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Mehmood N, Akram MW, Majeed MI, Nawaz H, Aslam MA, Naman A, Wasim M, Ghaffar U, Kamran A, Nadeem S, Kanwal N, Imran M. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of bacterial pellets of Staphylococcus aureus infected by bacteriophage. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5425-5434. [PMID: 38348301 PMCID: PMC10859908 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07575c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of infectious diseases in the world and they have become a major threat through the reduced efficacy of developed antibiotics. This issue can be addressed by using bacteriophages, which can kill lethal bacteria and prevent them from causing infections. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a promising technique for studying the degradation of infectious bacteria by the interaction of bacteriophages to break the vicious cycle of drug-resistant bacteria and help to develop chemotherapy-independent remedial strategies. The phage (viruses)-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are exposed to bacteriophages (Siphoviridae family) in the time frame from 0 min (control) to 50 minutes with intervals of 5 minutes and characterized by SERS using silver nanoparticles as SERS substrate. This allows us to explore the effects of the bacteriophages against lethal bacteria (S. aureus) at different time intervals. The differentiating SERS bands are observed at 575 (C-C skeletal mode), 620 (phenylalanine), 649 (tyrosine, guanine (ring breathing)), 657 (guanine (COO deformation)), 728-735 (adenine, glycosidic ring mode), 796 (tyrosine (C-N stretching)), 957 (C-N stretching (amide lipopolysaccharides)), 1096 (PO2 (nucleic acid)), 1113 (phenylalanine), 1249 (CH2 of amide III, N-H bending and C-O stretching (amide III)), 1273 (CH2, N-H, C-N, amide III), 1331 (C-N stretching mode of adenine), 1373 (in nucleic acids (ring breathing modes of the DNA/RNA bases)) and 1454 cm-1 (CH2 deformation of saturated lipids), indicating the degradation of bacteria and replication of bacteriophages. Multivariate data analysis was performed by employing principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to study the biochemical differences in the S. aureus bacteria infected by the bacteriophage. The SERS spectral data sets were successfully differentiated by PLS-DA with 94.47% sensitivity, 98.61% specificity, 94.44% precision, 98.88% accuracy and 81.06% area under the curve (AUC), which shows that at 50 min interval S. aureus bacteria is degraded by the replicating bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad (38000) Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waseem Akram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad (38000) Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad (38000) Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad (38000) Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aamir Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad (38000) Pakistan
| | - Abdul Naman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad (38000) Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Wasim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad (38000) Pakistan
| | - Usman Ghaffar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad (38000) Pakistan
| | - Ali Kamran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad (38000) Pakistan
| | - Sana Nadeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad (38000) Pakistan
| | - Naeema Kanwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad (38000) Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University P.O. Box 9004 Abha (61413) Saudi Arabia
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Nazli A, Tao W, You H, He X, He Y. Treatment of MRSA Infection: Where are We? Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:4425-4460. [PMID: 38310393 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673249381231130111352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of septicemia, endocarditis, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections, bone and joint infections, and hospital-acquired infections. In particular, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and continues to be a major public health problem. The emergence of multidrug-resistant MRSA strains along with the wide consumption of antibiotics has made anti-MRSA treatment a huge challenge. Novel treatment strategies (e.g., novel antimicrobials and new administrations) against MRSA are urgently needed. In the past decade, pharmaceutical companies have invested more in the research and development (R&D) of new antimicrobials and strategies, spurred by favorable policies. All research articles were collected from authentic online databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, by using different combinations of keywords, including 'anti-MRSA', 'antibiotic', 'antimicrobial', 'clinical trial', 'clinical phase', clinical studies', and 'pipeline'. The information extracted from articles was compared to information provided on the drug manufacturer's website and Clinical Trials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/) to confirm the latest development phase of anti-MRSA agents. The present review focuses on the current development status of new anti-MRSA strategies concerning chemistry, pharmacological target(s), indications, route of administration, efficacy and safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics, and aims to discuss the challenges and opportunities in developing drugs for anti-MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adila Nazli
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Wenlan Tao
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Hengyao You
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xiaoli He
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Yun He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
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Van Bambeke F. Lipoglycopeptide Antibacterial Agents in Gram-Positive Infections: A Comparative Review. Drugs 2015; 75:2073-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-015-0505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Shrestha G, Thompson A, Robison R, St Clair LL. Letharia vulpina, a vulpinic acid containing lichen, targets cell membrane and cell division processes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:413-418. [PMID: 25919857 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1038754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Antibiotic resistance in humans is a major concern. Drugs that target traditional sites and pathways are becoming obsolete; thus, compounds affecting novel targets are needed. Screening lichen metabolites for antimicrobials has yielded promising antimicrobial compounds, yet their mode of action is poorly understood. Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue (Parmeliaceae) has traditionally been used to poison predators, and treat stomach disorders; more recently L. vulpina extracts have demonstrated promising antimicrobial properties. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the mode of action of L. vulpina acetone extract against a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MATERIAL AND METHODS We treated MRSA with L. vulpina extracts at 1×, 5×, and 10 × MIC values (MIC = 31.25 µg/ml) for 24 h and optical density (OD660) was measured over time to determine bacteriolytic activity; counted colony forming units (CFUs) to determine time kill dynamics; the propidium iodide (PI) assay and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess membrane-damage potential, and thin-layer chromatography was used to identify secondary compounds. RESULTS Bacteriolytic assays showed that L. vulpina extracts, containing only vulpinic acid, do not cause cell lysis, even at 10 × MIC values but there was 92% reduction in bacterial CFUs when treated with increased concentrations of lichen extracts over 24 h at 4 h intervals. Our data indicate that the L. vulpina extract compromises membrane integrity of the MRSA isolate and disrupts cell division processes. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Based on this study, detailed examination of acetone extracts of L. vulpina as well as pure extracts of vulpinic acid as potential antibacterial compounds merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Shrestha
- a Department of Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA
- b M. L. Bean Life Science Museum , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA , and
| | - Andrew Thompson
- a Department of Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA
| | - Richard Robison
- c Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA
| | - Larry L St Clair
- a Department of Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA
- b M. L. Bean Life Science Museum , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA , and
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Therapeutic Options for Resistant Gram Positives. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-014-0028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kollipara R, Downing C, Lee M, Guidry J, Curtis S, Tyring S. Current and emerging drugs for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections: an update. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2014; 19:431-40. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2014.955015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Combined use of bacteriophage K and a novel bacteriophage to reduce Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6694-703. [PMID: 25149517 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01789-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are major causes of impairment of wound healing and patient morbidity. One of the most common and aggressive wound pathogens is Staphylococcus aureus, displaying a large repertoire of virulence factors and commonly reduced susceptibility to antibiotics, such as the spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Bacteriophages are obligate parasites of bacteria. They multiply intracellularly and lyse their bacterial host, releasing their progeny. We isolated a novel phage, DRA88, which has a broad host range among S. aureus bacteria. Morphologically, the phage belongs to the Myoviridae family and comprises a large double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome of 141,907 bp. DRA88 was mixed with phage K to produce a high-titer mixture that showed strong lytic activity against a wide range of S. aureus isolates, including representatives of the major international MRSA clones and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Its efficacy was assessed both in planktonic cultures and when treating established biofilms produced by three different biofilm-producing S. aureus isolates. A significant reduction of biofilm biomass over 48 h of treatment was recorded in all cases. The phage mixture may form the basis of an effective treatment for infections caused by S. aureus biofilms.
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Bonchi C, Imperi F, Minandri F, Visca P, Frangipani E. Repurposing of gallium-based drugs for antibacterial therapy. Biofactors 2014; 40:303-12. [PMID: 24532037 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While the occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens is vanishing current anti-infective therapies, the antibiotic discovery pipeline is drying up. In the last years, the repurposing of existing drugs for new clinical applications has become a major research area in drug discovery, also in the field of anti-infectives. This review discusses the potential of repurposing previously approved gallium formulations in antibacterial chemotherapy. Gallium has no proven function in biological systems, but it can act as an iron-mimetic in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The activity of gallium mostly relies on its ability to replace iron in redox enzymes, thus impairing their function and ultimately hampering cell growth. Cancer cells and bacteria are preferential gallium targets due to their active metabolism and fast growth. The wealth of knowledge on the pharmacological properties of gallium has opened the door to the repurposing of gallium-based drugs for the treatment of infections sustained by antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens, such as Acinetobacter baumannii or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and for suppression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. The promising antibacterial activity of gallium both in vitro and in different animal models of infection raises the hope that gallium will confirm its efficacy in clinical trials, and will become a valuable therapeutic option to cure otherwise untreatable bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bonchi
- Department of Sciences, University "Roma Tre,", Rome, Italy
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Cheng M, Ziora ZM, Hansford KA, Blaskovich MA, Butler MS, Cooper MA. Anti-cooperative ligand binding and dimerisation in the glycopeptide antibiotic dalbavancin. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:2568-75. [PMID: 24608916 PMCID: PMC4082399 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42428f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dalbavancin, a semi-synthetic glycopeptide with enhanced antibiotic activity compared to vancomycin and teicoplanin, binds to the C-terminal lysyl-d-alanyl-d-alanine subunit of Lipid II, inhibiting peptidoglycan biosynthesis. In this study, micro-calorimetry and electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS have been used to investigate the relationship between oligomerisation of dalbavancin and binding of a Lipid II peptide mimic, diacetyl-Lys-d-Ala-d-Ala (Ac2-Kaa). Dalbavancin dimerised strongly in an anti-cooperative manner with ligand-binding, as was the case for ristocetin A, but not for vancomycin and teicoplanin. Dalbavancin and ristocetin A both adopt an 'closed' conformation upon ligand binding, suggesting anti-cooperative dimerisation with ligand-binding may be a general feature of dalbavancin/ristocetin A-like glycopeptides. Understanding these effects may provide insight into design of novel dalbavancin derivatives with cooperative ligand-binding and dimerisation characteristics that could enhance antibiotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Cheng
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia . ; Tel: +61-7-3346-2044
| | - Zyta M. Ziora
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia . ; Tel: +61-7-3346-2044
| | - Karl A. Hansford
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia . ; Tel: +61-7-3346-2044
| | - Mark A. Blaskovich
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia . ; Tel: +61-7-3346-2044
| | - Mark S. Butler
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia . ; Tel: +61-7-3346-2044
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia . ; Tel: +61-7-3346-2044
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