decrease in cell survival due to the vector alone. Specific whole-cell norepinephrine uptake was also decreased in a time- and dose-dependent fashion in BACC. Infection of MPC cells with the Ad.C2.TK vector sensitized them to the cytotoxic effect of the antiviral drug ganciclovir, in direct proportion to the fraction of cells infected with the virus. We conclude that rAd may alter the structural and functional integrity of adrenomedullary cells, potentially interfering with the normal stress response. At the same time, in light of their ability to effectively deliver and express genes in pheochromocytoma cells, they may be applicable to the gene therapy of adrenomedullary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Alesci
- Clinical Neuroendocrinology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Rome C, Couillaud F, Moonen CTW. Gene expression and gene therapy imaging. Eur Radiol 2006; 17:305-19. [PMID: 16967261 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-006-0378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The fast growing field of molecular imaging has achieved major advances in imaging gene expression, an important element of gene therapy. Gene expression imaging is based on specific probes or contrast agents that allow either direct or indirect spatio-temporal evaluation of gene expression. Direct evaluation is possible with, for example, contrast agents that bind directly to a specific target (e.g., receptor). Indirect evaluation may be achieved by using specific substrate probes for a target enzyme. The use of marker genes, also called reporter genes, is an essential element of MI approaches for gene expression in gene therapy. The marker gene may not have a therapeutic role itself, but by coupling the marker gene to a therapeutic gene, expression of the marker gene reports on the expression of the therapeutic gene. Nuclear medicine and optical approaches are highly sensitive (detection of probes in the picomolar range), whereas MRI and ultrasound imaging are less sensitive and require amplification techniques and/or accumulation of contrast agents in enlarged contrast particles. Recently developed MI techniques are particularly relevant for gene therapy. Amongst these are the possibility to track gene therapy vectors such as stem cells, and the techniques that allow spatiotemporal control of gene expression by non-invasive heating (with MRI guided focused ultrasound) and the use of temperature sensitive promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Rome
- Laboratory for Molecular and Functional Imaging: from Physiology to Therapy ERT CNRS, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
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Abstract
Although most thyroid cancers may be cured by surgery and 131I therapy, approximately 10-20% of patients die from advanced differentiated and anaplastic tumors that are unresponsive to conventional treatments. Thus, alternative approaches such as gene therapy are of interest, especially using targeted therapeutic gene delivery. Several strategies have been designed specifically for thyroid cancer and some have proven to be feasible in preclinical studies. In particular, it is suggested that combined gene therapy approaches, as well as multimodality therapeutic regimens, including gene therapy and conventional treatments, should be pursued to achieve clinically significant results. The recent discovery of new markers of thyroid cancer should improve the efficacy of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Taccaliti
- a Division of Endocrinology, University of Ancona, Via Conca, I-60100, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Monia Pacenti
- b Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 63, I-35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Matteo Bruglia
- c Division of Endocrinology, University of Ancona, Via Conca, I-60100, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Marco Boscaro
- d Division of Endocrinology, University of Ancona, Via Conca, I-60100, Ancona, Italy.
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Thorne SH, Tam BYY, Kirn DH, Contag CH, Kuo CJ. Selective intratumoral amplification of an antiangiogenic vector by an oncolytic virus produces enhanced antivascular and anti-tumor efficacy. Mol Ther 2006; 13:938-46. [PMID: 16469543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective cancer therapy will require the simultaneous targeting of multiple steps in tumor development. We have previously described an antiangiogenic gene therapy vector, Ad Flk1-Fc, which expresses a soluble VEGF receptor capable of inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and growth. We have also described an oncolytic virus, dl922/947, whose replication and subsequent cytotoxicity are restricted to cancer cells with a loss of the G1-S cell cycle checkpoint. Here we have optimized methods for combining these therapies, yielding significantly greater anti-tumor effects than the respective monotherapies. In cultured tumor lines, co-infection with both Ad Flk1-Fc and dl922/947 allowed replication and repackaging of the replication-deficient Ad Flk1-Fc and enhanced soluble VEGF receptor expression. Similar repackaging and increased gene expression were demonstrated in vivo using bioluminescence imaging studies. Finally, coadministration of these therapeutic viral therapies in vivo produced significantly enhanced anti-tumor effects in colon HCT 116 and prostate PC-3 xenografts in mice. This increased therapeutic benefit correlated with replication of Ad Flk1-Fc viral genomes, increased intratumoral levels of Flk1-Fc protein, and decreased microvessel density, consistent with enhanced antiangiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Thorne
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Lee KY. Stability of ionic complexes prepared from plasmid DNA and self-aggregated chitosan nanoparticles. Macromol Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cruz YP. Revelationary biology: A review of The Second Tree: Stem Cells, Clones, Chimeras, and Quests for Immortality, by Elaine Dewar. Evol Dev 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2005.05052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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