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Fenneman AC, Bruinstroop E, Nieuwdorp M, van der Spek AH, Boelen A. A Comprehensive Review of Thyroid Hormone Metabolism in the Gut and Its Clinical Implications. Thyroid 2023; 33:32-44. [PMID: 36322786 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: The gut is a target organ of thyroid hormone (TH) that exerts its action via the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1) expressed in intestinal epithelial cells. THs are partially metabolized via hepatic sulfation and glucuronidation, resulting in the production of conjugated iodothyronines. Gut microbiota play an important role in peripheral TH metabolism as they produce and secrete enzymes with deconjugation activity (β-glucuronidase and sulfatase), via which TH can re-enter the enterohepatic circulation. Summary: Intestinal epithelium homeostasis (the finely tuned balance between cell proliferation and differentiation) is controlled by the crosstalk between triiodothyronine and TRα1 and the presence of specific TH transporters and TH-activating and -inactivating enzymes. Patients and experimental murine models with a dominant-negative mutation in the TRα exhibit gross abnormalities in the morphology of the intestinal epithelium and suffer from severe symptoms of a dysfunctional gastrointestinal tract. Over the past decade, gut microbiota has been identified as an essential factor in health and disease, depending on its compositional and functional profile. This has led to a renewed interest in the so-called gut-thyroid axis. Disruption of gut microbial homeostasis (dysbiosis) is associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, and Graves' orbitopathy. These studies reviewed here provide new insights into the gut microbiota roles in thyroid disease pathogenesis and may be an initial step toward microbiota-based therapies in AITD. However, it should be noted that cause-effect mechanisms remain to be proven, for which prospective cohort studies, randomized clinical trials, and experimental studies are needed. Conclusion: This review aims at providing a comprehensive insight into the interplay between TH metabolism and gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline C Fenneman
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline Bruinstroop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne H van der Spek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Kuiper JG, Fenneman AC, van der Spek AH, Rampanelli E, Nieuwdorp M, van Herk-Sukel MPP, Lemmens VEPP, Kuipers EJ, Herings RMC, Fliers E. Levothyroxine use and the risk of colorectal cancer: a large population-based case-control study. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e210463. [PMID: 34860178 PMCID: PMC8789018 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objective Whether an association between oral levothyroxine use, leading to supraphysiological exposure of the colon to thyroid hormones, and risk of colorectal cancer exists in humans is unclear. We therefore aimed to assess whether the use of levothyroxine is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer in a linked cohort of pharmacy and cancer data. Design Population-based matched case-control study. Methods A total of 28,121 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer between 1998 and 2014 were matched to 106,086 controls. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association between levothyroxine use and occurrence of colorectal cancer, adjusted for potential confounders. Results were stratified by gender, age, tumour subtype, and staging, as well as treatment duration and dosing. Results A total of 1066 colorectal cancer patients (4%) and 4024 (4%) controls had used levothyroxine at any point before index date (adjusted odds ratio 0.95 (0.88-1.01)). Long-term use of levothyroxine was seen in 323 (30%) colorectal cancer patients and 1111 (28%) controls (adjusted odds ratio 1.00 (0.88-1.13)). Stratification by tumour subsite showed a borderline significant risk reduction of rectal cancer, while this was not seen for proximal colon cancer or distal colon cancer. There was no relationship with treatment duration or with levothyroxine dose. Conclusions In this study, no reduced risk of colorectal cancer was seen in levothyroxine users. When stratifying by tumour subsite, a borderline significant risk reduction of rectal cancer was found and may warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephina G Kuiper
- PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, AE Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aline C Fenneman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne H van der Spek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elena Rampanelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Myrthe P P van Herk-Sukel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Valery E P P Lemmens
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ernst J Kuipers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ron M C Herings
- PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, AE Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Abstract
Hormones are key drivers of cancer development, and alteration of the intratumoral concentration of thyroid hormone (TH) is a common feature of many human neoplasias. Besides the systemic control of TH levels, the expression and activity of deiodinases constitute a major mechanism for the cell-autonomous, prereceptoral control of TH action. The action of deiodinases ensures tight control of TH availability at intracellular level in a time- and tissue-specific manner, and alterations in deiodinase expression are frequent in tumors. Research over the past decades has shown that in cancer cells, a complex and dynamic expression of deiodinases is orchestrated by a network of growth factors, oncogenic proteins, and miRNA. It has become increasingly evident that this fine regulation exposes cancer cells to a dynamic concentration of TH that is functional to stimulate or inhibit various cellular functions. This review summarizes recent advances in the identification of the complex interplay between deiodinases and cancer and how this family of enzymes is relevant in cancer progression. We also discuss whether deiodinase expression could represent a diagnostic tool with which to define tumor staging in cancer treatment or even a therapeutic tool against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Nappi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Angela De Stefano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: Domenico Salvatore, Department of Public Health, University of Naples “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy.
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4
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Bianco AC, Dumitrescu A, Gereben B, Ribeiro MO, Fonseca TL, Fernandes GW, Bocco BMLC. Paradigms of Dynamic Control of Thyroid Hormone Signaling. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1000-1047. [PMID: 31033998 PMCID: PMC6596318 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on the cell type, can be activated (i.e., T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (i.e., T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-l-thyronine or T4 to reverse T3 conversion). These reactions are catalyzed by the deiodinases. The biologically active hormone, T3, eventually binds to intracellular TH receptors (TRs), TRα and TRβ, and initiate TH signaling, that is, regulation of target genes and other metabolic pathways. At least three families of transmembrane transporters, MCT, OATP, and LAT, facilitate the entry of TH into cells, which follow the gradient of free hormone between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm. Inactivation or marked downregulation of TH transporters can dampen TH signaling. At the same time, dynamic modifications in the expression or activity of TRs and transcriptional coregulators can affect positively or negatively the intensity of TH signaling. However, the deiodinases are the element that provides greatest amplitude in dynamic control of TH signaling. Cells that express the activating deiodinase DIO2 can rapidly enhance TH signaling due to intracellular buildup of T3. In contrast, TH signaling is dampened in cells that express the inactivating deiodinase DIO3. This explains how THs can regulate pathways in development, metabolism, and growth, despite rather stable levels in the circulation. As a consequence, TH signaling is unique for each cell (tissue or organ), depending on circulating TH levels and on the exclusive blend of transporters, deiodinases, and TRs present in each cell. In this review we explore the key mechanisms underlying customization of TH signaling during development, in health and in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexandra Dumitrescu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biologic Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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5
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Developing a Prognostic Gene Panel of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients by a Machine Learning Model. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020270. [PMID: 30823599 PMCID: PMC6406249 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer patients usually relapse after primary management. We utilized the support vector machine algorithm to develop a model for the chemo-response using the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) and validated the model in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the GSE9891 dataset. Finally, we evaluated the feasibility of the model using ovarian cancer patients from our institute. The 10-gene predictive model demonstrated that the high response group had a longer recurrence-free survival (RFS) (log-rank test, p = 0.015 for TCGA, p = 0.013 for GSE9891 and p = 0.039 for NTUH) and overall survival (OS) (log-rank test, p = 0.002 for TCGA and p = 0.016 for NTUH). In a multivariate Cox hazard regression model, the predictive model (HR: 0.644, 95% CI: 0.436⁻0.952, p = 0.027) and residual tumor size < 1 cm (HR: 0.312, 95% CI: 0.170⁻0.573, p < 0.001) were significant factors for recurrence. The predictive model (HR: 0.511, 95% CI: 0.334⁻0.783, p = 0.002) and residual tumor size < 1 cm (HR: 0.252, 95% CI: 0.128⁻0.496, p < 0.001) were still significant factors for death. In conclusion, the patients of high response group stratified by the model had good response and favourable prognosis, whereas for the patients of medium to low response groups, introduction of other drugs or clinical trials might be beneficial.
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6
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Cicatiello AG, Ambrosio R, Dentice M. Thyroid hormone promotes differentiation of colon cancer stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:84-89. [PMID: 28342853 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumor formation and maintenance depend on a small fraction of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that can self-renew and generate a wide variety of differentiated cells. CSCs are resistant to chemotherapy and radiation, and can represent a reservoir of cancer cells that often cause relapse after treatment. Evidence suggests that CSCs also give rise to metastases. Thyroid hormone (TH) controls a variety of biological processes including the development and functioning of most adult tissues. Recent years has seen the emergence of an intimate link between TH and multiple steps of tumorigenesis. Thyroid hormone controls the balance between the proliferation and differentiation of CSCs, and may thus be a druggable anti-cancer agent. Here, we review current understanding of the effects of TH on colorectal CSCs, including the cross regulatory loops between TH and regulators of CSC stemness. Targeting TH in the tumor microenvironment may improve treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Italy; CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.ar.l., Naples, Italy.
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7
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Goemann IM, Romitti M, Meyer ELS, Wajner SM, Maia AL. Role of thyroid hormones in the neoplastic process: an overview. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R367-R385. [PMID: 28928142 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are critical regulators of several physiological processes, which include development, differentiation and growth in virtually all tissues. In past decades, several studies have shown that changes in TH levels caused by thyroid dysfunction, disruption of deiodinases and/or thyroid hormone receptor (TR) expression in tumor cells, influence cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and invasion in a variety of neoplasms in a cell type-specific manner. The function of THs and TRs in neoplastic cell proliferation involves complex mechanisms that seem to be cell specific, exerting effects via genomic and nongenomic pathways, repressing or stimulating transcription factors, influencing angiogenesis and promoting invasiveness. Taken together, these observations indicate an important role of TH status in the pathogenesis and/or development of human neoplasia. Here, we aim to present an updated and comprehensive picture of the accumulated knowledge and the current understanding of the potential role of TH status on the different hallmarks of the neoplastic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuri Martin Goemann
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mirian Romitti
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Erika L Souza Meyer
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Simone Magagnin Wajner
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Maia
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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8
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Strich D, Karavani G, Edri S, Gillis D. TSH enhancement of FT4 to FT3 conversion is age dependent. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:49-54. [PMID: 27150496 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously reported increasing free T3 (FT3) to free T4 (FT4) ratios as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) increases within the normal range in children. It is not known if this phenomenon is age-related among humans, as previously reported in rats. This study examines the relationships between TSH and FT3/FT4 ratios in different ages. DESIGN Retrospective examination of thyroid tests from patients without thyroid disease from community clinics. METHODS Free T3, free T4, and TSH levels from 527 564 sera collected from patients aged 1 year or greater were studied. Exclusion criteria were the following: missing data, TSH greater than 7.5mIU/L, and medications that may interfere with thyroid hormone activity. A total of 27 940 samples remaining after exclusion were stratified by age. Samples with available anthropometric data were additionally stratified for body mass index (BMI). Correlations of TSH to FT4, FT3, and FT3/FT4 ratios by age group were examined. RESULTS Up to age 40, for each increasing TSH quartile, FT3 and the FT3/FT4 ratio increased and FT4 decreased significantly (for both FT3, FT4 and FT3/FT4 ratio, P<0.05 for every TSH quartile when compared with the 1st quartile, except FT3 in the 30-40 age group). In older age groups, increasing TSH was not associated with increased FT3/FT4 ratio. CONCLUSION As TSH levels increase, FT3/FT4 ratios increase until age 40, but this differential increase does not occur in older age groups. This may reflect a decrease in thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) conversion with age, which may be part of the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Strich
- Clalit Health ServicesJerusalem District, Israel Department of PediatricsShaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gilad Karavani
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyHadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shalom Edri
- Clalit Health ServicesJerusalem District, Israel
| | - David Gillis
- Department of PediatricsHadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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9
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Lin H, Chin Y, Yang YSH, Lai H, Whang‐Peng J, Liu LF, Tang H, Davis PJ. Thyroid Hormone, Cancer, and Apoptosis. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1221-37. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Identification of 42 Genes Linked to Stage II Colorectal Cancer Metastatic Relapse. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050598. [PMID: 27136531 PMCID: PMC4881437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality. Metastasis remains the primary cause of CRC death. Predicting the possibility of metastatic relapse in early-stage CRC is of paramount importance to target therapy for patients who really need it and spare those with low-potential of metastasis. Ninety-six stage II CRC cases were stratified using high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) data based on a predictive survival algorithm and supervised clustering. All genes included within the resultant copy number aberrations were each interrogated independently at mRNA level using CRC expression datasets available from public repositories, which included 1820 colon cancers, and 167 normal colon tissues. Reduced mRNA expression driven by copy number losses and increased expression driven by copy number gains revealed 42 altered transcripts (29 reduced and 13 increased transcripts) associated with metastatic relapse, short disease-free or overall survival, and/or epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Resultant genes were classified based on gene ontology (GO), which identified four functional enrichment groups involved in growth regulation, genomic integrity, metabolism, and signal transduction pathways. The identified 42 genes may be useful for predicting metastatic relapse in stage II CRC. Further studies are necessary to validate these findings.
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11
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Cheng Y, Ekker M, Chan HM. Relative developmental toxicities of pentachloroanisole and pentachlorophenol in a zebrafish model (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 112:7-14. [PMID: 25463847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pentachloroanisole (PCA) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) are chlorinated aromatic compounds that have been found in the environment and in human populations. The objective of this study is to characterize the effects of PCA in comparison to those of PCP on development at environmental relevant levels using a fish model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 500, 1000 μg/L PCA and PCP respectively for 96 h. Malformation observation, LC50 testing for survival rate at 96 hours post fertilization (hpf) and EC50 testing for hatching rate at 72 hpf indicated that the developmental toxicity of PCP was about 15 times higher than that of PCA. PCP exposure at 10 μg/L resulted in elevated 3, 3', 5-triiodothyronine (T3) levels and decreased thyroxine (T4) levels, whereas PCA had no effects on T3 or T4 levels. PCP and PCA exposure at 1 and 10 μg/L showed possible hyperthyroid effects similar to that of T3, due to increased relative mRNA expression of synapsin I (SYN), iodothyronine deiodinase type III (Dio3), thyroid hormone receptor alpha a (THRαa) and thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRβ), and decreased expression of iodothyronine deiodinase type II (Dio2). The results indicate that both PCA and PCP exposure can cause morphological deformities, possibly affect the timing and coordination of development in the central nervous system, and alter thyroid hormone levels by disrupting thyroid hormone regulating pathways. However, the developmental toxicity of PCA is at least ten times lower than that of PCP. Our results on the relative developmental toxicities of PCA and PCP and the possible underlying mechanisms will be useful to support interpretation of envrionmental concentrations and body burden levels observed in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Marc Ekker
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.
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12
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Dentice M, Ambrosio R, Damiano V, Sibilio A, Luongo C, Guardiola O, Yennek S, Zordan P, Minchiotti G, Colao A, Marsili A, Brunelli S, Del Vecchio L, Larsen PR, Tajbakhsh S, Salvatore D. Intracellular inactivation of thyroid hormone is a survival mechanism for muscle stem cell proliferation and lineage progression. Cell Metab 2014; 20:1038-48. [PMID: 25456740 PMCID: PMC4261081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Precise control of the thyroid hormone (T3)-dependent transcriptional program is required by multiple cell systems, including muscle stem cells. Deciphering how this is achieved and how the T3 signal is controlled in stem cell niches is essentially unknown. We report that in response to proliferative stimuli such as acute skeletal muscle injury, type 3 deiodinase (D3), the thyroid hormone-inactivating enzyme, is induced in satellite cells where it reduces intracellular thyroid signaling. Satellite cell-specific genetic ablation of dio3 severely impairs skeletal muscle regeneration. This impairment is due to massive satellite cell apoptosis caused by exposure of activated satellite cells to the circulating TH. The execution of this proapoptotic program requires an intact FoxO3/MyoD axis, both genes positively regulated by intracellular TH. Thus, D3 is dynamically exploited in vivo to chronically attenuate TH signaling under basal conditions while also being available to acutely increase gene programs required for satellite cell lineage progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Damiano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Annarita Sibilio
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Cristina Luongo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Ombretta Guardiola
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," CNR, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Siham Yennek
- Stem Cells & Development, Pasteur Institute, Paris 75015, France
| | - Paola Zordan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - Gabriella Minchiotti
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," CNR, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marsili
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Silvia Brunelli
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy; Dipartimento Scienze della Salute, Milano-Bicocca University, Milano 20126, Italy
| | | | - P Reed Larsen
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy; CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Naples 80131, Italy.
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13
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Luongo C, Ambrosio R, Salzano S, Dlugosz AA, Missero C, Dentice M. The sonic hedgehog-induced type 3 deiodinase facilitates tumorigenesis of basal cell carcinoma by reducing Gli2 inactivation. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2077-88. [PMID: 24693967 PMCID: PMC5393316 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is an important regulator of growth, development, and metabolism. Most of the active TH T3 is generated by peripheral TH metabolism mediated by the iodothyronine deiodinases. Type 3 deiodinase (D3) inactivates T3 via specific deiodination reactions. It is an oncofetal protein frequently expressed in neoplastic tissues and is a direct target of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway in basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). However, the molecular mechanisms triggered by T3 in BCC are still mostly unrevealed. Here, we demonstrate that D3 action is critical in the proliferation and survival of BCC cells. D3 depletion or T3 treatment induce apoptosis of BCC cells and attenuate Shh signaling. This is achieved through a direct impairment of Gli2 protein stability by T3. T3 induces protein kinase A, which in turn destabilizes Gli2 protein via its C-terminal degron. Finally, in a mouse model of BCC, T3-topical treatment significantly reduces tumor growth. These results demonstrate the existence of a previously unrecognized cross talk between TH and Gli2 oncogene, providing functional and mechanistic evidence of the involvement of TH metabolism in Shh-induced cancer. TH-mediated Gli2 inactivation would be beneficial for therapeutically purposes, because the inhibition of Shh-Gli2 signaling is an attractive target for several anticancer drugs, currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Luongo
- Department of Clinical Medicine Surgery (C.L., M.D.), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Studio di Diagnostica Nucleare (R.A.), 80142 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology G. Salvatore-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (S.S.), 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Dermatology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.A.D.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Centro di Ingegneria Genetica Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl (C.M.), 80131 Naples, Italy
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Ciavardelli D, Bellomo M, Crescimanno C, Vella V. Type 3 deiodinase: role in cancer growth, stemness, and metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:215. [PMID: 25566187 PMCID: PMC4269192 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deiodinases are selenoenzymes that catalyze thyroid hormones (THs) activation (type 1 and type 2, D1 and D2, respectively) or inactivation (type 3, D3). THs are essential for proper body development and cellular differentiation. Their intra- and extra-cellular concentrations are tightly regulated by deiodinases with a pre-receptorial control thus generating active or inactive form of THs. Changes in deiodinases expression are anatomically and temporally regulated and influence the downstream TH signaling. D3 overexpression is a feature of proliferative tissues such as embryo or cancer tissues. The enhanced TH degradation by D3 induces a local hypothyroidism, thus inhibiting THs transcriptional activity. Of note, overexpression of D3 is a feature of several highly proliferative cancers. In this paper, we review recent advances in the role of D3 in cancer growth, stemness, and metabolic phenotype. In particular, we focus on the main signaling pathways that result in the overexpression of D3 in cancer cells and are known to be relevant to cancer development, progression, and recurrence. We also discuss the potential role of D3 in cancer stem cells metabolic phenotype, an emerging topic in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ciavardelli
- School of Human and Social Science, University “Kore” of Enna, Enna, Italy
- Center of Excellence on Aging (CeS.I.), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Bellomo
- School of Human and Social Science, University “Kore” of Enna, Enna, Italy
| | | | - Veronica Vella
- School of Human and Social Science, University “Kore” of Enna, Enna, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Bio-Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
- *Correspondence: Veronica Vella, School of Human and Social Sciences, University “Kore” of Enna, via delle Olimpiadi, Enna 94100, Italy e-mail:
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Bianchi L, Rossi L, Tomao F, Papa A, Zoratto F, Tomao S. Thyroid dysfunction and tyrosine kinase inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:R233-45. [PMID: 23833016 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The most recent World Health Organization classification of renal neoplasms encompassed nearly 50 distinctive renal neoplasms. Different histological subtypes have different clinical outcomes and show different responses to therapy. Overall, the incidence of kidney cancer has increased worldwide in the last years. Although the most common type of kidney cancer is localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC), with a 5-year survival rate of 85%, about one third of patients present advanced or metastatic disease at diagnosis, with a 5-year survival rate of only 10%. Multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs, sunitinib and sorafenib), the anti-VEGF MAB bevacizumab in association with interferon-α, and the mTOR inhibitors are now approved for the treatment of mRCC. Recently, the novel agents pazopanib and axitinib have also demonstrated efficacy in mRCC patients. Several recent retrospective and prospective trials have suggested that some of their adverse events, such as hypertension, hypothyroidism, and hand foot syndrome (HFS) may act as potential biomarkers of response and efficacy of treatment. In this review, we analyzed the studies that have suggested a relationship between hypothyroidism onset and a better outcome of mRCC patients treated with TKIs. The biological mechanisms suggesting and explaining this correlation are not well known and different speculative theories have been considered in order to investigate the clinical link between hypothyroidism occurrence and the prolonged therapy with TKIs in solid tumors. Furthermore, the management of this unexplained side effect is very important to maximize the efficacy of therapy in mRCC patients because there is a clear and consistent relationship between drug dose and efficacy of treatment. Certainly, other studies are needed to clarify whether a better outcome is associated with hypothyroidism induced to TKIs in patients with mRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Bianchi
- Oncology Unit - ICOT, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome 'Sapienza', Latina, Italy
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Dentice M, Antonini D, Salvatore D. Type 3 deiodinase and solid tumors: an intriguing pair. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1369-79. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.833189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated the importance of post-transcriptional gene regulation in toxic responses. In the present study, we used two rat models to investigate mRNA translation in the liver following xenobiotic-induced toxicity. By combining polysome profiling with genomic methodologies, we were able to assess global changes in hepatic mRNA translation. Dio3 (iodothyronine deiodinase type III) was identified as a gene that exhibited specific translational repression and had a functional role in a number of relevant canonical pathways. Western blot analysis indicated that this repression led to reduced D3 (the protein expressed by Dio3) levels, enhanced over time and with increased dose. Using Northern blotting techniques and qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription–PCR), we confirmed further that there was no reduction in Dio3 mRNA, suggesting that translational repression of Dio3 is an important determinant of the reduced D3 protein expression following liver damage. Finally, we show that drug-induced hepatotoxicity appears to cause localized disruptions in thyroid hormone levels in the liver and plasma. We suggest that this leads to reduced translation of Dio3 mRNA, which results in decreased D3 production. It may therefore be possible that this is an important mechanism by which the liver can, upon early signs of damage, act rapidly to maintain its own energy equilibrium, thereby avoiding global disruption of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis.
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Dentice M, Luongo C, Ambrosio R, Sibilio A, Casillo A, Iaccarino A, Troncone G, Fenzi G, Larsen PR, Salvatore D. β-Catenin regulates deiodinase levels and thyroid hormone signaling in colon cancer cells. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:1037-47. [PMID: 22771508 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Activation of the β-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF) complex occurs in most colon tumors, and its actions correlate with the neoplastic phenotype of intestinal epithelial cells. Type 3 deiodinase (D3), the selenoenzyme that inactivates thyroid hormone (3,5,3' triiodothyronine [T3]), is frequently expressed by tumor cells, but little is known about its role in the regulation of T3 signaling in cancer cells. METHODS We measured D3 expression in 6 colon cancer cell lines and human tumors and correlated it with the activity of the β-catenin/TCF complex. We also determined the effects of D3 loss on local thyroid hormone signaling and colon tumorigenesis. RESULTS We show that D3 is a direct transcriptional target of the β-catenin/TCF complex; its expression was higher in human intestinal adenomas and carcinomas than in healthy intestinal tissue. Experimental attenuation of β-catenin reduced D3 levels and induced type 2 deiodinase (the D3 antagonist that converts 3,5,3',5' tetraiodothyronine into active T3) thereby increasing T3-dependent transcription. In the absence of D3, excess T3 reduced cell proliferation and promoted differentiation in cultured cells and in xenograft mouse models. This occurred via induction of E-cadherin, which sequestered β-catenin at the plasma membrane and promoted cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Deiodinases are at the interface between the β-catenin and the thyroid hormone pathways. Their synchronized regulation of intracellular T3 concentration is a hitherto unrecognized route by which the multiple effects of β-catenin are generated and may be targeted to reduce the oncogenic effects of β-catenin in intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Dentice
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
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López-Juárez A, Remaud S, Hassani Z, Jolivet P, Pierre Simons J, Sontag T, Yoshikawa K, Price J, Morvan-Dubois G, Demeneix BA. Thyroid hormone signaling acts as a neurogenic switch by repressing Sox2 in the adult neural stem cell niche. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 10:531-43. [PMID: 22560077 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) neural stem cell niche contains mixed populations of stem cells, transit-amplifying cells, and migrating neuroblasts. Deciphering how endogenous signals, such as hormones, affect the balance between these cell types is essential for understanding the physiology of niche plasticity and homeostasis. We show that Thyroid Hormone (T(3)) and its receptor, TRα1, are directly involved in maintaining this balance. TRα1 is expressed in amplifying and migrating cells. In vivo gain- and loss-of-function experiments demonstrate first, that T(3)/TRα1 directly repress Sox2 expression, and second, that TRα1 overexpression in the niche favors the appearance of DCX+ migrating neuroblasts. Lack of TRα increases numbers of SOX2+ cells in the SVZ. Hypothyroidism increases proportions of cells in interphase. Thus, in the adult SVZ, T(3)/TRα1 together favor neural stem cell commitment and progression toward a migrating neuroblast phenotype; this transition correlates with T(3)/TRα1-dependent transcriptional repression of Sox2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra López-Juárez
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75231 Paris, France
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Romitti M, Wajner SM, Zennig N, Goemann IM, Bueno AL, Meyer ELS, Maia AL. Increased type 3 deiodinase expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2012; 22:897-904. [PMID: 22823995 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone regulates a wide range of cellular activities, including the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation. The thyroid-hormone-inactivating type 3 deiodinase (DIO3, D3) has been shown to be reactivated in human neoplasias. Here, we evaluated DIO3 expression in human papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). METHODS Tumor and surrounding normal thyroid tissue were collected from 26 unselected patients with PTC. Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed in medical records. DIO3 mRNA levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and D3 activity by paper-descendent chromatography. Studies of DIO3 gene regulation were performed in a human PTC-derived cell line (K1 cells). BRAF(V600E) mutation was identified in DNA from paraffin-embedded tissues by direct sequencing. Immunohistochemistry analyses were performed using a specific human D3 antibody. RESULTS Increased D3 activity was detected in all 26 PTC samples analyzed as compared with adjacent thyroid tissue. The augmentations in D3 activity were paralleled by increased DIO3 mRNA levels (approximately fivefold). In PTC-derived cells, DIO3 transcripts were further upregulated by the transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). Interestingly, preincubation with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade inhibitors U0126 (ERK pathway) and SB203580 (p38 pathway) decreased DIO3 mRNA levels and blocked the TGFβ1-induced increase in DIO3 transcripts, suggesting that D3 induction might be mediated through the MAPK signaling pathway. Accordingly, DIO3 mRNA and activity levels were significantly higher in BRAF(V600E)-mutated samples (p=0.001). Increased D3 activity was correlated with tumor size (r=0.68, p=0.003), and associated with lymph node (p=0.03) or distant metastasis (p=0.006) at diagnosis. Conversely, decreased levels of the thyroid-hormone-activating type 2 deiodinase (DIO2) gene were observed in PTC, which might contribute to further decreases in intracellular thyroid hormone levels. Increased D3 expression was also observed in follicular thyroid carcinoma but not in medullary or anaplastic thyroid carcinoma samples. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the malignant transformation of thyroid follicular cell toward PTC promotes opposite changes in DIO3 and DIO2 expression by pretranscriptional mechanisms. The association between increased levels of D3 activity and advanced disease further supports a role for intracellular triiodothyronine concentration on the thyroid tumor cell proliferation or/and dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mírian Romitti
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) regulate key cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in virtually all human cells. Disturbances in TH pathway and the resulting deregulation of these processes have been linked with neoplasia. The concentrations of TH in peripheral tissues are regulated via the activity of iodothyronine deiodinases. There are 3 types of these enzymes: type 1 and type 2 deiodinases are involved in TH activation while type 3 deiodinase inactivates TH. Expression and activity of iodothyronine deiodinases are disturbed in different types of neoplasia. According to the limited number of studies in cancer cell lines and mouse models changes in intratumoral and extratumoral T3 concentrations may influence proliferation rate and metastatic progression. Recent findings showing that increased expression of type 3 deiodinases may lead to enhanced tumoral proliferation support the idea that deiodinating enzymes have the potential to influence cancer progression. This review summarizes the observations of impaired expression and activity in different cancer types, published to date, and the mechanisms behind these alterations, including impaired regulation via TH receptors, transforming growth factor-β, and Sonic-hedgehog pathway. Possible roles of deiodinases as cancer markers and potential modulators of tumor progression are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Piekiełko-Witkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland.
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Aschebrook-Kilfoy B, Sabra MM, Brenner A, Moore SC, Ron E, Schatzkin A, Hollenbeck A, Ward MH. Diabetes and thyroid cancer risk in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. Thyroid 2011; 21:957-63. [PMID: 21767143 PMCID: PMC3162644 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2010.0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that diabetes may play a role in thyroid cancer risk due to the parallel secular rise in diabetes prevalence and morbidity in the United States, the higher prevalence of thyroid disorders among diabetics compared with the general population, and the potential roles of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes as precipitating factors in cancer development. METHODS We assessed the association between self-reported diabetes and the risk of differentiated thyroid cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, a prospective cohort of 200,556 women and 295,992 men, 50-71 years of age, in 1995-1996. Diabetes status and information on potential confounders was ascertained using a self-administered questionnaire. During an average of 10 years of follow-up, 585 thyroid cancer cases were identified. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for thyroid cancer and thyroid cancer subtypes in men and women according to diabetes status. RESULTS Nine percent of the total baseline cohort reported a history of diabetes (7% of women, 10% of men). A nonsignificant 25% increase in thyroid cancer risk (HR = 1.25; 95% CI: 0.95-1.64) was associated with diabetes. Among women, the risk was significantly increased (HR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.01-2.10). The risk was not elevated among men (HR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.69-1.58). In this cohort, diabetic women with differentiated thyroid cancer were at somewhat higher risk of follicular thyroid cancer (HR = 1.92; 95% CI: 0.86-4.27) than papillary thyroid cancer (HR = 1.25; 95% CI: 0.80-1.97). CONCLUSION This study lends support to the hypothesis that diabetes increases the risk of differentiated thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briseis Aschebrook-Kilfoy
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Marsili A, Zavacki AM, Harney JW, Larsen PR. Physiological role and regulation of iodothyronine deiodinases: a 2011 update. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:395-407. [PMID: 21427525 PMCID: PMC3687787 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
T4 is a prohormone secreted by the thyroid. T4 has a long half life in circulation and it is tightly regulated to remain constant in a variety of circumstances. However, the availability of iodothyronine selenodeiodinases allow both the initiation or the cessation of thyroid hormone action and can result in surprisingly acute changes in the intracellular concentration of the active hormone T3, in a tissue- specific and chronologically-determined fashion, in spite of the constant circulating levels of the prohormone. This fine-tuning of thyroid hormone signaling is becoming widely appreciated in the context of situations where the rapid modifications in intracellular T3 concentrations are necessary for developmental changes or tissue repair. Given the increasing availability of genetic models of deiodinase deficiency, new insights into the role of these important enzymes are being recognized. In this review, we have incorporated new information regarding the special role played by these enzymes into our current knowledge of thyroid physiology, emphasizing the clinical significance of these new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marsili
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann Marie Zavacki
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John W. Harney
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P. Reed Larsen
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Dentice M, Marsili A, Ambrosio R, Guardiola O, Sibilio A, Paik JH, Minchiotti G, DePinho RA, Fenzi G, Larsen PR, Salvatore D. The FoxO3/type 2 deiodinase pathway is required for normal mouse myogenesis and muscle regeneration. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:4021-30. [PMID: 20978344 PMCID: PMC2964991 DOI: 10.1172/jci43670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The active thyroid hormone 3,5,3' triiodothyronine (T3) is a major regulator of skeletal muscle function. The deiodinase family of enzymes controls the tissue-specific activation and inactivation of the prohormone thyroxine (T4). Here we show that type 2 deiodinase (D2) is essential for normal mouse myogenesis and muscle regeneration. Indeed, D2-mediated increases in T3 were essential for the enhanced transcription of myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD) and for execution of the myogenic program. Conversely, the expression of T3-dependent genes was reduced and after injury regeneration markedly delayed in muscles of mice null for the gene encoding D2 (Dio2), despite normal circulating T3 concentrations. Forkhead box O3 (FoxO3) was identified as a key molecule inducing D2 expression and thereby increasing intracellular T3 production. Accordingly, FoxO3-depleted primary myoblasts also had a differentiation deficit that could be rescued by high levels of T3. In conclusion, the FoxO3/D2 pathway selectively enhances intracellular active thyroid hormone concentrations in muscle, providing a striking example of how a circulating hormone can be tissue-specifically activated to influence development locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Dentice
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
IRCCS Fondazione SDN, Naples, Italy.
Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” CNR, Naples, Italy.
Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Departments of Medical Oncology, Medicine and Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CEINGE–Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marsili
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
IRCCS Fondazione SDN, Naples, Italy.
Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” CNR, Naples, Italy.
Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Departments of Medical Oncology, Medicine and Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CEINGE–Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ambrosio
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
IRCCS Fondazione SDN, Naples, Italy.
Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” CNR, Naples, Italy.
Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Departments of Medical Oncology, Medicine and Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CEINGE–Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Ombretta Guardiola
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
IRCCS Fondazione SDN, Naples, Italy.
Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” CNR, Naples, Italy.
Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Departments of Medical Oncology, Medicine and Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CEINGE–Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Sibilio
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
IRCCS Fondazione SDN, Naples, Italy.
Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” CNR, Naples, Italy.
Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Departments of Medical Oncology, Medicine and Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CEINGE–Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Ji-Hye Paik
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
IRCCS Fondazione SDN, Naples, Italy.
Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” CNR, Naples, Italy.
Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Departments of Medical Oncology, Medicine and Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CEINGE–Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Minchiotti
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
IRCCS Fondazione SDN, Naples, Italy.
Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” CNR, Naples, Italy.
Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Departments of Medical Oncology, Medicine and Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CEINGE–Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Ronald A. DePinho
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
IRCCS Fondazione SDN, Naples, Italy.
Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” CNR, Naples, Italy.
Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Departments of Medical Oncology, Medicine and Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CEINGE–Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Fenzi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
IRCCS Fondazione SDN, Naples, Italy.
Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” CNR, Naples, Italy.
Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Departments of Medical Oncology, Medicine and Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CEINGE–Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - P. Reed Larsen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
IRCCS Fondazione SDN, Naples, Italy.
Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” CNR, Naples, Italy.
Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Departments of Medical Oncology, Medicine and Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CEINGE–Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
IRCCS Fondazione SDN, Naples, Italy.
Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso,” CNR, Naples, Italy.
Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Departments of Medical Oncology, Medicine and Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CEINGE–Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l., Naples, Italy
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