1
|
He L, Wen S, Zhong Z, Weng S, Jiang Q, Mi H, Liu F. The Synergistic Effects of 5-Aminosalicylic Acid and Vorinostat in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:625543. [PMID: 34093178 PMCID: PMC8176098 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.625543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The drug 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is the first-line therapy for the treatment of patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis (UC). However, in some cases, 5-ASA cannot achieve the desired therapeutic effects. Therefore, patients have to undergo therapies that include corticosteroids, monoclonal antibodies or immunosuppressants, which are expensive and may be accompanied by significant side effects. Synergistic drug combinations can achieve greater therapeutic effects than individual drugs while contributing to combating drug resistance and lessening toxic side effects. Thus, in this study, we sought to identify synergistic drugs that can act synergistically with 5-ASA. Methods: We started our study with protein-metabolite analysis based on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), the therapeutic target of 5-ASA, to identify more additional potential drug targets. Then, we further evaluated the possibility of their synergy with PPARG by integrating Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, pathway-pathway interaction analysis, and semantic similarity analysis. Finally, we validated the synergistic effects with in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results: The combination of 5-ASA and vorinostat (SAHA) showed lower toxicity and mRNA expression of p65 in human colonic epithelial cell lines (Caco-2 and HCT-116), and more efficiently alleviated the symptoms of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis than treatment with 5-ASA and SAHA alone. Conclusion: SAHA can exert effective synergistic effects with 5-ASA in the treatment of UC. One possible mechanism of synergism may be synergistic inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling pathway. Moreover, the metabolite-butyric acid may be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long He
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Medical Reserch Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuting Wen
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Medical Reserch Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuotai Zhong
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Senhui Weng
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qilong Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Mi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengbin Liu
- Lingnan Medical Reserch Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Baiyun Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oxidative Stress in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Pathophysiology and Opportunities for Pharmacological Intervention. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5021694. [PMID: 33274002 PMCID: PMC7683149 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5021694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease or Charcot disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons (MNs) and leads to death within 2–5 years of diagnosis, without any effective therapy available. Although the pathological mechanisms leading to ALS are still unknown, a wealth of evidence indicates that an excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production associated with an inefficient antioxidant defense represents an important pathological feature in ALS. Substantial evidence indicates that oxidative stress (OS) is implicated in the loss of MNs and in mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing decisively to neurodegeneration in ALS. Although the modulation of OS represents a promising approach to protect MNs from degeneration, the fact that several antioxidants with beneficial effects in animal models failed to show any therapeutic benefit in patients raises several questions that should be analyzed. Using specific queries for literature search on PubMed, we review here the role of OS-related mechanisms in ALS, including the involvement of altered mitochondrial function with repercussions in neurodegeneration. We also describe antioxidant compounds that have been mostly tested in preclinical and clinical trials of ALS, also describing their respective mechanisms of action. While the description of OS mechanism in the different mutations identified in ALS has as principal objective to clarify the contribution of OS in ALS, the description of positive and negative outcomes for each antioxidant is aimed at paving the way for novel opportunities for intervention. In conclusion, although antioxidant strategies represent a very promising approach to slow the progression of the disease, it is of utmost need to invest on the characterization of OS profiles representative of each subtype of patient, in order to develop personalized therapies, allowing to understand the characteristics of antioxidants that have beneficial effects on different subtypes of patients.
Collapse
|
3
|
Barp A, Gerardi F, Lizio A, Sansone VA, Lunetta C. Emerging Drugs for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Focus on Recent Phase 2 Trials. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2020; 25:145-164. [PMID: 32456491 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2020.1769067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease involving both upper and lower motor neurons and resulting in increasing disability and death 3-5 years after onset of symptoms. Over 40 large clinical trials for ALS have been negative, except for Riluzole that offers a modest survival benefit, and Edaravone that modestly reduces disease progression in patients with specific characteristics. Thus, the discovery of efficient disease modifying therapy is an urgent need. AREAS COVERED Although the cause of ALS remains unclear, many studies have demonstrated that neuroinflammation, proteinopathies, glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, microglial activation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction may play a key role in the pathogenesis. This review highlights recent discoveries relating to these diverse mechanisms and their implications for the development of therapy. Ongoing phase 2 clinical trials aimed to interfere with these pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed. EXPERT OPINION This review describes the challenges that the discovery of an efficient drug therapy faces and how these issues may be addressed. With the continuous advances coming from basic research, we provided possible suggestions that may be considered to improve performance of clinical trials and turn ALS research into a 'fertile ground' for drug development for this devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barp
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre, Fondazione Serena Onlus , Milan, Italy.,Dept. Biomedical Sciences of Health, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Lizio
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre, Fondazione Serena Onlus , Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Ada Sansone
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre, Fondazione Serena Onlus , Milan, Italy.,Dept. Biomedical Sciences of Health, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Garbuzova-Davis S, Thomson A, Kurien C, Shytle RD, Sanberg PR. Potential new complication in drug therapy development for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:1397-1405. [PMID: 27362330 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1207530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neuron degeneration in the brain and spinal cord. Treatment development for ALS is complicated by complex underlying disease factors. Areas covered: Numerous tested drug compounds have shown no benefits in ALS patients, although effective in animal models. Discrepant results of pre-clinical animal studies and clinical trials for ALS have primarily been attributed to limitations of ALS animal models for drug-screening studies and methodological inconsistencies in human trials. Current status of pre-clinical and clinical trials in ALS is summarized. Specific blood-CNS barrier damage in ALS patients, as a novel potential reason for the clinical failures in drug therapies, is discussed. Expert commentary: Pathological perivascular collagen IV accumulation, one unique characteristic of barrier damage in ALS patients, could be hindering transport of therapeutics to the CNS. Restoration of B-CNS-B integrity would foster delivery of therapeutics to the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
- a Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA.,b Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA.,c Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA.,d Department of Pathology and Cell Biology , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Avery Thomson
- e Department of Neurology , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Crupa Kurien
- a Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - R Douglas Shytle
- a Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA.,b Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Paul R Sanberg
- a Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA.,b Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA.,d Department of Pathology and Cell Biology , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA.,f Department of Psychiatry , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mazibuko Z, Choonara YE, Kumar P, Du Toit LC, Modi G, Naidoo D, Pillay V. A Review of the Potential Role of Nano-Enabled Drug Delivery Technologies in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lessons Learned from Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1213-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
6
|
Tadic V, Prell T, Lautenschlaeger J, Grosskreutz J. The ER mitochondria calcium cycle and ER stress response as therapeutic targets in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:147. [PMID: 24910594 PMCID: PMC4039088 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons. Although the etiology remains unclear, disturbances in calcium homoeostasis and protein folding are essential features of neurodegeneration in this disorder. Here, we review recent research findings on the interaction between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, and its effect on calcium signaling and oxidative stress. We further provide insights into studies, providing evidence that structures of the ER mitochondria calcium cycle serve as a promising targets for therapeutic approaches for treatment of ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Tadic
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University HospitalJena, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Atassi N, Yerramilli-Rao P, Szymonifka J, Yu H, Kearney M, Grasso D, Deng J, Levine-Weinberg M, Shapiro J, Lee A, Joseph L, Macklin EA, Cudkowicz ME. Analysis of start-up, retention, and adherence in ALS clinical trials. Neurology 2013; 81:1350-5. [PMID: 24005339 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182a823e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate predictors of trial start-up times, high attrition, and poor protocol adherence in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) trials. METHODS Retrospective analysis of start-up times, retention, and protocol adherence was performed on 5 clinical studies conducted by the Northeast ALS Consortium and 50 ALS clinical trials identified by PubMed search. Predictors of start-up times were estimated by accelerated failure time models with random effects. Predictors of retention and protocol deviations were estimated by mixed-model logistic regression. RESULTS Median times for contract execution and institutional review board (IRB) approval were 105 days and 125 days, respectively. Contract execution was faster at sites with more ongoing trials (p = 0.005), and more full-time (p = 0.006) and experienced (p < 0.001) coordinators. IRB approval was faster at sites with more ongoing trials (p = 0.010) and larger ALS clinics (p = 0.038). Site activation after IRB approval was faster at sites with more full-time (p = 0.038) and experienced (p < 0.001) coordinators. Twenty-two percent of surviving participants withdrew before completing the trial. Better participant functional score at baseline was an independent predictor of trial completion (odds ratio 1.29, p = 0.002) and fewer protocol deviations (odds ratio 0.86, p = 0.030). CONCLUSION Delays in IRB review contribute the most to prolonged trial start-up times, and these timelines are faster in sites with more experienced staff. Strategies to improve protocol adherence and participants' retention may include enrolling people at early disease stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazem Atassi
- From the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Department of Neurology (N.A., P.Y.-R., H.Y., M.K., D.G., J.D., M.L.-W., J.S., A.L., L.J., M.E.C.), and Biostatistics Center (J.S., E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Harvard Medical School (N.A., P.Y.-R., E.A.M., M.E.C.), Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaufmann P. Clinical research for neuropathies. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2012; 17 Suppl 2:40-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2012.00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
9
|
Strategy for treating motor neuron diseases using a fusion protein of botulinum toxin binding domain and streptavidin for viral vector access: work in progress. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2872-89. [PMID: 22069580 PMCID: PMC3153189 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2122872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although advances in understanding of the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) have suggested attractive treatment strategies, delivery of agents to motor neurons embedded within the spinal cord is problematic. We have designed a strategy based on the specificity of botulinum toxin, to direct entry of viral vectors carrying candidate therapeutic genes into motor neurons. We have engineered and expressed fusion proteins consisting of the binding domain of botulinum toxin type A fused to streptavidin (SAv). This fusion protein will direct biotinylated viral vectors carrying therapeutic genes into motor nerve terminals where they can enter the acidified endosomal compartments, be released and undergo retrograde transport, to deliver the genes to motor neurons. Both ends of the fusion proteins are shown to be functionally intact. The binding domain end binds to mammalian nerve terminals at neuromuscular junctions, ganglioside GT1b (a target of botulinum toxin), and a variety of neuronal cells including primary chick embryo motor neurons, N2A neuroblastoma cells, NG108-15 cells, but not to NG CR72 cells, which lack complex gangliosides. The streptavidin end binds to biotin, and to a biotinylated Alexa 488 fluorescent tag. Further studies are in progress to evaluate the delivery of genes to motor neurons in vivo, by the use of biotinylated viral vectors.
Collapse
|
10
|
Amante DJ, Kim J, Carreiro ST, Cooper AC, Jones SW, Li T, Moody JP, Edgerly CK, Bordiuk OL, Cormier K, Smith K, Ferrante RJ, Rusche J. Uridine ameliorates the pathological phenotype in transgenic G93A-ALS mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 11:520-30. [PMID: 20565334 DOI: 10.3109/17482968.2010.491867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is strong evidence from studies in humans and animal models to suggest the involvement of energy metabolism defects in neurodegenerative diseases. Uridine, a pyrimidine nucleoside, has been suggested to be neuroprotective in neurological disorders by improving bioenergetic effects, increasing ATP levels and enhancing glycolytic energy production. We assessed whether uridine treatment extended survival and improved the behavioral and neuropathological phenotype observed in G93A-ALS mice. In vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic analyses in mutant SOD models provided optimal dose and assurance that uridine entered the brain. A dose-ranging efficacy trial in G93A mice was performed using survival, body weight, open-field analysis, and neuropathology as outcome measures. Urinary levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, identifying DNA oxidative damage, were measured and used as a pharmacodynamic biomarker. Uridine administration significantly extended survival in a dose-dependent manner in G93A mice, while improving the behavioral and neuropathological phenotype. Uridine increased survival by 17.4%, ameliorated body weight loss, enhanced motor performance, reduced gross lumbar and ventral horn atrophy, attenuated lumbar ventral horn neuronal cell death, and decreased reactive astrogliosis. Consistent with a therapeutic effect, uridine significantly reduced urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in G93A mice. These data suggest that uridine may be a therapeutic candidate in ALS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Amante
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, New England Veterans Administration, 200 Springs Road, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zoccolella S, Bendotti C, Beghi E, Logroscino G. Homocysteine levels and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A possible link. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 11:140-7. [DOI: 10.3109/17482960902919360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
12
|
Brooks BR. Managing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: slowing disease progression and improving patient quality of life. Ann Neurol 2009; 65 Suppl 1:S17-23. [PMID: 19191306 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is now possible to slow the disease progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but documented improvement in the quality of life of ALS patients has been difficult to quantitate. Putative mechanisms involved in motor neuron degeneration in ALS include oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, growth factor deficiency, and glutamate excitotoxicity. Several pharmacological agents that target these potential targets have demonstrated therapeutic potential in animal models with mutations in the gene encoding Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Many treatments that have been moderately effective in this animal model have not been successfully translated into effective treatments for humans with ALS. Only the glutamate modulator riluzole has demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials and is approved for treating ALS. Combination treatments may represent a potential therapeutic strategy to more robustly prolong life and preserve function, but only vitamin E with riluzole has been formally studied in clinical trials, and to date, no combination treatments have been found to be more effective than currently available single agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rix Brooks
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Andrews J. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: clinical management and research update. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2009; 9:59-68. [PMID: 19080755 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-009-0010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that selectively affects the motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord. ALS occurs in about 1 in 100,000 individuals. Although recent advances have been made in understanding the pathogenesis of ALS, there has been no new effective pharmacotherapy since the approval of riluzole more than 10 years ago. The mainstay of clinical management includes pharmacologic management of symptoms, management of dysphagia and respiratory symptoms, palliative care, and multidisciplinary care clinics. In this review, we discuss the clinical management of ALS, recent modifications to the diagnostic criteria, and current clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsy Andrews
- The Neurological Institute of New York, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bedlack RS, Aggarwal S. ALS UPDATE. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2009. [DOI: 10.1212/01.con.0000300009.02717.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
Zoccolella S, Santamato A, Lamberti P. Current and emerging treatments for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2009; 5:577-95. [PMID: 19966906 PMCID: PMC2785861 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s7788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a relatively rare neurodegenerative disorder of both upper and lower motoneurons. Currently, the management of ALS is essentially symptoms-based, and riluzole, an antiglutamatergic agent, is the only drug for the treatment of ALS approved by the food and drug administration. OBJECTIVE We reviewed current literature concerning emerging treatments for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. METHODS A Medline literature search was performed to identify all studies on ALS treatment published from January 1st, 1986 through August 31st, 2009. We selected papers concerning only disease-modifying therapy. RESULTS Forty-eight compounds were identified and reviewed in this study. CONCLUSIONS Riluzole is the only compound that demonstrated a beneficial effect on ALS patients, but with only modest increase in survival. Although several drugs showed effective results in the animal models for ALS, none of them significantly prolonged survival or improved quality of life of ALS patients. Several factors have been implicated in explaining the predominantly negative results of numerous randomized clinical trials in ALS, including methodological problems in the use of animal-drug screening, the lack of assessment of pharmacokinetic profile of the drugs, and methodological pitfalls of clinical trials in ALS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Zoccolella
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Department of Medical and Neurological Sciences, Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, University of Foggia, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bedlack RS, Pastula DM, Welsh E, Pulley D, Cudkowicz ME. Scrutinizing enrollment in ALS clinical trials: room for improvement? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 9:257-65. [PMID: 18608092 DOI: 10.1080/17482960802195913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Enrollment in ALS trials has not been systematically studied. We surveyed the ALS Research Group (ALSRG) to learn their impressions of enrollment at ALS clinics across North America. We also reviewed completed ALS trials to determine an enrollment rate (subjects per site per month), its variability across trials, whether it is changing over time, and whether it is influenced by 'trial factors'. ALSRG members were polled via an online survey. ALS trials were identified by literature review and investigator contact. Enrollment rate versus publication year was plotted for each trial. Models were created to examine how 'trial factors' were associated with enrollment rate. By survey, percent enrollment is 25% and highly variable (range 0-75%). By literature review, enrollment rate is 2.2 participants/site/month and highly variable (range 0.1-7.5). Enrollment is not improving over time; no 'trial factor' explains the variability in enrollment across trials. Behaviors among clinic directors and patients were identified that may influence enrollment. In conclusion, ALS trial enrollment rate is low, highly variable and not influenced by trial design factors. 'Patient factors' and 'physician factors' may play more important roles in influencing enrollment, as in oncology trials. Our survey data support this idea, and provide potential mechanisms for improving enrollment.
Collapse
|