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Höhne K, Wagenknecht A, Maier C, Engelhard P, Goldmann T, Schließmann SJ, Plönes T, Trepel M, Eibel H, Müller-Quernheim J, Zissel G. Pro-Fibrotic Effects of CCL18 on Human Lung Fibroblasts Are Mediated via CCR6. Cells 2024; 13:238. [PMID: 38334630 PMCID: PMC10854834 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease of unknown origin, with a median patient survival time of ~3 years after diagnosis without anti-fibrotic therapy. It is characterized by progressive fibrosis indicated by increased collagen deposition and high numbers of fibroblasts in the lung. It has been demonstrated that CCL18 induces collagen and αSMA synthesis in fibroblasts. We aimed to identify the CCL18 receptor responsible for its pro-fibrotic activities. METHODS We used a random phage display library to screen for potential CCL18-binding peptides, demonstrated its expression in human lungs and fibroblast lines by PCR and immunostaining and verified its function in cell lines. RESULTS We identified CCR6 (CD196) as a CCL18 receptor and found its expression in fibrotic lung tissue and lung fibroblast lines derived from fibrotic lungs, but it was almost absent in control lines and tissue. CCL18 induced receptor internalization in a CCR6-overexpressing cell line. CCR6 blockade in primary human lung fibroblasts reduced CCL18-induced FGF2 release as well as collagen-1 and αSMA expression. Knockdown of CCR6 in a mouse fibroblast cell line abolished the induction of collagen and α-smooth muscle actin expression. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that CCL18 triggers pro-fibrotic processes via CCR6, highlighting its role in fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Höhne
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (K.H.); (C.M.); (P.E.); (S.J.S.); (J.M.-Q.)
| | - Annett Wagenknecht
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (A.W.); (M.T.)
| | - Corinna Maier
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (K.H.); (C.M.); (P.E.); (S.J.S.); (J.M.-Q.)
| | - Peggy Engelhard
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (K.H.); (C.M.); (P.E.); (S.J.S.); (J.M.-Q.)
| | | | - Stephan J. Schließmann
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (K.H.); (C.M.); (P.E.); (S.J.S.); (J.M.-Q.)
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science and Training, Institute of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Till Plönes
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Center for Surgery, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Martin Trepel
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (A.W.); (M.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty, Augsburg University, Germany Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Eibel
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Joachim Müller-Quernheim
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (K.H.); (C.M.); (P.E.); (S.J.S.); (J.M.-Q.)
| | - Gernot Zissel
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (K.H.); (C.M.); (P.E.); (S.J.S.); (J.M.-Q.)
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2
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Ortiz-Quintero B, Buendía-Roldán I, Ramírez-Salazar EG, Balderas-Martínez YI, Ramírez-Rodríguez SL, Martínez-Espinosa K, Selman M. Circulating microRNA Signature Associated to Interstitial Lung Abnormalities in Respiratory Asymptomatic Subjects. Cells 2020; 9:E1556. [PMID: 32604783 PMCID: PMC7348836 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) are observed in around 9% of older respiratory asymptomatic subjects, mainly smokers. Evidence suggests that ILA may precede the development of interstitial lung diseases and may evolve to progressive fibrosis. Identifying biomarkers of this subclinical status is relevant for early diagnosis and to predict outcome. We aimed to identify circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) associated to ILA in a cohort of respiratory asymptomatic subjects older than 60 years. We identified 81 subjects with ILA from our Lung-Aging Program in Mexico City (n = 826). We randomly selected 112 subjects without ILA (Ctrl) from the same cohort. Using polymerase chain reaction PCR-Array technology (24 ILA and 24 Ctrl, screening cohort) and reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) (57 ILA and 88 Ctr, independent validation cohort) we identified seven up-regulated miRNAs in serum of ILA compared to Ctrl (miR-193a-5p, p < 0.0001; miR-502-3p, p < 0.0001; miR-200c-3p, p = 0.003; miR-16-5p, p = 0.003; miR-21-5p, p = 0.002; miR-126-3p, p = 0.004 and miR-34a-5p, p < 0.005). Pathways regulated by these miRNAs include transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), Wnt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Insulin, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and senescence. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that miR-193a-5p (area under the curve AUC: 0.75) and miR-502-3p (AUC 0.71) have acceptable diagnostic value. This is the first identification of circulating miRNAs associated to ILA in respiratory asymptomatic subjects, providing potential non-invasive biomarkers and molecular targets to better understand the pathogenic mechanisms associated to ILA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Ortiz-Quintero
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas. Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Sección XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (I.B.-R.); (Y.IB.-M.); (S.L.R.-R.); (K.M.-E.)
| | - Ivette Buendía-Roldán
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas. Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Sección XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (I.B.-R.); (Y.IB.-M.); (S.L.R.-R.); (K.M.-E.)
| | - Eric Gustavo Ramírez-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico;
| | - Yalbi I Balderas-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas. Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Sección XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (I.B.-R.); (Y.IB.-M.); (S.L.R.-R.); (K.M.-E.)
| | - Sandra Lizbeth Ramírez-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas. Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Sección XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (I.B.-R.); (Y.IB.-M.); (S.L.R.-R.); (K.M.-E.)
| | - Karen Martínez-Espinosa
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas. Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Sección XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (I.B.-R.); (Y.IB.-M.); (S.L.R.-R.); (K.M.-E.)
| | - Moisés Selman
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas. Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Sección XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (I.B.-R.); (Y.IB.-M.); (S.L.R.-R.); (K.M.-E.)
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3
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Rivas-Fuentes S, Herrera I, Salgado-Aguayo A, Buendía-Roldán I, Becerril C, Cisneros J. CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 could be a relevant molecular axis in the pathophysiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2357-2361. [PMID: 32922201 PMCID: PMC7484633 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.43748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and progressive disease of unknown cause. It is characterized by the aberrant activation of the bronchioalveolar epithelium, the formation of fibroblast foci and the excessive production extracellular matrix. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the pathobiology of the disease are unclear. The CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis regulates cellular responses that are known to be relevant in IPF, such as proliferation and collagen production. In this study, we characterize for the first time the expression of CX3CL1 and its receptor in lung tissue from patients with IPF; and its effect on collagen production in IPF fibroblasts. We found that CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis has a modified expression in the lung tissue, importantly this axis is expressed on fibroblasts, and CX3CL1 decreased the collagen production in pulmonary fibroblasts derived from IPF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Rivas-Fuentes
- Department of Research on Biochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iliana Herrera
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Research on Pulmonary Fibrosis. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Salgado-Aguayo
- Laboratory of Research on Rheumatic Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivette Buendía-Roldán
- Laboratory of Translational Research on Aging and Fibrosis Lung, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carina Becerril
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Research on Pulmonary Fibrosis. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Cisneros
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Research on Pulmonary Fibrosis. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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4
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Yang DC, Li JM, Xu J, Oldham J, Phan SH, Last JA, Wu R, Chen CH. Tackling MARCKS-PIP3 circuit attenuates fibroblast activation and fibrosis progression. FASEB J 2019; 33:14354-14369. [PMID: 31661644 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901705r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Targeting activated fibroblasts, including myofibroblast differentiation, has emerged as a key therapeutic strategy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, there is no available therapy capable of selectively eradicating myofibroblasts or limiting their genesis. Through an integrative analysis of the regulator genes that are responsible for the activation of IPF fibroblasts, we noticed the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-binding protein, myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), as a potential target molecule for IPF. Herein, we have employed a 25-mer novel peptide, MARCKS phosphorylation site domain sequence (MPS), to determine if MARCKS inhibition reduces pulmonary fibrosis through the inactivation of PI3K/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling in fibroblast cells. We first observed that higher levels of MARCKS phosphorylation and the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were notably overexpressed in all tested IPF lung tissues and fibroblast cells. Treatment with the MPS peptide suppressed levels of MARCKS phosphorylation in primary IPF fibroblasts. A kinetic assay confirmed that this peptide binds to phospholipids, particularly PIP2, with a dissociation constant of 17.64 nM. As expected, a decrease of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate pools and AKT activity occurred in MPS-treated IPF fibroblast cells. MPS peptide was demonstrated to impair cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in multiple IPF fibroblast cells in vitro as well as to reduce pulmonary fibrosis in bleomycin-treated mice in vivo. Surprisingly, we found that MPS peptide decreases α-SMA expression and synergistically interacts with nintedanib treatment in IPF fibroblasts. Our data suggest MARCKS as a druggable target in pulmonary fibrosis and also provide a promising antifibrotic agent that may lead to effective IPF treatments.-Yang, D. C., Li, J.-M., Xu, J., Oldham, J., Phan, S. H., Last, J. A., Wu, R., Chen, C.-H. Tackling MARCKS-PIP3 circuit attenuates fibroblast activation and fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ji-Min Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jihao Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Justin Oldham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sem H Phan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jerold A Last
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Reen Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ching-Hsien Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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5
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Anderson NA, Campos S, Butler S, Copley RCB, Duncan I, Harrison S, Le J, Maghames R, Pastor-Garcia A, Pritchard JM, Rowedder JE, Smith CE, Thomas J, Vitulli G, Macdonald SJF. Discovery of an Orally Bioavailable Pan αv Integrin Inhibitor for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8796-8808. [PMID: 31497959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The heterodimeric transmembrane αv integrin receptors have recently emerged as potential targets for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Herein, we describe how subtle modifications of the central aromatic ring of a series of phenylbutyrate-based antagonists of the vitronectin receptors αvβ3 and αvβ5 significantly change the biological activities against αvβ6 and αvβ8. This resulted in the discovery of a pan αv antagonist (compound 39, 4-40 nM for the integrin receptors named above) possessing excellent oral pharmacokinetic properties in rats (with a clearance of 7.6 mL/(min kg) and a bioavailability of 97%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall A Anderson
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Sebastien Campos
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Sharon Butler
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Royston C B Copley
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Ian Duncan
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Stephen Harrison
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Joelle Le
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Rosemary Maghames
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Aleix Pastor-Garcia
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - John M Pritchard
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - James E Rowedder
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Claire E Smith
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Jack Thomas
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Giovanni Vitulli
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Simon J F Macdonald
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
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6
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Overexpression of OSM and IL-6 impacts the polarization of pro-fibrotic macrophages and the development of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13281. [PMID: 29038604 PMCID: PMC5643520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent evidence indicates that gp130 cytokines, Oncostatin M (OSM) and IL-6 are involved in alternative programming of macrophages, their role in lung fibrogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of transient adenoviral overexpression of OSM or IL-6 in mice during bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Lung fibrosis and M2-like macrophage accumulation were assessed by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, gene expression and flow cytometry. Ex-vivo isolated alveolar and bone marrow-derived macrophages were examined for M2-like programming and signalling. Airway physiology measurements at day 21 demonstrated that overexpression of OSM or IL-6 exacerbated bleomycin-induced lung elastance, consistent with histopathological assessment of extracellular matrix and myofibroblast accumulation. Flow cytometry analysis at day 7 showed increased numbers of M2-like macrophages in lungs of mice exposed to bleomycin and OSM or IL-6. These macrophages expressed the IL-6Rα, but were deficient for OSMRβ, suggesting that IL-6, but not OSM, may directly induce alternative macrophage activation. In conclusion, the gp130 cytokines IL-6 and OSM contribute to the accumulation of profibrotic macrophages and enhancement of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. This study suggests that therapeutic strategies targeting these cytokines or their receptors may be beneficial to prevent the accumulation of M2-like macrophages and the progression of fibrotic lung disease.
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7
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Cerri S, Sgalla G, Richeldi L, Luppi F. Occurrence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis during immunosuppressive treatment: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2016; 10:127. [PMID: 27387033 PMCID: PMC4937572 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-016-0916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunosuppressive therapy has been—until the recent release of new guidelines on diagnosis and management—the recommended treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. However, its efficacy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has always been a matter of debate. Case presentation We report the occurrence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in a white man receiving chronic immunosuppressive treatment following a heart transplant. Conclusions This case report suggests that the immune mechanisms targeted by azathioprine and cyclosporine do not play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cerri
- Center for Rare Lung Diseases, University Hospital Policlinico di Modena, Via del Pozzo, 71-41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Giacomo Sgalla
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Mailpoint 813, LE75 E Level, South Academic Block, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Luca Richeldi
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Mailpoint 813, LE75 E Level, South Academic Block, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Fabrizio Luppi
- Center for Rare Lung Diseases, University Hospital Policlinico di Modena, Via del Pozzo, 71-41124, Modena, Italy.
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8
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Birkelbach B, Lutz D, Ruppert C, Henneke I, Lopez-Rodriguez E, Günther A, Ochs M, Mahavadi P, Knudsen L. Linking progression of fibrotic lung remodeling and ultrastructural alterations of alveolar epithelial type II cells in the amiodarone mouse model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L63-75. [PMID: 25957292 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00279.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic injury of alveolar epithelial type II cells (AE2 cells) represents a key event in the development of lung fibrosis in animal models and in humans, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Intratracheal delivery of amiodarone to mice results in a profound injury and macroautophagy-dependent apoptosis of AE2 cells. Increased autophagy manifested in AE2 cells by disturbances of the intracellular surfactant. Hence, we hypothesized that ultrastructural alterations of the intracellular surfactant pool are signs of epithelial stress correlating with the severity of fibrotic remodeling. With the use of design-based stereology, the amiodarone model of pulmonary fibrosis in mice was characterized at the light and ultrastructural level during progression. Mean volume of AE2 cells, volume of lamellar bodies per AE2 cell, and mean size of lamellar bodies were correlated to structural parameters reflecting severity of fibrosis like collagen content. Within 2 wk amiodarone leads to an increase in septal wall thickness and a decrease in alveolar numbers due to irreversible alveolar collapse associated with alveolar surfactant dysfunction. Progressive hypertrophy of AE2 cells and increase in mean individual size and total volume of lamellar bodies per AE2 cell were observed. A high positive correlation of these AE2 cell-related ultrastructural changes and the deposition of collagen fibrils within septal walls were established. Qualitatively, similar alterations could be found in IPF samples with mild to moderate fibrosis. We conclude that ultrastructural alterations of AE2 cells including the surfactant system are tightly correlated with the progression of fibrotic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Birkelbach
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Dennis Lutz
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Clemens Ruppert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Ingrid Henneke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Elena Lopez-Rodriguez
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Andreas Günther
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; European IPF Network, Giessen, Germany; Excellence Cluster "Cardiopulmonary System ECCPS," Giessen, Germany; Lung Clinic Waldhof-Elgershausen, Greifenstein, Germany; and
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Poornima Mahavadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany;
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9
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Wollin L, Wex E, Pautsch A, Schnapp G, Hostettler KE, Stowasser S, Kolb M. Mode of action of nintedanib in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1434-45. [PMID: 25745043 PMCID: PMC4416110 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00174914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and ultimately fatal disease characterised by fibrosis of the lung parenchyma and loss of lung function. Although the pathogenic pathways involved in IPF have not been fully elucidated, IPF is believed to be caused by repetitive alveolar epithelial cell injury and dysregulated repair, in which there is uncontrolled proliferation of lung fibroblasts and differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, which excessively deposit extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the interstitial space. A number of profibrotic mediators including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transforming growth factor-β are believed to play important roles in the pathogenesis of IPF. Nintedanib is a potent small molecule inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases PDGF receptor, FGF receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. Data from in vitro studies have shown that nintedanib interferes with processes active in fibrosis such as fibroblast proliferation, migration and differentiation, and the secretion of ECM. In addition, nintedanib has shown consistent anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory activity in animal models of lung fibrosis. These data provide a strong rationale for the clinical efficacy of nintedanib in patients with IPF, which has recently been demonstrated in phase III clinical trials. Nintedanib interferes with processes active in fibrosis, e.g. fibroblast proliferation, migration anddifferentiationhttp://ow.ly/Iae9z
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Wollin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Eva Wex
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Gisela Schnapp
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Stowasser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
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Marudamuthu AS, Shetty SK, Bhandary YP, Karandashova S, Thompson M, Sathish V, Florova G, Hogan TB, Pabelick CM, Prakash YS, Tsukasaki Y, Fu J, Ikebe M, Idell S, Shetty S. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 suppresses profibrotic responses in fibroblasts from fibrotic lungs. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9428-41. [PMID: 25648892 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.601815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease characterized by progressive interstitial scarification. A hallmark morphological lesion is the accumulation of myofibroblasts or fibrotic lung fibroblasts (FL-fibroblasts) in areas called fibroblastic foci. We previously demonstrated that the expression of both urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the uPA receptor are elevated in FL-fibroblasts from the lungs of patients with IPF. FL-fibroblasts isolated from human IPF lungs and from mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis showed an increased rate of proliferation compared with normal lung fibroblasts (NL-fibroblasts) derived from histologically "normal" lung. Basal expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in human and murine FL-fibroblasts was reduced, whereas collagen-I and α-smooth muscle actin were markedly elevated. Conversely, alveolar type II epithelial cells surrounding the fibrotic foci in situ, as well as those isolated from IPF lungs, showed increased activation of caspase-3 and PAI-1 with a parallel reduction in uPA expression. Transduction of an adenovirus PAI-1 cDNA construct (Ad-PAI-1) suppressed expression of uPA and collagen-I and attenuated proliferation in FL-fibroblasts. On the contrary, inhibition of basal PAI-1 in NL-fibroblasts increased collagen-I and α-smooth muscle actin. Fibroblasts isolated from PAI-1-deficient mice without lung injury also showed increased collagen-I and uPA. These changes were associated with increased Akt/phosphatase and tensin homolog proliferation/survival signals in FL-fibroblasts, which were reversed by transduction with Ad-PAI-1. This study defines a new role of PAI-1 in the control of fibroblast activation and expansion and its role in the pathogenesis of fibrosing lung disease and, in particular, IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarnath S Marudamuthu
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Shwetha K Shetty
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Yashodhar P Bhandary
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Sophia Karandashova
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Michael Thompson
- the Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, and
| | | | - Galina Florova
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Taryn B Hogan
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | | | - Y S Prakash
- the Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, and
| | - Yoshikazu Tsukasaki
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Jian Fu
- the Center for Research on Environmental Disease and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Mitsuo Ikebe
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Steven Idell
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Sreerama Shetty
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708,
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Jarman ER, Khambata VS, Yun Ye L, Cheung K, Thomas M, Duggan N, Jarai G. A translational preclinical model of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension: mechanistic pathways driving disease pathophysiology. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e12133. [PMID: 25214520 PMCID: PMC4270229 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive interstitial lung disease, in which a decline in patient prognosis is frequently associated with the onset of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Animal models exhibiting principle pathophysiological features of IPF and PH could provide greater insight into mechanistic pathways underlying disease progression and a means for evaluating novel therapeutic approaches for intervention. Here, we describe an in vivo disease model, in which animals develop progressive interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and associated PH, as defined by the presence of fibrotic foci adjacent to areas of alveolar injury and remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature. Associated changes in physiological parameters included a decline in lung function and increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) >25 mmHg. The early fibrotic pathology is associated with a profibrogenic microenvironment, elevated levels of the matrix metalloproteases, MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-12, TIMP-1, the chemoattractant and mitogen, PDGF-β, and the chemokines CCL2 and CXCL12, that are associated with the recruitment of macrophages, mast cells, and fibrocytes. Principle mechanistic pathways associated with disease pathogenesis are upregulated in the lungs and pulmonary arteries, with sustained increases in gene transcripts for the profibrotic mediator TGF-β1 and components of the TGF-β signaling pathway; PAI-1, Nox-4, and HIF-1α. Therapeutic treatment with the ALK-5/TGF-β RI inhibitor SB-525334 reversed established pulmonary fibrosis and associated vascular remodeling, leading to normalization in clinically translatable physiological parameters including lung function and hemodynamic measurements of mPAP. These studies highlight the application of this model in validating potential approaches for targeting common mechanistic pathways driving disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Jarman
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, UK
| | - Valerie S. Khambata
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, UK
| | - Li Yun Ye
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, UK
| | - Kenneth Cheung
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, UK
| | - Matthew Thomas
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, UK
| | - Nicholas Duggan
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, UK
| | - Gabor Jarai
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, UK
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Integrated analyses identify the involvement of microRNA-26a in epithelial-mesenchymal transition during idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1238. [PMID: 24853416 PMCID: PMC4047861 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and highly lethal fibrotic lung disease with poor treatment and unknown etiology. Emerging evidence suggests that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has an important role in repair and scar formation following epithelial injury during pulmonary fibrosis. Although some miRNAs have been shown to be dysregulated in the pathophysiological processes of IPF, limited studies have payed attention on the participation of miRNAs in EMT in lung fibrosis. In our study, we identified and constructed a regulation network of differentially expressed IPF miRNAs and EMT genes. Additionally, we found the downregulation of miR-26a in mice with experimental pulmonary fibrosis. Further studies showed that miR-26a regulated HMGA2, which is a key factor in the process of EMT and had the maximum number of regulating miRNAs in the regulation network. More importantly, inhibition of miR-26a resulted in lung epithelial cells transforming into myofibroblasts in vitro and in vivo, whereas forced expression of miR-26a alleviated TGF-β1- and BLM-induced EMT in A549 cells and in mice, respectively. Taken together, our study deciphered the essential role of miR-26a in the pathogenesis of EMT in pulmonary fibrosis, and suggests that miR-26a may be a potential therapeutic target for IPF.
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13
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Varma S, Mahavadi P, Sasikumar S, Cushing L, Hyland T, Rosser AE, Riccardi D, Lu J, Kalin TV, Kalinichenko VV, Guenther A, Ramirez MI, Pardo A, Selman M, Warburton D. Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) distribution reveals novel pathophysiological differences between human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and mouse models of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 306:L405-19. [PMID: 24375798 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00143.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic injury of alveolar lung epithelium leads to epithelial disintegrity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We had reported earlier that Grhl2, a transcriptional factor, maintains alveolar epithelial cell integrity by directly regulating components of adherens and tight junctions and thus hypothesized an important role of GRHL2 in pathogenesis of IPF. Comparison of GRHL2 distribution at different stages of human lung development showed its abundance in developing lung epithelium and in adult lung epithelium. However, GRHL2 is detected in normal human lung mesenchyme only at early fetal stage (week 9). Similar mesenchymal reexpression of GRHL2 was also observed in IPF. Immunofluorescence analysis in serial sections from three IPF patients revealed at least two subsets of alveolar epithelial cells (AEC), based on differential GRHL2 expression and the converse fluorescence intensities for epithelial vs. mesenchymal markers. Grhl2 was not detected in mesenchyme in intraperitoneal bleomycin-induced injury as well as in spontaneously occurring fibrosis in double-mutant HPS1 and HPS2 mice, whereas in contrast in a radiation-induced fibrosis model, with forced Forkhead box M1 (Foxm1) expression, an overlap of Grhl2 with a mesenchymal marker was observed in fibrotic regions. Grhl2's role in alveolar epithelial cell plasticity was confirmed by altered Grhl2 gene expression analysis in IPF and further validated by in vitro manipulation of its expression in alveolar epithelial cell lines. Our findings reveal important pathophysiological differences between human IPF and specific mouse models of fibrosis and support a crucial role of GRHL2 in epithelial activation in lung fibrosis and perhaps also in epithelial plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saaket Varma
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS35, Los Angeles, CA 90027.
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14
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Tang X, Peng R, Ren Y, Apparsundaram S, Deguzman J, Bauer CM, Hoffman AF, Hamilton S, Liang Z, Zeng H, Fuentes ME, Demartino JA, Kitson C, Stevenson CS, Budd DC. BET bromodomain proteins mediate downstream signaling events following growth factor stimulation in human lung fibroblasts and are involved in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 83:283-93. [PMID: 23115324 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.081661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations, such as histone acetylation, regulate the signaling outcomes and phenotypic responses of fibroblasts after growth factor stimulation. The bromodomain and extra-terminal domain-containing proteins (Brd) bind to acetylated histone residues, resulting in recruitment of components of the transcriptional machinery and subsequent gene transcription. Given the central importance of fibroblasts in tissue fibrosis, this study sought to determine the role of Brd proteins in human lung fibroblasts (LFs) after growth factor stimulation and in the murine bleomycin model of lung fibrosis. Using small interfering RNA against human Brd2 and Brd4 and pharmacologic Brd inhibitors, this study found that Brd2 and Brd4 are essential in mediating the phenotypic responses of LFs downstream of multiple growth factor pathways. Growth factor stimulation of LFs causes increased histone acetylation, association of Brd4 with growth factor-responsive genes, and enhanced transcription of these genes that could be attenuated with pharmacologic Brd inhibitors. Of note, lung fibrosis induced after intratracheal bleomycin challenge in mice could be prevented by pretreatment of animals with pharmacologic inhibitors of Brd proteins. This study is the first demonstration of a role for Brd2 and Brd4 proteins in mediating the responses of LFs after growth factor stimulation and in driving the induction of lung fibrosis in mice in response to bleomycin challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tang
- Inflammation Discovery Therapeutic Area, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110-1199, USA
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15
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Chen M, Cheung FW, Chan MH, Hui PK, Ip SP, Ling YH, Che CT, Liu WK. Protective roles of Cordyceps on lung fibrosis in cellular and rat models. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 143:448-454. [PMID: 22796203 PMCID: PMC7125542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cordyceps sinensis is a fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine as a tonic to soothe the lung for the treatment of fatigue and respiratory diseases. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, irreversible and debilitating lung disease showing fibroblast/myofibroblast expansion and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in the interstitium leading to breathing difficulty. Our previous observation revealed a partial relief of lung fibrosis in patients suffering from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). We hypothesize that Cordyceps has beneficial effects on lung fibrosis and the objective of this study is to explore the target(s) of Cordyceps in the relief of lung fibrosis in animal and cell models and to gain insight into its underlying mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS A rat model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis and a fibrotic cell model with transforming growth factor beta-1 induction were employed in the studies. RESULTS Reduction of infiltration of inflammatory cells, deposition of fibroblastic loci and collagen, formation of reactive oxygen species, and production of cytokines, as well as recovery from imbalance of MMP-9/TIMP-1, were observed in fibrotic rats after treatment with Cordyceps in preventive (from the day of BLM administration) and therapeutic (from 14 days after BLM) regimens. In a fibrotic cell model with transforming growth factor beta-1 induction, the human lung epithelial A549 acquired a mesenchymal phenotype and an increase of vimentin expression with a concomitant decrease of E-cadherin. This epithelial-mesenchymal transition could be partially reverted by cordycepin, a major component of Cordyceps. CONCLUSION The findings provide an insight into the preventive and therapeutic potentials of Cordyceps for the treatment of lung fibrosis.
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Key Words
- balf, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- blm, bleomycin
- ce, cordyceps powder extract in culture medium
- cs, cordyceps sinensis
- cs1, low-dose cs powder suspension treatment
- cs2, high-dose cs powder suspension treatment
- ecm, extracellular matrix
- emt, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- ipf, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- mmp, matrix metalloproteinases
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- tgf-β1, transforming growth factor beta-1
- timp, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
- cordyceps sinensis
- cordycepin
- bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis
- traditional chinese medicine
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Florence W.K. Cheung
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ming Hung Chan
- Department of Medicine, Kwong Wah Hospital, The Tung Wah Group of Hospitals, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Pak Kwan Hui
- Department of Pathology, Kwong Wah Hospital, The Tung Wah Group of Hospitals, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Siu-Po Ip
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yick Hin Ling
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Tao Che
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wing Keung Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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16
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Selman M, Pardo A. Alveolar Epithelial Cell Disintegrity and Subsequent Activation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186:119-21. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201206-0997ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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18
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Osterholzer JJ, Christensen PJ, Lama V, Horowitz JC, Hattori N, Subbotina N, Cunningham A, Lin Y, Murdock BJ, Morey RE, Olszewski MA, Lawrence DA, Simon RH, Sisson TH. PAI-1 promotes the accumulation of exudate macrophages and worsens pulmonary fibrosis following type II alveolar epithelial cell injury. J Pathol 2012; 228:170-80. [PMID: 22262246 DOI: 10.1002/path.3992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic disorders of the lung are associated with perturbations in the plasminogen activation system. Specifically, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression is increased relative to the plasminogen activators. A direct role for this imbalance in modulating the severity of lung scarring following injury has been substantiated in the bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis. However, it remains unclear whether derangements in the plasminogen activation system contribute more generally to the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis beyond bleomycin injury. To answer this question, we employed an alternative model of lung scarring, in which type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) are specifically injured by administering diphtheria toxin (DT) to mice genetically engineered to express the human DT receptor (DTR) off the surfactant protein C promoter. This targeted AEC injury results in the diffuse accumulation of interstitial collagen. In the present study, we found that this targeted type II cell insult also increases PAI-1 expression in the alveolar compartment. We identified AECs and lung macrophages to be sources of PAI-1 production. To determine whether this elevated PAI-1 concentration was directly related to the severity of fibrosis, DTR(+) mice were crossed into a PAI-1-deficient background (DTR(+) : PAI-1(-/-) ). DT administration to DTR(+) : PAI-1(-/-) animals caused significantly less fibrosis than was measured in DTR(+) mice with intact PAI-1 production. PAI-1 deficiency also abrogated the accumulation of CD11b(+) exudate macrophages that were found to express PAI-1 and type-1 collagen. These observations substantiate the critical function of PAI-1 in pulmonary fibrosis pathogenesis and provide new insight into a potential mechanism by which this pro-fibrotic molecule influences collagen accumulation. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Maharaj SS, Baroke E, Gauldie J, Kolb MRJ. Fibrocytes in chronic lung disease--facts and controversies. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 25:263-7. [PMID: 21951688 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fibrocytes are bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cell precursors, defined primarily by their ability to co-express markers of both haematopoietic (e.g. CD45 or CXCR4) and stromal (e.g. collagen) lineages. Fibrocytes in culture also have ultrastructural cell surface features that distinguish them from other leukocytes. Extensive efforts have helped to characterise fibrocytes phenotypically and functionally, but it is still unclear exactly how these cells contribute to tissue repair and/or pathologic fibrosis. Nevertheless, the varied levels of fibrocytes in blood have raised considerable interest as a biomarker of disease activity, such as chronic lung diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, asthma and pulmonary hypertension. These cells also may become a novel therapeutic target for these difficult to treat disorders. This review will briefly summarize the current knowledge about fibrocytes in human lung disease and in animal disease models and highlight areas of consensus as well as issues that remain controversial to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam S Maharaj
- McMaster University, Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Canada
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20
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Taniguchi H, Kondoh Y, Ebina M, Azuma A, Ogura T, Taguchi Y, Suga M, Takahashi H, Nakata K, Sato A, Sugiyama Y, Kudoh S, Nukiwa T. The clinical significance of 5% change in vital capacity in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: extended analysis of the pirfenidone trial. Respir Res 2011; 12:93. [PMID: 21756364 PMCID: PMC3160381 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our phase III clinical trial of pirfenidone for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) revealed the efficacy in reducing the decline of vital capacity (VC) and increasing the progression-free survival (PFS) time by pirfenidone. Recently, marginal decline in forced VC (FVC) has been reported to be associated with poor outcome in IPF. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of pirfenidone from the aspects of 5% change in VC. METHODS Improvement ratings based on 5% change in absolute VC, i.e., "improved (VC ≥ 5% increase)", "stable (VC < 5% change)", and "worsened (VC ≥ 5% decrease)" at month 3, 6, 9 and 12 were compared between high-dose pirfenidone (1800 mg/day; n = 108) and placebo (n = 104) groups, and (high-dose and low-dose (1200 mg/day; n = 55)) pirfenidone (n = 163) and placebo groups. PFS times with defining the disease progression as death or a ≥ 5% decline in VC were also compared between high-dose pirfenidone and placebo groups, and low-dose pirfenidone and placebo groups. Furthermore, considering "worsened" and "non-worsened (improved and stable)" of the ratings at months 3 and 12 as "positive" and "negative", respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values of the ratings were calculated in each group. RESULTS In the comparison of the improvement ratings, the statistically significant differences were clearly revealed at months 3, 6, 9, and 12 between pirfenidone and placebo groups. Risk reductions by pirfenidone to placebo were approximately 35% over the study period. In the comparison of the PFS times, statistically significant difference was also observed between pirfenidone and placebo groups. The positive/negative predictive values in placebo and pirfenidone groups were 86.1%/50.8% and 87.1%/71.7%, respectively. Further, the baseline characteristics of patients worsened at month 3 had generally severe impairment, and their clinical outcomes including mortality were also significantly worsened after 1 year. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of pirfenidone in Japanese phase III trial was supported by the rating of 5% decline in VC, and the VC changes at month 3 may be used as a prognostic factor of IPF. TRIAL REGISTRATION This clinical trial was registered with the Japan Pharmaceutical Information Center (JAPIC) on September 13th, 2005 (REGISTRATION NUMBER: JAPICCTI-050121).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Taniguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Tosei General Hospital, Seto, Aichi, Japan.
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