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Hang NT, Anh TDH, Thanh LN, Anh NV, Van Phuong N. In silico screening of Fyn kinase inhibitors using classification-based QSAR model, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and ADME study. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10905-w. [PMID: 38886315 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10905-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to use a computational approach that combined the classification-based QSAR model, molecular docking, ADME studies, and molecular dynamics (MD) to identify potential inhibitors of Fyn kinase. First, a robust classification model was developed from a dataset of 1,078 compounds with known Fyn kinase inhibitory activity, using the XGBoost algorithm. After that, molecular docking was performed between potential compounds identified from the QSAR model and Fyn kinase to assess their binding strengths and key interactions, followed by MD simulations. ADME studies were additionally conducted to preliminarily evaluate the pharmacokinetics and drug-like characteristics of these compounds. The results showed that our obtained model exhibited good predictive performance with an accuracy of 0.95 on the test set, affirming its reliability in identifying potent Fyn kinase inhibitors. Through the application of this model in conjunction with molecular docking and ADME studies, nine compounds were identified as potential Fyn kinase inhibitors, including 208 (ZINC70708110), 728 (ZINC8792432), 734 (ZINC8792187), 736 (ZINC8792350), 738 (ZINC8792286), 739 (ZINC8792309), 817 (ZINC33901069), 852 (ZINC20759145), and 1227 (ZINC100006936). MD simulations further demonstrated that the four most promising compounds, 728, 734, 736, and 852 exhibited stable binding with Fyn kinase during the simulation process. Additionally, a web-based platform ( https://fynkinase.streamlit.app/ ) has been developed to streamline the screening process. This platform enables users to predict the activity of their substances of interest on Fyn kinase from their SMILES, using our classification-based QSAR model and molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thu Hang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
| | - Thai Doan Hoang Anh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
| | - Le Nguyen Thanh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Standardization, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, 3B Quang Trung, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Viet Anh
- Institute of Information Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Phuong
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam.
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Hang NT, My TTK, Van Anh LT, Van Anh PT, Anh TDH, Van Phuong N. Identification of potential FAK inhibitors using mol2vec molecular descriptor-based QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET study, and molecular dynamics simulation. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10839-3. [PMID: 38582821 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to identify potential focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitors through an integrated computational approach, combining mol2vec descriptor-based QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET study, and molecular dynamics simulation. A dataset of 437 compounds with known FAK inhibitory activities was used to develop QSAR models using machine learning algorithms combined with mol2vec descriptors. Subsequently, the most promising compounds were subjected to molecular docking against FAK to evaluate their binding affinities and key interactions. ADMET study and molecular dynamics simulation were also employed to investigate the pharmacokinetic, drug-like properties, and the stability of the protein-ligand complexes. The results showed that the mol2vec descriptor-based QSAR model established by support vector regression demonstrated good predictive performance (R2 = 0.813, RMSE = 0.453, MAE = 0.263 in case of training set, and R2 = 0.729, RMSE = 0.635, MAE = 0.477 in case of test set), indicating their reliability in identifying potent FAK inhibitors. Using this QSAR model and molecular docking, compound 21 (ZINC000004523722) was identified as the most potential compound, with predicted logIC50 value and binding energy of 2.59 and - 9.3 kcal/mol, respectively. The results of molecular dynamics simulation and ADMET study also further suggested its potential as a promising drug candidate. However, because our research was merely theoretical, additional in vitro and in vivo studies are required for the verification of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thu Hang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
| | - Than Thi Kieu My
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Van Anh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
| | - Phan Thi Van Anh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
| | - Thai Doan Hoang Anh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Phuong
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam.
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The antioxidant, wound healing properties and proteomic analysis of water extracts from the tropical cyanobacteria, Nostoc NIES-2111_MUM004. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:71. [PMID: 36742448 PMCID: PMC9895726 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria bioactive compounds are chemical treasure troves for product discovery and development. The wound healing effects and antioxidant capacities of water extracts from Nostoc NIES-2111_MUM004 were evaluated via in vitro wound scratch assay and three antioxidant assays respectively. Results showed that the water extracts were protein-rich and exhibited good antioxidant properties in ABTS radical scavenging (11.27 ± 0.205 mg TAE g-1 extract), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (1652.71 ± 110.71 mg TAE g-1 extract) and β-carotene bleaching assay (354.90 ± 31.80 mg TAE g-1 extract). Also, extracts were non-cytotoxic in concentrations up to 250 µg/mL as reflected in cytotoxicity assay. Importantly, water extracts showed considerable proliferation and migration activity at 125 µg/mL with wound closure rate as high as 42.67%. Statistical correlation revealed no significant relationship (p > 0.05) between protein fraction and the wound healing properties, confirming that phycobiliproteins were not solely responsible for wound healing activities. Subsequent Q-TOF-LCMS analysis identified six protein families involved in enhancing the proliferation and migration of epithelial cells. These findings are antecedent in the uncovering of continuous supplies of bioactive compounds from new and sustainable sources. Ultimately, enriching the microalgae menu for applications in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmeceuticals.
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Spallarossa A, Tasso B, Russo E, Villa C, Brullo C. The Development of FAK Inhibitors: A Five-Year Update. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126381. [PMID: 35742823 PMCID: PMC9223874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase over-expressed in different solid cancers. In recent years, FAK has been recognized as a new target for the development of antitumor agents, useful to contrast tumor development and metastasis formation. To date, studies on the role of FAK and FAK inhibitors are of great interest for both pharmaceutical companies and academia. This review is focused on compounds able to block FAK with different potencies and with different mechanisms of action, that have appeared in the literature since 2017. Furthermore, new emerging PROTAC molecules have appeared in the literature. This summary could improve knowledge of new FAK inhibitors and provide information for future investigations, in particular, from a medicinal chemistry point of view.
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Mohapatra PK, Srivastava R, Varshney KK, Babu SH. Formulation and Evaluation of Isradipine Nanosuspension and Exploring its Role as a Potential Anticancer Drug by Computational Approach. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1984-2001. [PMID: 34353274 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210805125426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-type calcium channels are aberrantly expressed in different human cancers and regulate cell cycle progression, proliferation, migration, and survival. FAK-1 can promote tumor protein degradation (p53) through ubiquitination, leading to cancer cell growth and proliferation. Similar findings are obtained regarding protease inhibitors' effect on cytokine-induced neutrophil activation that suppresses Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating-factor (GM-CSF) TNF-α-induced O2 release and adherence in human neutrophils without affecting phosphorylation of Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38. Nanosuspensions are carrier-free, submicron colloidal dispersions which consist of pure drugs and stabilizers. Incorporating drug loaded in nanosuspensions possessed great advantages of passive drug targeting with improved solubility, stability, and bioavailability, as well as lower systemic toxicity. OBJECTIVE The present investigation objective was to establish a molecular association of Protease and Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 as cancer targets for isradipine a calcium channel blocker (CCB). Furthermore, the study also aimed to formulate its optimized nanosuspension and how the physical, morphological, and dissolution properties of isradipine impact nanosuspension stability. MATERIAL AND METHOD Five different molecular targets, namely Cysteine Proteases (Cathepsin B), Serine Proteases (Matriptase), Aspartate Proteases, Matrix Metalloproteases (MMP), and FAK-1 were obtained from RCSB-PDB, which has some leading associations with the inhibition in cancer pathogenesis. Molecular interactions of these targets with CCB isradipine were identified and established by the molecular simulation docking studies. Isradipine-loaded nanosuspension was prepared by precipitation technique by employing a 23 factorial design. PVP K-30, poloxamer 188, and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) were used as polymer, co-polymer, and surfactant. The nanosuspension particles are characterized for particle size, zeta potential, viscosity, polydispersity index (PDI), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), In-vitro drug release kinetics, and short-term stability study. RESULT It was found to show considerable interaction with Cysteine, Serine, Aspartate, Threonine, and Matrix metalloproteases with the binding energy of -3.91, -6.7, -3.48, -8.42, respectively. Furthermore, the interaction of isradipine with FAK-1 was compared with 7 native ligands and was found to show significant interaction with a binding energy of -8.62, -7.27, -7.69, -5.67, -5.41, -7.44, -8.21. The optimized nanosuspension was evaluated and exhibited the particle size of 754.9 nm, zeta potential of 32.5 mV, the viscosity of 1.287 cp, and PDI of 1.000. The in-vitro dissolution of the optimized formulation (F8) was higher (96.57%). CONCLUSION Isradipine could act as a potential inhibitor of different proteases and FAK-1 associated with tumor growth initiation, progression, and metastasis. Furthermore, isradipine-loaded nanosuspension with optimized release could be utilized to deliver the anticancer drug in a more targeted way as emerging cancer nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Kumar Mohapatra
- Moradabad Educational Trust Group of Institutions Faculty of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - Rajnish Srivastava
- Moradabad Educational Trust Group of Institutions Faculty of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - Krishna Kumar Varshney
- Moradabad Institute of Technology (MIT) College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - S Haresh Babu
- Lydia College of Pharmacy, Ravulapalem, Andhra Pradesh. India
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Antoniades I, Kyriakou M, Charalambous A, Kalalidou K, Christodoulou A, Christoforou M, Skourides PA. FAK displacement from focal adhesions: a promising strategy to target processes implicated in cancer progression and metastasis. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:3. [PMID: 33413438 PMCID: PMC7791867 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed or activated in several advanced-stage solid cancers. It is known to play both kinase-dependent and -independent roles in promoting tumor progression and metastasis. Numerous inhibitors, targeting either the enzymatic or scaffolding activities of FAK have been generated, with varying degree of success. Here, we describe a novel approach to site-specifically target both kinase-dependent and -independent FAK functions at focal adhesions (FAs), the primary sites at which the kinase exerts its activity. METHODS We took advantage of the well-characterized interactions between the paxillin LD motifs and the FAK FAT domain and generated a polypeptide (LD2-LD3-LD4) expected to compete with interactions with paxillin. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments were performed to examine the interaction between the LD2-LD3-LD4 polypeptide and FAK. The effects of LD2-LD3-LD4 in the localization and functions of FAK, as well as FA composition, were evaluated using quantitative immunofluorescence, cell fractionation, FA isolation and Western Blot analysis. Live cell imaging, as well as 2-D migration and cell invasion assays were used to examine the effects on FA turnover and tumor cell migration and invasion. RESULTS Expression of the LD2-LD3-LD4 polypeptide prevents FAK localization at FAs, in a controlled and dose-dependent manner, by competing with endogenous paxillin for FAK binding. Importantly, the LD2-LD3-LD4 peptide did not otherwise affect FA composition or integrin activation. LD2-LD3-LD4 inhibited FAK-dependent downstream integrin signaling and, unlike existing inhibitors, also blocked FAK's scaffolding functions. We further show that LD2-LD3-LD4 expression markedly reduces FA turnover and inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion. Finally, we show that dimers of a single motif, linked through a flexible linker of the proper size, are sufficient for the displacement of FAK from FAs and for inhibition of tumor cell migration. This work raises the possibility of using a synthetic peptide as an antimetastatic agent, given that effective displacement of FAK from FAs only requires dimers of a single LD motif linked by a short flexible linker. CONCLUSION In conclusion, these results suggest that FAK displacement from FAs is a promising new strategy to target critical processes implicated in cancer progression and metastasis. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Antoniades
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Kyriakou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anna Charalambous
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Katerina Kalalidou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andri Christodoulou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Christoforou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Paris A. Skourides
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Chauhan A, Khan T. Focal adhesion kinase—An emerging viable target in cancer and development of focal adhesion kinase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 97:774-794. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akshita Chauhan
- Department of Quality Assurance Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy Mumbai India
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy Mumbai India
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Zhou J, Yi Q, Tang L. The roles of nuclear focal adhesion kinase (FAK) on Cancer: a focused review. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:250. [PMID: 31186061 PMCID: PMC6560741 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
FAK is a tyrosine kinase overexpressed in cancer cells and plays an important role in the progression of tumors to a malignant phenotype. Except for its typical role as a cytoplasmic kinase downstream of integrin and growth factor receptor signaling, related studies have shown new aspects of the roles of FAK in the nucleus. FAK can promote p53 degradation through ubiquitination, leading to cancer cell growth and proliferation. FAK can also regulate GATA4 and IL-33 expression, resulting in reduced inflammatory responses and immune escape. These findings establish a new model of FAK from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Activated FAK binds to transcription factors and regulates gene expression. Inactive FAK synergizes with different E3 ligases to promote the turnover of transcription factors by enhancing ubiquitination. In the tumor microenvironment, nuclear FAK can regulate the formation of new blood vessels, affecting the tumor blood supply. This article reviews the roles of nuclear FAK in regulating gene expression. In addition, the use of FAK inhibitors to target nuclear FAK functions will also be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Qian Yi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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Fang Y, Wang D, Xu X, Dava G, Liu J, Li X, Xue Q, Wang H, Zhang J, Zhang H. Preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies of novel F-18 labeled tumor imaging agents targeting focal adhesion kinase (FAK). RSC Adv 2018; 8:10333-10345. [PMID: 35540451 PMCID: PMC9078890 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00652k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronal micro-PET images of mice bearing S180 tumor at 30 min post-injection of [18F]2.
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Kung ML, Hsieh CW, Tai MH, Weng CH, Wu DC, Wu WJ, Yeh BW, Hsieh SL, Kuo CH, Hung HS, Hsieh S. Nanoscale characterization illustrates the cisplatin-mediated biomechanical changes of B16-F10 melanoma cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:7124-31. [PMID: 26886764 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07971c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cells reorganize their membrane biomechanical dynamics in response to environmental stimuli or inhibitors associated with their physiological/pathological processes, and disease therapeutics. To validate the biophysical dynamics during cell exposure to anti-cancer drugs, we investigate the nanoscale biological characterization in melanoma cells undergoing cisplatin treatment. Using atomic force microscopy, we demonstrate that the cellular morphology and membrane ultrastructure are altered after exposure to cisplatin. In contrast to their normal spindle-like shape, cisplatin causes cell deformation rendering cells flat and enlarged, which increases the cell area by 3-4 fold. Additionally, cisplatin decreases the topography height values for both the cytoplasmic and nuclear regions (by 40-80% and 60%, respectively). Furthermore, cisplatin increases the cytoplasmic root mean square roughness by 110-240% in correlation with the drug concentration and attenuates the nuclear RMS by 60%. Moreover, the cellular adhesion force was enhanced, while the Young's modulus elasticity was attenuated by ∼2 and ∼2.3 fold, respectively. F-actin phalloidin staining revealed that cisplatin enlarges the cell size through enhanced stress fiber formation and promotes cytoskeletal reorganization. Immunoblot analyses further revealed that the activities of focal adhesion proteins, such as FAK and c-Src, are upregulated by cisplatin through phosphorylation at tyrosine 397 and 530, respectively. Collectively, these results show that cisplatin-treated melanoma cells not only exhibit the upregulation of FAK-mediated signaling to enhance the cytoskeleton mechanical stretch, but also promote the cytoskeletal rearrangement resulting in 43% decrease in the cell modulus. These mechanisms thus promote the malignancy and invasiveness of the melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lang Kung
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70 Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Chiung-Wen Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70 Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Hong Tai
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan and Center for Neuroscience, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan and Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Weng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan and Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jeng Wu
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan and Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan and Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan and Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Wen Yeh
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan and Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan and Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 80811, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hung Kuo
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan and Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Shan Hung
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan and Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shuchen Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70 Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan. and Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan and School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Kreger BT, Dougherty AL, Greene KS, Cerione RA, Antonyak MA. Microvesicle Cargo and Function Changes upon Induction of Cellular Transformation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19774-85. [PMID: 27440046 PMCID: PMC5025668 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles (MVs), have emerged as a major form of intercellular communication, playing important roles in several physiological processes and diseases, including cancer. EVs generated by cancer cells contain a variety of proteins and RNA species that can be transferred between cancer cells as well as between cancer and non-transformed (normal) cells, thereby impacting a number of aspects of cancer progression. Here we show how oncogenic transformation influences the biogenesis and function of EVs using a mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell line that can be induced to express an oncogenic form of diffuse B cell lymphoma (Dbl). Although MEFs induced to express onco-Dbl generated a similar amount of MVs as uninduced control cells, we found that MVs isolated from onco-Dbl-transformed cells contain a unique signaling protein, the ubiquitously expressed non-receptor tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase. The addition of MVs isolated from MEFs expressing onco-Dbl to cultures of fibroblasts strongly promoted their survival and induced their ability to grow under anchorage-independent conditions, outcomes that could be reversed by knocking down focal adhesion kinase and depleting it from the MVs or by inhibiting its kinase activity using a specific inhibitor. We then showed the same to be true for MVs isolated from aggressive MDAMB231 breast cancer cells. Together, these findings demonstrate that the induction of oncogenic transformation gives rise to MVs, which uniquely contain a signaling protein kinase that helps propagate the transformed phenotype and thus may offer a specific diagnostic marker of malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard A Cerione
- From the Departments of Molecular Medicine and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Lai YW, Wang SW, Chang CH, Liu SC, Chen YJ, Chi CW, Chiu LP, Chen SS, Chiu AW, Chung CH. Butein inhibits metastatic behavior in mouse melanoma cells through VEGF expression and translation-dependent signaling pathway regulation. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:445. [PMID: 26694191 PMCID: PMC4687249 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer and a predominant cause of skin cancer-related deaths. A previous study has demonstrated the ability of butein to inhibit tumor proliferation and invasion. However, the anti-metastatic mechanisms and in vivo effects of butein have not been fully elucidated. Methods MTT cell viability assays were used to evaluate the antitumor effects of butein in vitro. Cytotoxic effects of butein were measured by lactate dehydrogenase assay. Anti-migratory effects of butein were evaluated by two-dimensional scratch and transwell migration assays. Signaling transduction and VEGF-releasing assays were measured by Western blotting and ELISA. We also conducted an experimental analysis of the metastatic potential of tumor cells injected into the tail vein of C57BL/6 mice. Results We first demonstrated the effect of butein on cell viability at non-cytotoxic concentrations (1, 3, and 10 μM). In vitro, butein was found to inhibit the migration of B16F10 cells in a concentration-dependent manner using transwell and scratch assays. Butein had a dose-dependent effect on focal adhesion kinase, Akt, and ERK phosphorylation in B16F10 cells. Butein efficiently inhibited the mTOR/p70S6K translational inhibition machinery and decreased the production of VEGF in B16F10 cells. Furthermore, the in vivo antitumor effects of butein were demonstrated using a pulmonary metastasis model. Conclusion The results of the present study indicate the potential utility of butein in the treatment of melanoma.
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Zhang LL, Mu GG, Ding QS, Li YX, Shi YB, Dai JF, Yu HG. Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN) Represses Colon Cancer Progression through Inhibiting Paxillin Transcription via PI3K/AKT/NF-κB Pathway. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15018-29. [PMID: 25873394 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.641407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is frequently mutated in colon cancer. However, the potential contribution of loss of PTEN to colon cancer progression remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that PTEN overexpression or knockdown in Lovo colon cancer cells decreased or increased paxillin expression, respectively. Moreover, paxillin reversed PTEN-mediated inhibition of Lovo cell invasion and migration. Overexpression of PTEN in an orthotropic colon cancer nude mice model inhibited tumor formation and progression. In addition, PTEN protein level was negatively correlated with that of paxillin in human colon cancer tissues. Mechanistically, we identified three NF-κB binding sites on paxillin promoter and confirmed that paxillin was a direct transcriptional target of NF-κB. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which PTEN inhibits the progression of colon cancer by inhibiting paxillin expression downstream of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway. Thereby, PTEN/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB/paxillin signaling cascade is an attractive therapeutic target for colon cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Li Zhang
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan and the Departments of Gastroenterology and
| | - Gang-Gang Mu
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan and
| | - Qian-Shan Ding
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan and
| | - Yan-Xia Li
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan and
| | - Yun-bo Shi
- Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450000 Henan province, China
| | - Jin-Fen Dai
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan and
| | - Hong-Gang Yu
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan and
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Kim H, Kim ND, Lee J, Han G, Sim T. Identification of methyl violet 2B as a novel blocker of focal adhesion kinase signaling pathway in cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:319-24. [PMID: 23817042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling cascade in cancer cells was profoundly inhibited by methyl violet 2B identified with the structure-based virtual screening. Methyl violet 2B was shown to be a non-competitive inhibitor of full-length FAK enzyme vs. ATP. It turned out that methyl violet 2B possesses extremely high kinase selectivity in biochemical kinase profiling using a large panel of kinases. Anti-proliferative activity measurement against several different cancer cells and Western blot analysis showed that this substance is capable of suppressing significantly the proliferation of cancer cells and is able to strongly block FAK/AKT/MAPK signaling pathways in a dose dependent manner at low nanomolar concentration. Especially, phosphorylation of Tyr925-FAK that is required for full activation of FAK was nearly completely suppressed even with 1nM of methyl violet 2B in A375P cancer cells. To the best of our knowledge, it has never been reported that methyl violet possesses anti-cancer effects. Moreover, methyl violet 2B significantly inhibited FER kinase phosphorylation that activates FAK in cell. In addition, methyl violet 2B was found to induce cell apoptosis and to exhibit strong inhibitory effects on the focal adhesion, invasion, and migration of A375P cancer cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Taken together, these results show that methyl violet 2B is a novel, potent and selective blocker of FAK signaling cascade, which displays strong anti-proliferative activities against a variety of human cancer cells and suppresses adhesion/migration/invasion of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Kim
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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15
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Dong X, Yu LG, Sun R, Cheng YN, Cao H, Yang KM, Dong YN, Wu Y, Guo XL. Inhibition of PTEN expression and activity by angiotensin II induces proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:174-82. [PMID: 22887358 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) is a tumor suppressor and has been suggested recently to be involved in the regulation of cardiovascular diseases. The molecular mechanisms of this regulation are however poorly understood. This study shows that down regulation of PTEN expression and activity by angiotensin II (Ang II) increased proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The presence of Ang II induced rapid PTEN phosphorylation and oxidation in accordance with increased AKT and FAK phosphorylation. The Ang II-mediated VSMC proliferation and migration was inhibited when cellular PTEN expression was increased by AT1 inhibitor losartan, PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone, NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7082. Over expression of PTEN in VSMCs by adenovirus transduction also resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation and migration in response to Ang II. These results suggest that PTEN down-regulation is involved in proliferation and migration of VSMCs induced by Ang II. This provides insight into the molecular regulation of PTEN in vascular smooth muscle cells and suggests that targeting the action of PTEN may represent an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
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16
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Zhang W, Tang B, Huang Q, Hua Z. Galangin inhibits tumor growth and metastasis of B16F10 melanoma. J Cell Biochem 2012; 114:152-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Thanapprapasr D, Hu W, Sood AK, Coleman RL. Moving beyond VEGF for anti-angiogenesis strategies in gynecologic cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:2713-9. [PMID: 22390757 DOI: 10.2174/138161212800626201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Gynecologic cancer is a major burden in both developed and developing countries. Almost a half million deaths from gynecologic cancer are reported each year. Understanding the molecular biology of cancer is a principle resource leading to the identification of new potential therapeutic targets, which may be parlayed into novel therapeutic options in gynecologic cancer. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, which plays a pivotal role in many aspects of malignant growth including cancer cell survival, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Various human cancer tissues have demonstrated high expression of FAK or activated FAK, which has been correlated with survival of cancer patients. Among gynecologic cancers, reports have emerged demonstrating that FAK is involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers. In addition, the polycomb group protein enhancer of Zeste homologue 2 (EZH2), Dll4/notch and EphA2 has also emerged as important regulators of endothelial cell biology and angiogenesis. Herein, we review the role of these new targets in tumor angiogenesis and the rationale for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangmani Thanapprapasr
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler Dr. CPB 6.3271, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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18
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FAK and Src expression in mobile tongue squamous cell carcinoma: associations with clinicopathological parameters and patients survival. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:1369-77. [PMID: 22488171 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src are protein tyrosine kinases, localized in the focal adhesions, which, upon activation interacts each other, regulate several cellular signaling pathways implicated in malignant transformation and disease progression. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of FAK and Src protein expression in mobile tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). METHODS FAK and Src protein expression was assessed immunohistochemically on 48 mobile tongue SCC tissue samples and was analyzed in relation with clinicopathological characteristics, overall and disease-free patients' survival. RESULTS FAK positivity was noted in 32 (66.67 %) and Src positivity in 45 (93.75 %) out of 48 mobile tongue SCC cases. FAK and Src protein expression was significantly increased in well-differentiated tumors compared to poorly differentiated ones (p = 0.0455 and p = 0.0301, respectively). Mobile tongue SCC patients presenting elevated Src expression showed longer overall and disease-free survival (log-rank test, p = 0.0145 and p = 0.0388, respectively). In multivariate analysis, the depth of invasion proved to be an independent prognostic factor of both overall and disease-free patients' survival (Cox regression, p = 0.0313 and p = 0.0481, respectively), whereas Src expression did not remain significant. CONCLUSIONS The present study supported evidence for a potential role of FAK and Src signaling in mobile tongue SCC, rendering their small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors as possible treatment strategy in tongue cancer chemoprevention.
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Xu LH, Fang JP, Weng WJ, Xu HG, Le Y. WITHDRAWN: Therapeutic efficacy of focal adhesion kinase downregulation in REH cells by RNA interference. Leuk Res 2010:S0145-2126(10)00580-1. [PMID: 21176958 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Hong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Expression and Clinical Significance of FAK and Src Proteins in Human Endometrial Adenocarcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2010; 17:277-85. [PMID: 21058027 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-010-9310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) is a protein tyrosine kinase, localised in the focal adhesions, which, upon activation interacts with Src, another tyrosine kinase, regulating several cellular signalling pathways. Both enzymes have been implicated in malignant transformation and disease progression. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical significance of FAK and Src expression in cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma. The total (t) and the activated, phosphorylated (p) forms of FAK and Src proteins were assessed immunohistochemically in tumour specimens obtained from 43 endometrial adenocarcinoma patients and were statistically analyzed in relation to various clinicopathological parameters and tumour proliferative capacity, reflected by Ki-67 labelling index. t-FAK positivity was significantly correlated with FIGO disease stage (p = 0.031), and t-FAK overexpression with patients' age (p = 0.015). No statistically significant correlation was identified between t-FAK staining intensity, t-Src positivity, overexpression or staining intensity and any of the clinicopathological parameters tested. No significant correlation was found between neither the positivity nor the intensity of staining of either p-FAk or p-Src with any of the parameters under study. Nonetheless, important, but non-significant, trends were identified between t-FAK staining intensity, t-Src positivity and overexpression and patients' survival (log rank, p = 0.122, p = 0.090 and p = 0.057 respectively). Similarly, p-FAK and p-Src staining characteristics seemed to correlate, even though non-significantly, with patients' survival (log rank, p = 0.051 and p = 0.070 for p-FAK and p-Src expression, respectively; log rank, p = 0.134 and p = 0.110 for p-FAK and p-Src staining intensity, respectively). These results support an important potential role of FAK-Src signalling in endometrial malignant disease progress and render further research in this field a necessity.
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21
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Schultze A, Fiedler W. Therapeutic potential and limitations of new FAK inhibitors in the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:777-88. [PMID: 20465362 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.489548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Activation of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been implicated in progression of multiple mesenchymal and epithelial malignant tumors. FAK plays an important role in regulation of proliferation, migration and apoptosis of neoplastic cells. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We review the importance of FAK expression as a prognostic marker in cancer patients, discuss the available small-molecule inhibitors of FAK, summarize the available data from early-phase clinical trials with FAK inhibitors and cover the antiangiogenic properties of FAK inhibitors, as well as their potential to overcome chemoresistance. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review enables the reader to overview current knowledge about FAK inhibition in cancer therapy and its role in the clinical setting. The reader will be able to consider FAK inhibitors not only as direct antitumor but also as antineoangiogenic agents and drugs that can overcome the problem of chemoresistance. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Emerging data from early-phase clinical trials with orally available small-molecule inhibitors of FAK are promising. There are early indicators of clinical efficacy. In the future, combination therapy with cytotoxic or antiangiogenic drugs may help to overcome chemoresistance and enhance efficacy of antivascular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schultze
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum-University Cancer Center Hamburg, Department of Oncology/Hematology, Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Evaluation of the clinical significance of focal adhesion kinase and SRC expression in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 2010; 39:930-6. [PMID: 20431421 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181d7abcc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src, 2 protein tyrosine kinases, have been suggested to regulate several fundamental cellular activities that promote the malignant phenotype in various human tumors, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Even though research has already turned in laboratory investigations and clinical trials on the possible use of agents blocking the 2 enzymes in cancer management, the data on the clinical significance of FAK and Src in pancreatic adenocarcinoma are still scarce. METHODS The FAK and Src protein expression was assessed immunohistochemically in tumor specimens of 65 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and was statistically analyzed in relation to various clinicopathological characteristics, tumor proliferative capacity, and patients' survival. RESULTS The FAK expression correlated significantly with the T stage of the tumor (P = 0.037), whereas FAK staining intensity with patients' age (P = 0.030), tumors' histopathological grade of differentiation (P = 0.041), and M stage (P = 0.029). The Src expression correlated significantly with the stage of the tumor (P = 0.013) and patients' survival (log-rank test, P = 0.027), being also identified as an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (P = 0.047). Furthermore, trends that did not reach statistical significance were noted between FAK and Src expression and staining intensity and several clinicopathological parameters. CONCLUSIONS The FAK and Src immunohistochemical expression was associated with certain clinicopathological parameters that are crucial for the patients' management.
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Michailidi C, Giaginis C, Stolakis V, Alexandrou P, Klijanienko J, Delladetsima I, Chatzizacharias N, Tsourouflis G, Theocharis S. Evaluation of FAK and Src Expression in Human Benign and Malignant Thyroid Lesions. Pathol Oncol Res 2010; 16:497-507. [PMID: 20405349 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-010-9269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and Src have been reported to regulate tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. The present study aimed to evaluate by immunohistochemistry the clinical significance of FAK and Src expression in 108 patients with benign and malignant thyroid lesions. Total FAK expression provided a distinct discrimination between malignant and benign (p = 0.00001), as well as between papillary carcinoma and hyperplastic nodules thyroid lesions (p = 0.00005), being also associated with follicular cells' proliferative capacity (p = 0.0003). In malignant thyroid lesions, total FAK expression was associated with tumor size (p = 0.0455), and presence of capsular (p = 0.0102) and lymphatic (p = 0.0173) invasion. Total Src expression was borderline increased in cases of papillary carcinoma compared to hyperplastic nodules (p = 0.0993), being also correlated with tumor size (p = 0.0169). FAK and Src expression was ascribed to a significant extent to the phosphorylated forms of the enzymes, which provided a better discrimination between malignant and benign thyroid lesions. The current data revealed that FAK and to a lesser extent Src expression could be considered of clinical utility in thyroid neoplasia with potential use as therapeutic targets.
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The focal adhesion tyrosine kinases FAK and Pyk2 are uniquely situated to act as critical mediators for the activation of signaling pathways that regulate cell migration, proliferation and survival. By coordinating adhesion and cytoskeletal dynamics with survival and growth signaling, FAK and Pyk2 represent molecular therapeutic targets in cancer as malignant cells often exhibit defects in these processes. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review examines the structure and function of the focal adhesion kinase Pyk2 and intends to provide a rationale for the employment of modulating strategies that include both catalytic and extra-catalytic approaches that have been developed in the last 3 - 5 years. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Targeting tyrosine kinases in oncology has focused on the ATP binding pocket as means to inhibit catalytic activity and downregulate pathways involved in tumor invasion. This review discusses the available catalytic inhibitors and compares them to the alternative approach of targeting protein-protein interactions that regulate kinase activity. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Development of specific catalytic inhibitors of the focal adhesion kinases has improved but significant challenges remain. Thus, approaches that inhibit the effector function of Pyk2 by targeting regulatory modules can increase specificity and will be a welcome asset to the therapeutic arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Lipinski
- Mayo Clinic Collaborative Research Building, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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25
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Kurenova EV, Hunt DL, He D, Magis AT, Ostrov DA, Cance WG. Small molecule chloropyramine hydrochloride (C4) targets the binding site of focal adhesion kinase and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 and suppresses breast cancer growth in vivo. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4716-24. [PMID: 19610651 PMCID: PMC2765121 DOI: 10.1021/jm900159g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
FAK is a tyrosine kinase that functions as a key orchestrator of signals leading to invasion and metastasis. Since FAK interacts directly with a number of critical proteins involved in survival signaling in tumor cells, we hypothesized that targeting a key protein-protein interface with druglike small molecules was a feasible strategy for inhibiting tumor growth. In this study, we targeted the protein-protein interface between FAK and VEGFR-3 and identified compound C4 (chloropyramine hydrochloride) as a drug capable of (1) inhibiting the biochemical function of VEGFR-3 and FAK, (2) inhibiting proliferation of a diverse set of cancer cell types in vitro, and (3) reducing tumor growth in vivo. Chloropyramine hydrochloride reduced tumor growth as a single agent, while concomitant administration with doxorubicin had a pronounced synergistic effect. Our data demonstrate that the FAK-VEGFR-3 interaction can be targeted by small druglike molecules and this interaction can provide the basis for highly specific novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Kurenova
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Darell L. Hunt
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Dihua He
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Andrew T. Magis
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - David A. Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - William G. Cance
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Le Y, Xu L, Lu J, Fang J, Nardi V, Chai L, Silberstein LE. FAK silencing inhibits leukemogenesis in BCR/ABL-transformed hematopoietic cells. Am J Hematol 2009; 84:273-8. [PMID: 19358301 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is constitutively activated and tyrosine phosphorylated in BCR/ABL-transformed hematopoietic cells, but the role it plays during leukemogenesis remains unclear. Here, we examined the effects of RNA interference-mediated FAK silencing on leukemogenesis induced by a BCR/ABL-transformed cell line. Transduction of BCR/ABL-BaF3 cells with FAK shRNA inhibited FAK expression and reduced STAT5 phosphorylation, but induced caspase-3 activation. In vitro studies showed that treatment with FAK shRNA resulted in impaired cell proliferation and colony formation, while increasing cell apoptosis. Mice that received transplants of BCR/ABL-BaF3 cells with FAK shRNA displayed significantly prolonged survival time and diminished leukemia progression. In addition, FAK silencing enhanced in vitro and in vivo efficacy of ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib in BCR/ABL-BaF3 cells. Our results suggest that FAK is critical for leukemogenesis and might be a potential target for leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Le
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Karp Research Building, Room 10217, One Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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27
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Thomas R, Gohlke JM, Stopper GF, Parham FM, Portier CJ. Choosing the right path: enhancement of biologically relevant sets of genes or proteins using pathway structure. Genome Biol 2009; 10:R44. [PMID: 19393085 PMCID: PMC2688935 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-4-r44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A method is proposed that finds enriched pathways relevant to a studied condition using the measured molecular data and also the structural information of the pathway viewed as a network of nodes and edges. Tests are performed using simulated data and genomic data sets and the method is compared to two existing approaches. The analysis provided demonstrates the method proposed is very competitive with the current approaches and also provides biologically relevant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Thomas
- Environmental Systems Biology Group, Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, NC 27709, USA
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28
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Poondra RR, Kumar NN, Bijian K, Prakesch M, Campagna-Slater V, Reayi A, Reddy PT, Choudhry A, Barnes ML, Leek DM, Daroszewska M, Lougheed C, Xu B, Schapira M, Alaoui-Jamali MA, Arya P. Discovery of Indoline-Based, Natural-Product-like Compounds as Probes of Focal Adhesion Kinase Signaling Pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:303-9. [DOI: 10.1021/cc8001525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajamohan R. Poondra
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin Cote-Ste-Catherine, Room E524, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, and
| | - N. Niranjan Kumar
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin Cote-Ste-Catherine, Room E524, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, and
| | - Krikor Bijian
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin Cote-Ste-Catherine, Room E524, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, and
| | - Michael Prakesch
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin Cote-Ste-Catherine, Room E524, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, and
| | - Valérie Campagna-Slater
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin Cote-Ste-Catherine, Room E524, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, and
| | - Ayub Reayi
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin Cote-Ste-Catherine, Room E524, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, and
| | - P. Thirupathi Reddy
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin Cote-Ste-Catherine, Room E524, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, and
| | - Asna Choudhry
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin Cote-Ste-Catherine, Room E524, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, and
| | - Michael L. Barnes
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin Cote-Ste-Catherine, Room E524, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, and
| | - Donald M. Leek
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin Cote-Ste-Catherine, Room E524, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, and
| | - Malgosia Daroszewska
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin Cote-Ste-Catherine, Room E524, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, and
| | - Caroline Lougheed
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin Cote-Ste-Catherine, Room E524, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, and
| | - Bin Xu
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin Cote-Ste-Catherine, Room E524, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, and
| | - Matthieu Schapira
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin Cote-Ste-Catherine, Room E524, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, and
| | - Moulay A. Alaoui-Jamali
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin Cote-Ste-Catherine, Room E524, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, and
| | - Prabhat Arya
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 0A3, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin Cote-Ste-Catherine, Room E524, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, and
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29
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Giaginis CT, Vgenopoulou S, Tsourouflis GS, Politi EN, Kouraklis GP, Theocharis SE. Expression and clinical significance of focal adhesion kinase in the two distinct histological types, intestinal and diffuse, of human gastric adenocarcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2008; 15:173-81. [PMID: 18987997 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-008-9120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase protein, acts as an early modulator of integrin signaling cascade, regulating basic cellular functions. In transformed cells, unopposed FAK signaling has been considered to promote tumor growth, progression and metastasis. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical significance of FAK expression in the two distinct histological types of human gastric neoplasia. FAK expression was assessed immunohistochemically in tumoral samples of 66 gastric adenocarcinoma cases, 30 intestinal and 36 diffuse type, and was statistically analyzed in relation to various clinicopathological characteristics, tumor proliferative capacity and patients' survival. In intestinal type carcinomas, enhanced FAK expression was significantly associated with increased tumor proliferative capacity (P = 0.012). In diffuse type carcinomas, FAK staining intensity was significantly correlated with tumor size (P = 0.026) and disease stage (P = 0.024), presenting also a borderline association with nodal status (P = 0.053). In diffuse type carcinomas, enhanced FAK expression was significantly associated with longer overall survival times (log-rank test, P = 0.014), being also identified as an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (Cox regression, P = 0.016). In contrast, patients with intestinal type tumors and enhanced FAK expression were characterized by shorter overall survival times, without though reaching statistical significance (log-rank test, P = 0.092). The current data support evidence that FAK protein may be considered as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in gastric neoplasia. Further studies conducted on larger clinical samples and highlighting on the distinct impact of the two histological types are warranted to delineate the clinical significance of FAK protein in gastric neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos T Giaginis
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias street, Goudi, Athens GR11527, Greece
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30
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Prakesch M, Bijian K, Campagna-Slater V, Quevillon S, Joseph R, Wei CQ, Sesmilo E, Reayi A, Poondra RR, Barnes ML, Leek DM, Xu B, Lougheed C, Schapira M, Alaoui-Jamali M, Arya P. Building skeletally diverse architectures on the Indoline Scaffold: the discovery of a chemical probe of focal adhesion kinase signaling networks. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9596-602. [PMID: 18835181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by bioactive indoline alkaloid natural products, here, we report a divergent synthesis approach that led to skeletally diverse indoline alkaloid-inspired compounds. The natural product-inspired compounds obtained were then subjected to a series of in vitro and cellular assays to examine their properties as modulators of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity. This study resulted in the identification of a promising lead inhibitor of FAK (42), which also showed activity in a wound healing and cell invasion assay. The in silico study of the lead compound (42) was also undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Prakesch
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5G0A3
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31
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Disruption of FAK signaling: a side mechanism in cytotoxicity. Toxicology 2007; 245:1-10. [PMID: 18215454 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) which acts as an early modulator in the integrin signaling cascade. FAK phosphorylation and its consequent activation regulate several basic biological cellular functions. On the contrary, dysregulation of FAK signaling is implicated in the malignant transformation of cells, as well as in nonmalignant pathological conditions. With respect to cytotoxicity, accumulating data indicate that FAK participates in the mechanism of action of the known cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, evidence was presented that different cytotoxic substances, such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb), acrylamide, methylisothiazolinone (MIT), dichlorovinylcysteine (DCVC) and halothane, acted, at least in part, by downregulating FAK tyrosine phosphorylation, while the bacterial toxins Pasteurella multocida toxin and Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor, have been shown to exert cytotoxic effects by inducing FAK tyrosine phosphorylation. The observation that upregulation as well as downregulation of FAK activity both result in cytotoxic effects seems contradictory. Even though a common mode of action, with respect to the dysregulation of FAK signaling, for these cytotoxic substances has not yet been discovered, a cumulative approach could be established by focusing on FAK activation and signaling cascade. According to these data, interfering with FAK signaling might be of a potential use in blocking these cytotoxic effects. Further studies are needed on the possible implication of FAK in substance-induced cytotoxicity, as well as the possibility that such effects might be hindered or even blocked by restoring FAK signaling.
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