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Forder JK, Palakollu V, Adhikari S, Blanco MA, Derebe MG, Ferguson HM, Luthra SA, Munsell EV, Roberts CJ. Electrostatically Mediated Attractive Self-Interactions and Reversible Self-Association of Fc-Fusion Proteins. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1321-1333. [PMID: 38334418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Attractive self-interactions and reversible self-association are implicated in many problematic solution behaviors for therapeutic proteins, such as irreversible aggregation, elevated viscosity, phase separation, and opalescence. Protein self-interactions and reversible oligomerization of two Fc-fusion proteins (monovalent and bivalent) and the corresponding fusion partner protein were characterized experimentally with static and dynamic light scattering as a function of pH (5 and 6.5) and ionic strength (10 mM to at least 300 mM). The fusion partner protein and monovalent Fc-fusion each displayed net attractive electrostatic self-interactions at pH 6.5 and net repulsive electrostatic self-interactions at pH 5. Solutions of the bivalent Fc-fusion contained higher molecular weight species that prevented quantification of typical interaction parameters (B22 and kD). All three of the proteins displayed reversible self-association at pH 6.5, where oligomers dissociated with increased ionic strength. Coarse-grained molecular simulations were used to model the self-interactions measured experimentally, assess net self-interactions for the bivalent Fc-fusion, and probe the specific electrostatic interactions between charged amino acids that were involved in attractive electrostatic self-interactions. Mayer-weighted pairwise electrostatic energies from the simulations suggested that attractive electrostatic self-interactions at pH 6.5 for the two Fc-fusion proteins were due to cross-domain interactions between the fusion partner domain(s) and the Fc domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Forder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, United States
| | - Veerabhadraiah Palakollu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, United States
| | - Sudeep Adhikari
- Analytical R&D, Digital & NMR Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Marco A Blanco
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mehabaw Getahun Derebe
- Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Heidi M Ferguson
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Suman A Luthra
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Erik V Munsell
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, United States
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Nguyen TTK, Pham KY, Yook S. Engineered therapeutic proteins for sustained-release drug delivery systems. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:131-154. [PMID: 37717712 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteins play a vital role in diverse biological processes in the human body, and protein therapeutics have been applied to treat different diseases such as cancers, genetic disorders, autoimmunity, and inflammation. Protein therapeutics have demonstrated their advantages, such as specific pharmaceutical effects, low toxicity, and strong solubility. However, several disadvantages arise in clinical applications, including short half-life, immunogenicity, and low permeation, leading to reduced drug effectiveness. The structure of protein therapeutics can be modified to increase molecular size, leading to prolonged stability and increased plasma half-life. Notably, the controlled-release delivery systems for the sustained release of protein drugs and preserving the stability of cargo proteins are envisioned as a potential approach to overcome these challenges. In this review, we summarize recent research progress related to structural modifications (PEGylation, glycosylation, poly amino acid modification, and molecular biology-based strategies) and promising long-term delivery systems, such as polymer-based systems (injectable gel/implants, microparticles, nanoparticles, micro/nanogels, functional polymers), lipid-based systems (liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers), and inorganic nanoparticles exploited for protein therapeutics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this review, we highlight recent advances concerning modifying proteins directly to enhance their stability and functionality and discuss state-of-the-art methods for the delivery and controlled long-term release of active protein therapeutics to their target site. In terms of drug modifications, four widely used strategies, including PEGylation, poly amino acid modification, glycosylation, and genetic, are discussed. As for drug delivery systems, we emphasize recent progress relating to polymer-based systems, lipid-based systems developed, and inorganic nanoparticles for protein sustained-release delivery. This review points out the areas requiring focused research attention before the full potential of protein therapeutics for human health and disease can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoa Thi Kim Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Khang-Yen Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
| | - Simmyung Yook
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Psoriatic arthritis: review of potential biomarkers predicting response to TNF inhibitors. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:77-87. [PMID: 36508130 PMCID: PMC9957889 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic and painful inflammatory immune-mediated disease. It affects up to 40% of people with psoriasis and it is associated with several comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension. PsA is difficult to diagnose because of its diverse symptoms, namely axial and peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, dactylitis, skin changes, and nail dystrophy. Different drugs exist to treat the inflammation and pain. When patients do not respond to conventional drugs, they are treated with biologic drugs. Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi's) are commonly given as the first biologic drug; beside being expensive, they also lack efficacy in 50% of patients. A biomarker predicting individual patient's response to TNFi would help treating them earlier with an appropriate biologic drug. This study aimed to review the literature to identify potential biomarkers that should be investigated for their predictive ability. Several such biomarkers were identified, namely transmembrane TNFα (tmTNF), human serum albumin (HSA) and its half-life receptor, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) which is also involved in IgG lifespan; calprotectin, high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) whose overexpression lead to excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines; lymphotoxin α (LTα) which induces inflammation by binding to TNF receptor (TNFR); and T helper 17 (Th17) cells which induce inflammation by IL-17A secretion.
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4
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Cao SJ, Lv ZQ, Guo S, Jiang GP, Liu HL. An update - Prolonging the action of protein and peptide drugs. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Zhou Z, Austin GL, Shaffer R, Armstrong DD, Gentry MS. Antibody-Mediated Enzyme Therapeutics and Applications in Glycogen Storage Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:1094-1109. [PMID: 31522955 PMCID: PMC6889062 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of antibodies as targeting molecules or cell-penetrating tools has emerged at the forefront of pharmaceutical research. Antibody-directed therapies in the form of antibody-drug conjugates, immune modulators, and antibody-directed enzyme prodrugs have been most extensively utilized as hematological, rheumatological, and oncological therapies, but recent developments are identifying additional applications of antibody-mediated delivery systems. A novel application of this technology is for the treatment of glycogen storage disorders (GSDs) via an antibody-enzyme fusion (AEF) platform to penetrate cells and deliver an enzyme to the cytoplasm, nucleus, and/or other organelles. Exciting developments are currently underway for AEFs in the treatment of the GSDs Pompe disease and Lafora disease (LD). Antibody-based therapies are quickly becoming an integral part of modern disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiu Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Grant L Austin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Epilepsy and Brain Metabolism Alliance, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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6
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Pyzik M, Sand KMK, Hubbard JJ, Andersen JT, Sandlie I, Blumberg RS. The Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn): A Misnomer? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1540. [PMID: 31354709 PMCID: PMC6636548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are essential components of an adaptive immune response. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most common type of antibody found in circulation and extracellular fluids. Although IgG alone can directly protect the body from infection through the activities of its antigen binding region, the majority of IgG immune functions are mediated via proteins and receptors expressed by specialized cell subsets that bind to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of IgG. Fc gamma (γ) receptors (FcγR) belong to a broad family of proteins that presently include classical membrane-bound surface receptors as well as atypical intracellular receptors and cytoplasmic glycoproteins. Among the atypical FcγRs, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has increasingly gained notoriety given its intimate influence on IgG biology and its ability to also bind to albumin. FcRn functions as a recycling or transcytosis receptor that is responsible for maintaining IgG and albumin in the circulation, and bidirectionally transporting these two ligands across polarized cellular barriers. More recently, it has been appreciated that FcRn acts as an immune receptor by interacting with and facilitating antigen presentation of peptides derived from IgG immune complexes (IC). Here we review FcRn biology and focus on newer advances including how emerging FcRn-targeted therapies may affect the immune responses to IgG and IgG IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pyzik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kine M K Sand
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan J Hubbard
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA, United States
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7
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Semeraro F, Morescalchi F, Cancarini A, Russo A, Rezzola S, Costagliola C. Diabetic retinopathy, a vascular and inflammatory disease: Therapeutic implications. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2019; 45:517-527. [PMID: 31005756 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes and the leading cause of visual impairment in the working-age population in the Western world. Diabetic macular oedema (DME) is one of the major complications of DR. Therapy with intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs has become the gold standard treatment for DR and its complications. However, these drugs have no effect on the pathogenesis of DR and must be administered frequently via invasive intravitreal injections over many years. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop new therapeutic strategies to improve the treatment of this devastating disease. Indeed, an increasing volume of data supports the role of the inflammatory process in the pathogenesis of DR itself and its complications, including both increased retinal vascular permeability and neovascularization. Inflammation may also contribute to retinal neurodegeneration. Evidence that low-grade inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of DME has opened up new pathways and targets for the development of improved treatments. Anti-inflammatory compounds such as intravitreal glucocorticoids, topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antioxidants, inflammatory molecule inhibitors, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers and natural anti-inflammatory therapies may all be considered to reduce the rate of administration of antineovascularization agents in the treatment of DR. This report describes the current state of knowledge of the potential role of anti-inflammatory drugs in controlling the onset and evolution of DR and DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Semeraro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - F Morescalchi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - A Cancarini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - A Russo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - S Rezzola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - C Costagliola
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences 'V. Tiberio', University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
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8
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Lim H, Lee SH, Lee HT, Lee JU, Son JY, Shin W, Heo YS. Structural Biology of the TNFα Antagonists Used in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29518978 PMCID: PMC5877629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) to its cognate receptor initiates many immune and inflammatory processes. The drugs, etanercept (Enbrel®), infliximab (Remicade®), adalimumab (Humira®), certolizumab-pegol (Cimzia®), and golimumab (Simponi®), are anti-TNFα agents. These drugs block TNFα from interacting with its receptors and have enabled the development of breakthrough therapies for the treatment of several autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and psoriatic arthritis. In this review, we describe the latest works on the structural characterization of TNFα-TNFα antagonist interactions related to their therapeutic efficacy at the atomic level. A comprehensive comparison of the interactions of the TNFα blockers would provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which they neutralize TNFα. In addition, an enhanced understanding of the higher order complex structures and quinary structures of the TNFα antagonists can support the development of better biologics with the improved pharmacokinetic properties. Accumulation of these structural studies can provide a basis for the improvement of therapeutic agents against TNFα for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune inflammatory diseases in which TNFα plays an important role in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Sang Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Hyun Tae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jee Un Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ji Young Son
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Woori Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Yong-Seok Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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9
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Current Advances in Pharmacotherapy and Technology for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:1694187. [PMID: 29576875 PMCID: PMC5822768 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1694187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is classically defined by its vascular lesions and damage in the neurons of the retina. The cellular and clinical elements of DR have many features of chronic inflammation. Understanding the individual cell-specific inflammatory changes in the retina may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to prevent vision loss. The systematic use of available pharmacotherapy has been reported as a useful adjunct tool to laser photocoagulation, a gold standard therapy for DR. Direct injections or intravitreal anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenesis agents are widely used pharmacotherapy to effectively treat DR and diabetic macular edema (DME). However, their effectiveness is short term, and the delivery system is often associated with adverse effects, such as cataract and increased intraocular pressure. Further, systemic agents (particularly hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antihypertensive agents) and plants-based drugs have also provided promising treatment in the progression of DR. Recently, advancements in pluripotent stem cells technology enable restoration of retinal functionalities after transplantation of these cells into animals with retinal degeneration. This review paper summarizes the developments in the current and potential pharmacotherapy and therapeutic technology of DR. Literature search was done on online databases, PubMed, Google Scholar, clinitrials.gov, and browsing through individual ophthalmology journals and leading pharmaceutical company websites.
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Ischemic Retinopathies: Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3940241. [PMID: 29410732 PMCID: PMC5749295 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3940241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic retinopathies (IRs), such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and (in many cases) age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are ocular disorders characterized by an initial phase of microvascular changes that results in ischemia, followed by a second phase of abnormal neovascularization that may culminate into retinal detachment and blindness. IRs are complex retinal conditions in which several factors play a key role during the development of the different pathological stages of the disease. Increasing evidence reveals that oxidative stress and inflammatory processes are important contributors to the pathogenesis of IRs. Despite the beneficial effects of the photocoagulation and anti-VEGF therapy during neovascularization phase, the need to identify novel targets to prevent initial phases of these ocular pathologies is still needed. In this review, we provide an update on the involvement of oxidative stress and inflammation in the progression of IRs and address some therapeutic interventions by using antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.
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Lee JU, Shin W, Son JY, Yoo KY, Heo YS. Molecular Basis for the Neutralization of Tumor Necrosis Factor α by Certolizumab Pegol in the Treatment of Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010228. [PMID: 28124979 PMCID: PMC5297857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies against TNFα, including infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol, are widely used for the treatment of the inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Recently, the crystal structures of TNFα, in complex with the Fab fragments of infliximab and adalimumab, have revealed the molecular mechanisms of these antibody drugs. Here, we report the crystal structure of TNFα in complex with the Fab fragment of certolizumab pegol to clarify the precise antigen-antibody interactions and the structural basis for the neutralization of TNFα by this therapeutic antibody. The structural analysis and the mutagenesis study revealed that the epitope is limited to a single protomer of the TNFα trimer. Additionally, the DE loop and the GH loop of TNFα play critical roles in the interaction with certolizumab, suggesting that this drug exerts its effects by partially occupying the receptor binding site of TNFα. In addition, a conformational change of the DE loop was induced by certolizumab binding, thereby interrupting the TNFα-receptor interaction. A comprehensive comparison of the interactions of TNFα blockers with TNFα revealed the epitope diversity on the surface of TNFα, providing a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of TNFα blockers. The accumulation of these structural studies can provide a basis for the improvement of therapeutic antibodies against TNFα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Un Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Woori Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ji Young Son
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ki-Young Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Yong-Seok Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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12
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Orsini D, Narcisi A, Arcese A, Costanzo A. Long-term safety of etanercept in psoriasis: Retrospective study focused on infections. J Int Med Res 2016; 44:58-60. [PMID: 27683141 PMCID: PMC5536529 DOI: 10.1177/0300060515593252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Retrospective study to evaluate the incidence of infectious adverse events in patients with psoriasis treated with etanercept. Methods Patients with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis who were treated with etanercept (50 mg, administered weekly via subcutaneous injection) for ≥48 weeks were retrospectively enrolled. Patients were screened for occult infections before treatment commenced, and then every 12 months thereafter. Minor (not requiring hospitalization and/or discontinuation of treatment) and major (requiring hospitalization and/or discontinuation of treatment) infectious events were recorded. Results The study included 50 patients. Minor infectious events included self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections (six patients), lower urinary tract infections (one patient) and recurrent herpes simplex labialis (two patients). Major infections occurred in only two cases. Conclusion These data support the good safety profile of etanercept in patients with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Orsini
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Narcisi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Arcese
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Costanzo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many of the biotherapeutics approved or under development suffer from a short half-life necessitating frequent applications in order to maintain a therapeutic concentration over an extended period of time. The implementation of half-life extension strategies allows the generation of long-lasting therapeutics with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. AREAS COVERED This review gives an overview of the different half-life extension strategies developed over the past years and their application to generate next-generation biotherapeutics. It focuses on srategies already used in approved drugs and drugs that are in clinical development. These strategies include those aimed at increasing the hydrodynamic radius of the biotherapeutic and strategies which further implement recycling by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). EXPERT OPINION Half-life extension strategies have become an integral part of development for many biotherapeutics. A diverse set of these strategies is available for the fine-tuning of half-life and adaption to the intended treatment modality and disease. Currently, half-life extension is dominated by strategies utilizing albumin binding or fusion, fusion to an immunoglobulin Fc region and PEGylation. However, a variety of alternative strategies, such as fusion of flexible polypeptide chains as PEG mimetic substitute, have reached advanced stages and offer further alternatives for half-life extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Kontermann
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
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14
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The role of albumin receptors in regulation of albumin homeostasis: Implications for drug delivery. J Control Release 2015; 211:144-62. [PMID: 26055641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood and acts as a molecular taxi for a plethora of small insoluble substances such as nutrients, hormones, metals and toxins. In addition, it binds a range of medical drugs. It has an unusually long serum half-life of almost 3weeks, and although the structure and function of albumin has been studied for decades, a biological explanation for the long half-life has been lacking. Now, recent research has unravelled that albumin-binding cellular receptors play key roles in the homeostatic regulation of albumin. Here, we review our current understanding of albumin homeostasis with a particular focus on the impact of the cellular receptors, namely the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and the cubilin-megalin complex, and we discuss their importance on uses of albumin in drug delivery.
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15
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Alpha-Tomatine Exhibits Anti-inflammatory Activity in Lipopolysaccharide-Activated Macrophages. Inflammation 2015; 38:1769-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Sand KMK, Bern M, Nilsen J, Noordzij HT, Sandlie I, Andersen JT. Unraveling the Interaction between FcRn and Albumin: Opportunities for Design of Albumin-Based Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2015; 5:682. [PMID: 25674083 PMCID: PMC4306297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) was first found to be responsible for transporting antibodies of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class from the mother to the fetus or neonate as well as for protecting IgG from intracellular catabolism. However, it has now become apparent that the same receptor also binds albumin and plays a fundamental role in homeostatic regulation of both IgG and albumin, as FcRn is expressed in many different cell types and organs at diverse body sites. Thus, to gain a complete understanding of the biological function of each ligand, and also their distribution in the body, an in-depth characterization of how FcRn binds and regulates the transport of both ligands is necessary. Importantly, such knowledge is also relevant when developing new drugs, as IgG and albumin are increasingly utilized in therapy. This review discusses our current structural and biological understanding of the relationship between FcRn and its ligands, with a particular focus on albumin and design of albumin-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kine Marita Knudsen Sand
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Malin Bern
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Jeannette Nilsen
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway ; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Hanna Theodora Noordzij
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
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Toso controls encephalitogenic immune responses by dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1060-5. [PMID: 24398517 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323166111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to mount a strong immune response against pathogens is crucial for mammalian survival. However, excessive and uncontrolled immune reactions can lead to autoimmunity. Unraveling how the reactive versus tolerogenic state is controlled might point toward novel therapeutic strategies to treat autoimmune diseases. The surface receptor Toso/Faim3 has been linked to apoptosis, IgM binding, and innate immune responses. In this study, we used Toso-deficient mice to investigate the importance of Toso in tolerance and autoimmunity. We found that Toso(-/-) mice do not develop severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for the human disease multiple sclerosis. Toso(-/-) dendritic cells were less sensitive to Toll-like receptor stimulation and induced significantly lower levels of disease-associated inflammatory T-cell responses. Consistent with this observation, the transfer of Toso(-/-) dendritic cells did not induce autoimmune diabetes, indicating their tolerogenic potential. In Toso(-/-) mice subjected to EAE induction, we found increased numbers of regulatory T cells and decreased encephalitogenic cellular infiltrates in the brain. Finally, inhibition of Toso activity in vivo at either an early or late stage of EAE induction prevented further disease progression. Taken together, our data identify Toso as a unique regulator of inflammatory autoimmune responses and an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
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Inflammation and pharmacological treatment in diabetic retinopathy. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:213130. [PMID: 24288441 PMCID: PMC3830881 DOI: 10.1155/2013/213130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, is estimated to be the leading cause of new blindness in the working population of developed countries. Primary interventions such as intensive glycemic control, strict blood pressure regulation, and lipid-modifying therapy as well as local ocular treatment (laser photocoagulation and pars plana vitrectomy) can significantly reduce the risk of retinopathy occurrence and progression. Considering the limitations of current DR treatments development of new therapeutic strategies, it becomes necessary to focus on pharmacological treatment. Currently, there is increasing evidence that inflammatory processes have a considerable role in the pathogenesis of DR with multiple studies showing an association of various systemic as well as local (vitreous and aqueous fluid) inflammatory factors and the progression of DR. Since inflammation is identified as a relevant mechanism, significant effort has been directed to the development of new concepts for the prevention and treatment of DR acting on the inflammatory processes and the use of pharmacological agents with anti-inflammatory effect. Inhibiting the inflammatory pathway could be an appealing treatment option for DR in future practices, and as further prospective randomized clinical trials accumulate data, the role and guidelines of anti-inflammatory pharmacologic treatments will become clearer.
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Donetti E, Gualerzi A, Ricceri F, Pescitelli L, Bedoni M, Prignano F. Etanercept restores a differentiated keratinocyte phenotype in psoriatic human skin: a morphological study. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:549-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Donetti
- Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche - Città Studi; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano; Italy
| | - Alice Gualerzi
- Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche - Città Studi; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano; Italy
| | - Federica Ricceri
- Dipartimento di Area Critica Medico-Chirurgica Sezione Dermatologia Clinica, Preventiva e Oncologica; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Firenze; Italy
| | - Leonardo Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Area Critica Medico-Chirurgica Sezione Dermatologia Clinica, Preventiva e Oncologica; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Firenze; Italy
| | - Marzia Bedoni
- Polo Tecnologico; Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi; Milano; Italy
| | - Francesca Prignano
- Dipartimento di Area Critica Medico-Chirurgica Sezione Dermatologia Clinica, Preventiva e Oncologica; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Firenze; Italy
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Chen X, Zaro JL, Shen WC. Pharmacokinetics of recombinant bifunctional fusion proteins. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:581-95. [PMID: 22428984 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.673585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of biotechnology has enabled the creation of various recombinant fusion proteins as a new class of biotherapeutics. The uniqueness of fusion proteins lies in their ability to fuse two or more protein domains, providing vast opportunities to generate novel combinations of functions. Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, which are critical components in preclinical and clinical drug development, have not been fully explored for fusion proteins. The lack of general PK models and study guidelines has become a bottleneck for translation of fusion proteins from basic research to the clinic. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the current status of PK studies for fusion proteins, covering the processes that affect PK. According to their PK properties, a classification of fusion proteins is suggested along with examples from the clinic or under development. Current limitations and future perspectives for PK of fusion proteins are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION A PK model for bifunctional fusion proteins is presented to highlight the importance of mechanistic studies for a thorough understanding of the PK properties of fusion proteins. The model suggests investigating the receptor binding and subsequent intracellular disposition of individual domains, which can have dramatic impact on the PK of fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Chen
- University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CA 90089-9121, USA
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21
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Emerging pharmacotherapies for diabetic macular edema. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:548732. [PMID: 22474425 PMCID: PMC3299388 DOI: 10.1155/2012/548732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) remains an important cause of visual loss in patients with diabetes mellitus. Although photocoagulation and intensive control of systemic metabolic factors have been reported to achieve improved outcomes in large randomized clinical trials (RCTs), some patients with DME continue to lose vision despite treatment. Pharmacotherapies for DME include locally and systemically administered agents. We review several agents that have been studied for the treatment of DME.
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Jaimes-López N, Molina V, Arroyave JE, Vasquez LA, Ruiz AC, Castaño R, Ruiz MH. Development of pyoderma gangrenosum during therapy with infliximab. J Dermatol Case Rep 2011; 3:20-3. [PMID: 21886723 DOI: 10.3315/jdcr.2009.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare inflammatory disease of unknown etiology and a poorly understood pathogenesis. Its clinical presentation is variable and a large percentage of cases are associated with inflammatory bowel diseases. Peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum represents a variant of the diseases, occurring in patients with colostomy. Multiple cases demonstrate efficacy of infliximab and other anti-TNF-alpha drugs in treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. MAIN OBSERVATIONS A 47-year-old male with ulcerative colitis and proctocolectomy with ileal pouch reconstruction protected by ileostomy in the course of diseases received infliximab therapy together with azathioprine for his inflammatory bowel diseases. Six months after initiation of infliximab therapy the patient developed multiple pyoderma gangrenosum lesions on the trunk, abdomen, genitalia, gluteus, extremities, left preauricular region and peristomal area. After systemic corticosteroid therapy, combined with topical tacrolimus, the lesions slowly improved. Seven months later, during ongoing infliximab therapy, the patient developed a sepsis with fatal outcome. CONCLUSION Constant trauma generated by colostomy may be a contributing factor to the development and persistence of pyoderma gangrenosum. It may be hypothesized that this patient developed pyoderma gangrenosum despite infliximab or that pyoderma gangrenosum may represent a rare adverse effect of the drug.
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23
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Process analysis of reduced specific productivity of TNFR-Fc in Chinese hamster ovary cells at high cell density. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kou TC, Fan L, Zhou Y, Ye ZY, Zhao L, Tan WS. Increasing the productivity of TNFR-Fc in GS-CHO cells at reduced culture temperatures. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-010-0157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Conrad U, Plagmann I, Malchow S, Sack M, Floss DM, Kruglov AA, Nedospasov SA, Rose-John S, Scheller J. ELPylated anti-human TNF therapeutic single-domain antibodies for prevention of lethal septic shock. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:22-31. [PMID: 20444206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a major pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in multiple inflammatory diseases. The detrimental activity of TNF can be blocked by various antagonists, and commercial therapeutics based upon this principle have been approved for treatment of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and psoriasis. In a search for new, improved anti-inflammatory therapeutics we have designed a single-domain monoclonal antibody (V(H) H), which recognizes TNF. The antibody component (TNF-V(H) H) is based upon an anti-human TNF Camelidae heavy-chain monoclonal antibody, which was linked to an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP). We demonstrate that ELP fusion to the TNF-V(H) H enhances accumulation of the fusion protein during biomanufacturing in transgenic tobacco plants. With this study, we show for the first time that this plant-derived anti-human TNF-V(H) H antibody was biologically active in vivo. Therefore, therapeutic application of TNF-V(H) H-ELP fusion protein was tested in humanized TNF mice and was shown to be effective in preventing death caused by septic shock. The in vivo persistence of the ELPylated antibody was ∼24 fold longer than that of non-ELPylated TNF-V(H) H.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Elastin
- Escherichia coli
- Galactose
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- L Cells
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Mice
- Peptides
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Shock, Septic/chemically induced
- Shock, Septic/immunology
- Shock, Septic/prevention & control
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Conrad
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Phytoantibodies, Gatersleben, Germany
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Receptor-Fc fusion therapeutics, traps, and MIMETIBODY technology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2009; 20:692-9. [PMID: 19889530 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fc fusion proteins are molecules in which the immunoglobulin Fc is fused genetically to a protein of interest, such as an extracellular domain of a receptor, ligand, enzyme, or peptide. Fc fusion proteins have some antibody-like properties such as long serum half-life and easy expression and purification, making them an attractive platform for therapeutic drugs. Five Fc fusion based drugs are on the market presently, and many more are in different stages of clinical trials, demonstrating that Fc fusion proteins have become credible alternatives to monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics. This review summarizes the Fc fusion proteins that have been approved for use in the clinic and those that are currently in clinical trials, as well as the different approaches to design Fc fusion proteins.
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Bork K, Horstkorte R, Weidemann W. Increasing the sialylation of therapeutic glycoproteins: The potential of the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:3499-508. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) continue to cause significant visual loss among patients with diabetes mellitus. In some patients unresponsive to standard laser techniques, as well as improved control of blood pressure and blood sugar, pharmacologic treatment may be beneficial. Although no agent is now approved by the FDA for this purpose, many agents are now being studied in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). OBJECTIVE To review concisely the chief pharmacotherapies for diabetic retinopathy available at present. METHODS Literature review and synopsis. RESULTS Used alone, intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) seems to have some short-term efficacy against DME, but longer-term outcomes (< or = 3 years) using IVTA monotherapy showed a lesser benefit than focal/grid laser treatment in a prospective RCT done by the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Intravitreal anti-VEGF agents have demonstrated some short-term efficacy against DME, and continuing RCTs will evaluate combination therapies (anti-VEGF and laser) for both DME and PDR. Other agents are being evaluated in pilot studies and Phase II RCTs. CONCLUSION Pharmacotherapies for DME and PDR have potential for vision stabilization or improvement. Continuing RCTs will provide evidence-based data on their role in clinical practice. A potential role for pharmacotherapy in the prevention of DME and PDR is also emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Schwartz
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, 311 9th Street North, #100, Naples, FL 34102, USA.
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Plagmann I, Chalaris A, Kruglov AA, Nedospasov S, Rosenstiel P, Rose-John S, Scheller J. Transglutaminase-catalyzed covalent multimerization of Camelidae anti-human TNF single domain antibodies improves neutralizing activity. J Biotechnol 2009; 142:170-8. [PMID: 19439388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an important role in chronic inflammatory disorders, such as Rheumatoid Arthritis and Crohn's disease. Recently, monoclonal Camelidae variable heavy-chain domain-only antibodies (V(H)H) were developed to antagonize the action of human TNF (hTNF). Here, we show that hTNF-V(H)H does not interfere with hTNF trimerization, but competes with hTNF for hTNF-receptor binding. Moreover, we describe posttranslational dimerization and multimerization of hTNF-V(H)H molecules in vitro catalyzed by microbial transglutaminases (MTG). The ribonuclease S-tag-peptide was shown to act as a peptidyl substrate in covalent protein cross-linking reactions catalyzed by MTG from Streptomyces mobaraensis. The S-tag sequence was C-terminally fused to the hTNF-V(H)H and the fusion protein was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli culture supernatants. hTNF-V(H)H-S-tag fusion proteins were efficiently dimerized and multimerized by MTG whereas hTNF-V(H)H was not susceptible to protein cross-linking. Cell cytotoxicity assays, using hTNF as apoptosis inducing cytokine, revealed that dimerized and multimerized hTNF-V(H)H proteins were much more active than the monomeric hTNF-V(H)H. We hypothesize that improved inhibition by dimeric and multimeric single chain hTNF-V(H)H proteins is caused by avidity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Plagmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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Kontermann RE, Scheurich P, Pfizenmaier K. Antagonists of TNF action: clinical experience and new developments. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:279-92. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440902785167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kovach JL, Schwartz SG. Novel Pharmacologic Approaches for the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 1:222-227. [PMID: 20352067 DOI: 10.4255/mcpharmacol.09.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of vision loss among working-age people in the United States. The hallmark of diabetic retinopathy is vascular compromise. Increased vascular permeability leads to the development of diabetic macular edema, which is the major cause of vision loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Vascular occlusion causes retinal ischemia and subsequent angiogenesis (proliferative diabetic retinopathy), which increases the risk for vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment. Over the past 30 years our understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy has evolved greatly and has fostered the development of many novel treatments for this condition. This article will review promising new local and systemic pharmacologic treatments for diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
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Maneval DC, Jin P, Shepard HM. Pan-HER biologics (Hermodulins) for the treatment of cancer. Drug Dev Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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