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Tao DD, Li Y, Tian XJ, Liao XJ, Yu ZQ, Xiang ZY. Effect of FoxO1 on Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis and Inflammation in Viral Myocarditis via Modultion of the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Int Heart J 2023; 64:732-740. [PMID: 37518354 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.22-627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the possible effect of FoxO on coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) -induced cardiomyocyte inflammation and apoptosis via modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.Viral myocarditis (VMC) models were establied via CVB3 infection both in vivo and in vitro. Western blotting was adopted to detect FoxO1 and TLR4 expressions in myocardial tissues and cells. Cardiomyocytes of suckling mouse were divided into the control, CVB3, CVB3 + pcDNA, CVB3 + pcDNA-FoxO1, CVB3 + TLR4 siRNA, and CVB3 + pcDNA-FoxO1 + TLR4 siRNA groups. Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate cell apoptosis. The expressions of inflammatory factors including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were detected via quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Then, TLR4/NF-κB pathway-related proteins were determined via Western blotting.VMC mice had increased FoxO1 and TLR4 expressions in myocardial tissues. Cardiomyocytes with CVB3 infection also had upregulated protein expressions of p-FoxO1/FoxO1 and TLR4. Compared with those in the control group, the cardiomyocytes in the CVB3 group were increased in LDH and CK-MB levels, cell apoptosis rate and inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), as well as protein expressions of TLR4 and p-p65/p65. Compared with those in the CVB3 group, the cardiomyocytes in the CVB3 + pcDNA-FoxO1 group were further upregulated whereas those in the CVB3 +TLR4 siRNA group were downregulated in the aforementioned indicators. Furthermore, TLR4 siRNA can reverse the effect of pcDNA-FoxO1 on the aggravation of cardiomyocyte injury induced by CVB3 infection.FoxO1 can upregulate the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway to promote cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammatory injury in CVB3-induced VMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Di Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine
| | - Ya Li
- Dongfeng Stomatological Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine
| | - Xiao-Jiao Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine
| | - Xing-Juan Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine
| | - Zhong-Qin Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine
| | - Zhao-Yan Xiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine
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2
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Toll-like receptor 7 regulates cardiovascular diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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3
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Parra-Izquierdo I, Lakshmanan HHS, Melrose AR, Pang J, Zheng TJ, Jordan KR, Reitsma SE, McCarty OJT, Aslan JE. The Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligand Pam2CSK4 Activates Platelet Nuclear Factor-κB and Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Signaling to Promote Platelet-Endothelial Cell Interactions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729951. [PMID: 34527000 PMCID: PMC8435771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating platelets establish a variety of immunological programs and orchestrate inflammatory responses at the endothelium. Platelets express the innate immunity family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). While TLR2/TLR1 ligands are known to activate platelets, the effects of TLR2/TLR6 ligands on platelet function remain unclear. Here, we aim to determine whether the TLR2/TLR6 agonists Pam2CSK4 and FSL-1 activate human platelets. In addition, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and platelets were co-cultured to analyze the role of platelet TLR2/TLR6 on inflammation and adhesion to endothelial cells. Pam2CSK4, but not FSL-1, induced platelet granule secretion and integrin αIIbβ3 activation in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, Pam2CSK4 promoted platelet aggregation and increased platelet adhesion to collagen-coated surfaces. Mechanistic studies with blocking antibodies and pharmacologic inhibitors demonstrated that the TLR2/Nuclear factor-κB axis, Bruton’s-tyrosine kinase, and a secondary ADP feedback loop are involved in Pam2CSK4-induced platelet functional responses. Interestingly, Pam2CSK4 showed cooperation with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-mediated signaling to enhance platelet activation. Finally, the presence of platelets increased inflammatory responses in HUVECs treated with Pam2CSK4, and platelets challenged with Pam2CSK4 showed increased adhesion to HUVECs under static and physiologically relevant flow conditions. Herein, we define a functional role for platelet TLR2-mediated signaling, which may represent a druggable target to dampen excessive platelet activation in thrombo-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Parra-Izquierdo
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Hari Hara Sudhan Lakshmanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alexander R Melrose
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jiaqing Pang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Tony J Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Kelley R Jordan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Stéphanie E Reitsma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Joseph E Aslan
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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4
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Khoshkhouy F, Farshbaf A, Mahmoudabady M, Gholamnezhad Z. Effects of moderate exercise on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in rat's cardiac tissue. Cytokine 2020; 138:155409. [PMID: 33360764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of moderate exercise on cardiac tissue inflammation, oxidative stress markers and apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-administered rats were evaluated. Wistar rats were divided into three groups (N = 8): (1) control; (2) LPS (1 mg/kg); and (3) LPS + moderate training (LPS + EX: 15 m/min, 30 min/day, for 9 weeks (week 1-9)). LPS was injected intraperitoneally for 5 days during week 9. Finally, the rats' heart were removed for biochemical and expression assessments. LPS increased the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)- 1β, C-reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites in cardiac tissue, but decreased thiol contents and catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in cardiac tissue compared to the control group (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). In LPS + EX group, the level of NO metabolites was increased (p < 0.05) and thiol contents were decreased (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. Moderate training decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, CRP and NO metabolites while increased CAT activity in the LPS + EX group compared to the LPS group (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). The mRNA level of BAX in the LPS group and the BCL2/BAX ratio in both LPS and LPS + EX groups increased compared to the control group (p < 0.05-p < 0.01). These results indicated that moderate training improved LPS-induced deleterious effects on cardiac tissue by attenuating proinflammatory cytokine levels, apoptosis and oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khoshkhouy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alieh Farshbaf
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahmoudabady
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Gholamnezhad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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5
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Sun B, Shi Y, Yang X, Zhao T, Duan J, Sun Z. DNA methylation: A critical epigenetic mechanism underlying the detrimental effects of airborne particulate matter. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 161:173-183. [PMID: 29883871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) does great harm to the health of human beings. To date, PM exposure has been closely associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, as well as some types of cancer. As the associations of PM with the adverse health effects are well documented in literatures, the underlying mechanisms have not been completely clarified. With the field of epigenetics rising in recent years, PM-associated epigenetic alterations have gradually turned into the hot research topic. DNA methylation is one of the earliest-discovered and best-studied epigenetic mechanisms, of which the alteration can influence the transcription initiation of genes. A number of studies have been published to demonstrate that PM exposure is linked with DNA methylation patterns in the human genome. DNA methylation is the potential regulator of the biological effects of PM exposure. In the present review, DNA methylation related to PM exposure was elaborated on genome-wide and gene-specific methylation. In particular, genome-wide DNA methylation was composed of the alterations in global methylation content and genome-wide methylation profile; gene-specific methylation included the methylation changes in mechanism-related and disease-specific genes. Representative epidemiological and experimental studies were cited to elucidate the viewpoints, focusing on both PM-related methylation changes and the mediating effects of DNA methylation between PM and the health impacts. This review will provide advantageous clues for subsequent studies on the DNA methylation in relation to PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyang Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Shi
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xiaozhe Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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6
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Rienks M, Papageorgiou A, Wouters K, Verhesen W, Leeuwen RV, Carai P, Summer G, Westermann D, Heymans S. A novel 72-kDa leukocyte-derived osteoglycin enhances the activation of toll-like receptor 4 and exacerbates cardiac inflammation during viral myocarditis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:1511-1525. [PMID: 27878326 PMCID: PMC5357299 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Viral myocarditis can severely damage the myocardium through excessive infiltration of immune cells. Osteoglycin (OGN) is part of the small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan (SLRP) family. SLRP’s may affect inflammatory and fibrotic processes, but the implication of OGN in cardiac inflammation and the resulting injury upon viral myocarditis is unknown. Methods and results This study uncovered a previously unidentified 72-kDa variant of OGN that is predominant in cardiac human and mouse samples of viral myocarditis. Its absence in mice significantly decreased cardiac inflammation and injury in Coxsackievirus-B3-induced myocarditis. It also delayed mortality in lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia going along with a reduced systemic production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This 72-kDa OGN is expressed in the cell membrane of circulating and resident cardiac macrophages and neutrophils. Co-immunoprecipitation and OGN siRNA experiments revealed that this 72-kDa variant activates the toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) with a concomitant increase in IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-12 expression. This immune cell activation by OGN occurred via MyD88 and increased phosphorylation of c-jun. Finally, the 72-kDa chondroitin sulfate is the result of O-linked glycosylation of the 32-kDa protein core of OGN. In contrast, the 34-kDa dermatan sulfate-OGN, involved in collagen cross linking, was also the result of O-linked glycosylation. Conclusion The current study discovered a novel 72-kDa chondroitin sulfate-OGN that is specific for innate immune cells. This variant is able to bind and activate TLR4. The absence of OGN decreases cytokine production by both circulating and cardiac leukocytes upon (systemic) LPS exposure, and reduces cardiac inflammation and injury in viral myocarditis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00018-016-2423-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Rienks
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Papageorgiou
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristiaan Wouters
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Verhesen
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rick van Leeuwen
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Carai
- Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Georg Summer
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Westermann
- Centre for Cardiology Research, Hamburg University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Vaez H, Rameshrad M, Najafi M, Barar J, Barzegari A, Garjani A. Cardioprotective effect of metformin in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis via suppression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in heart. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 772:115-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Rosiglitazone impedes Porphyromonas gingivalis-accelerated atherosclerosis by downregulating the TLR/NF-κB signaling pathway in atherosclerotic mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 23:701-8. [PMID: 25445963 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis,a predominant periodontal pathogen, is known to accelerate atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic animals via aberrant inflammatory responses. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential protective role of the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone in pathogen accelerated atherosclerosis in an apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mouse model. ApoE-/- mice were inoculated intravenously with live P. gingivalis (strain 33277) or the buffer vehicle and treated with rosiglitazone or saline over a 10-week period. Their atherosclerotic status in aortic artery was assessed through histomorphometric analysis, inflammatory agent and lipid profiles in blood was determined by ELISA, and levels of relevant cytokines and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in aortic tissues were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR. P. gingivalis inoculation was associated with increased atherosclerotic plaque formation in the aorta and higher levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-1β), but the serum lipid profile was not affected by P. gingivalis infection. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and TLRs were higher in the aortic tissues of mice exposed to P. gingivalis, and activation of nuclear factor-κB was also observed. In both P. gingivalis-treated and -untreated ApoE-/- mice, rosiglitazone treatment was associated with less atherosclerotic plaque formation; lower serum inflammatory cytokines, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol; higher levels of PPARγ, lower amounts of TLR2/4 and downregulated nuclear factor-κB activity in aortic tissues. These findings suggest that rosiglitazone mitigates or prevents P. gingivalis-accelerated atherosclerosis by inhibiting the inflammatory response via downregulation of the TLR/ nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway.
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9
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Vorkapic E, Lundberg AM, Mäyränpää MI, Eriksson P, Wågsäter D. TRIF adaptor signaling is important in abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:561-8. [PMID: 26100679 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is characterized by inflammation, loss of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and degradation of the extracellular matrix in the vessel wall. Innate immune receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were recently shown to regulate immunological processes leading to the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques as well as to other cardiovascular pathologies. Our aim was to investigate whether blockage of TLR signaling, under the control of TIR domain-containing adaptor protein including IFN-β (TRIF), could inhibit the inflammatory response and AAA development in mice. RESULTS In human AAA, an increased TLR3 and TLR4 expression in association with macrophages and T lymphocytes was demonstrated with immunohistochemical analysis. Angiotensin (Ang) II-induced aneurysm formation was significantly reduced by 30% in ApoE(-/-)Trif(-/-) mice compared to ApoE(-/-) mice. Morphologically, AngII-infused ApoE(-/-)Trif(-/-) mice had a more intact cellular and extracellular matrix while ApoE(-/-) mice infused with AngII displayed an increased medial thickness associated with aortic dissection, thrombus formation, and a more disorganized vessel wall. Gene expression analysis of the abdominal aorta revealed a profound decrease of the inflammatory genes CD68 (P < 0.05), CD11b (P < 0.05), and TNF-α (P < 0.05) and the protease gene MMP-12 (P < 0.01) in ApoE(-/-)Trif(-/-) mice compared to ApoE(-/-) mice infused with AngII. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that signaling through TRIF is important for the inflammatory response of AngII-induced AAA and that blockage of the TRIF pathway reduces vascular inflammation and protects against AAA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Vorkapic
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anna M Lundberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikko I Mäyränpää
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; HUSLAB, Division of Pathology, Meilahti Laboratories of Pathology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki Finland
| | - Per Eriksson
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dick Wågsäter
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Jiang D, Li D, Cao L, Wang L, Zhu S, Xu T, Wang C, Pan D. Positive feedback regulation of proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide is mediated through the TLR 4/Rac1/Akt pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92398. [PMID: 24667766 PMCID: PMC3965409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are important in inflammation and regulating vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation, which are related to atherosclerosis and restenosis. We have investigated the mechanisms involved in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proliferation of VSMCs. Stimulation of rat aortic VSMCs with LPS significantly increases the proliferation of VSMCs. This effect is regulated by Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate l), which mediates the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathways. Inhibition of Rac1 activity by NSC23766 is associated with inhibition of Akt activity. Treatment with NSC23766 or LY294002 significantly decreases LPS-induced TLR4 protein and mRNA expression. The data show that positive feedback regulation of proliferation in VSMCs is mediated through the TLR4/Rac1/Akt pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Immunoprecipitation
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongye Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (DL); (CW)
| | - Lijuan Cao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lele Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shasha Zhu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (DL); (CW)
| | - Defeng Pan
- Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Bobryshev YV, Karagodin VP, Orekhov AN. Dendritic cells and their role in immune reactions of atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x1302003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Ha T, Liu L, Kelley J, Kao R, Williams D, Li C. Toll-like receptors: new players in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1875-93. [PMID: 21091074 PMCID: PMC3159106 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune and inflammatory responses have been implicated in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the mechanisms by which innate immunity and inflammatory response are involved in myocardial I/R have not been elucidated completely. Recent studies highlight the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the induction of innate immune and inflammatory responses. Growing evidence has demonstrated that TLRs play a critical role in myocardial I/R injury. Specifically, deficiency of TLR4 protects the myocardium from ischemic injury, whereas modulation of TLR2 induces cardioprotection against ischemic insult. Importantly, cardioprotection induced by modulation of TLRs involves activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, suggesting that there is a crosstalk between TLRs and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. In addition, TLRs also associate with other coreceptors, such as macrophage scavenger receptors in the recognition of their ligands. TLRs are also involved in the induction of angiogenesis, modulation of stem cell function, and expression of microRNA, which are currently important topic areas in myocardial I/R. Understanding how TLRs contribute to myocardial I/R injury could provide basic scientific knowledge for the development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment and management of patients with heart attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuanzhu Ha
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Katsargyris A, Klonaris C, Tsiodras S, Bastounis E, Giannopoulos A, Theocharis S. Statin treatment is associated with reduced toll-like receptor 4 immunohistochemical expression on carotid atherosclerotic plaques: a novel effect of statins. Vascular 2011; 19:320-6. [PMID: 21903856 DOI: 10.1258/vasc.2011.oa0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been recently implicated in inflammatory pathways involved in carotid plaque destabilization. Given that statins have plaque stabilization and inflammation reduction effects, we investigated whether TLR4 expression on carotid atherosclerotic plaques correlates with statin intake. Carotid atherosclerotic plaques were obtained on 140 patients (preoperative statin intake, n = 70). TLR4 immunohistochemical expression was investigated in endothelial cells (ECs), macrophages (MACs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of carotid atheroma. TLR4 positivity, over-expression and intensity of immunostaining were compared in statin versus no-statin users. The results of this study showed that statin users had a significantly lower expression of TLR4 in ECs (P = 0.02, 0.001, 0.006 for TLR4 positivity, increased intensity and over-expression, respectively). Similarly, TLR4 positivity was less pronounced in carotid plaque MACs of statin users (P = 0.03). No carotid specimen with increased EC TLR4 intensity or over-expression was observed among statin users. The prevalence of any cerebrovascular accident was 61.4% in the 'no statin' versus 18.6% in the 'statin' group (odds ratio for statin use: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.07-0.31, P < 0.001). In conclusion, statin treatment is associated with attenuated TLR4 expression on human carotid atherosclerotic plaques and a reduced risk of carotid-related cerebrovascular events. TLR4 may potentially mediate statins' plaque stabilization effects. Further investigation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Katsargyris
- st Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi, Athens, Greece.
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Vasileiou I, Kostopanagiotou G, Katsargyris A, Klonaris C, Perrea D, Theocharis S. Toll-like receptors: a novel target for therapeutic intervention in intestinal and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:839-53. [PMID: 20568914 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.500286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins that act mainly as sensors of microbes, orchestrating an organism's defense against infections, while they sense also host tissue injury by recognizing products of dying cells. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) represents one of these tissue damage states in which TLR-mediated mechanisms might be implicated. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The most recent data on TLR signaling and the latest knowledge regarding the involvement of TLRs in the pathogenesis and progression of intestinal and hepatic IRI are presented. The potential effectiveness of TLR-modulating therapy in intestinal and liver IRI is also analyzed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN A comprehensive summary of the data suggesting TLR involvement in intestinal and hepatic IRI. Knowledge required for developing TLR modulation strategies against intestinal and hepatic IRI. TAKE HOME MESSAGE TLRS play a significant role in both intestinal and hepatic IRI pathophysiology. Better understanding of TLR involvement in such processes may enable the invention of novel TLR-based therapies for IRI in the intestine and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Vasileiou
- University of Athens, Medical School, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Athens, Greece.
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15
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Hedayat M, Takeda K, Rezaei N. Prophylactic and therapeutic implications of toll-like receptor ligands. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:294-325. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Hedayat
- Molecular Immunology Research Center; Department of Immunology; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
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Full LE, Monaco C. Targeting Inflammation as a Therapeutic Strategy in Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 29:231-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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17
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Toll-like receptor 6 Ser249Pro polymorphism is associated with lower left ventricular wall thickness and inflammatory response in hypertensive women. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23:649-54. [PMID: 20224557 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2010.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental data demonstrated that inactivation of toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway components attenuated left ventricular (LV) remodeling induced by pressure overload. This study investigated the impact of TLR6 Ser249Pro polymorphism on LV structure in hypertensive subjects. METHODS A sample of 443 patients (266 women and 177 men) was evaluated by clinical history, physical examination, analysis of inflammatory and metabolic parameters, echocardiography, and genotyping of the TLR6 variant. Moreover, the relationship between genotypes and in vitro responsiveness of peripheral blood monocytic cells to TLR agonists was also assessed. RESULTS Homozygous women for the TLR6 249Ser allele had lower LV posterior wall thickness (9.4 + or - 0.4 vs. 10.5 + or - 0.1 mm; P = 0.02), interventricular septum thickness (9.7 + or - 0.3 vs. 10.7 + or - 0.1 mm; P = 0.03), and LV relative wall thickness (0.39 + or - 0.02 vs. 0.44 + or - 0.01; P = 0.02) than women with other genotypes. These results were confirmed by stepwise regression analyses adjusted by potential confounders. Conversely, homozygous men for the 249Ser variant showed no differences in LV structure in comparison to males carrying the 249Pro allele. In addition, monocytes from hypertensive women homozygous for the 249Ser allele showed a lower release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in response to zymosan (TLR6 agonist), but not to lipopolysaccharide (TLR4 agonist). CONCLUSION These data suggest that hypertensive women homozygous for the TLR6 249Ser polymorphism might exhibit lower LV wall thickness and reduced TLR6-mediated inflammatory response than females carrying the major allele.
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The functional Toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly polymorphism is associated with lower left ventricular mass in hypertensive women. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:744-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 12/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Haas MJ, Mooradian AD. Therapeutic Interventions to Enhance Apolipoprotein A-I-Mediated Cardioprotection. Drugs 2010; 70:805-21. [DOI: 10.2165/11535410-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Katsargyris A, Theocharis SE, Tsiodras S, Giaginis K, Bastounis E, Klonaris C. Enhanced TLR4 endothelial cell immunohistochemical expression in symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:1-10. [PMID: 20001205 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903401294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) has been linked to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Carotid atheroma endothelial cells (ECs) express TLR4, nevertheless correlations with cerebrovascular symptomatology, epidemiological and clinical variables remain unresolved. METHODS Carotid atherosclerotic plaques were obtained by standard carotid endarterectomy from 157 patients with carotid artery disease (84 asymptomatic - Group A, 73 symptomatic - Group B). TLR4 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry and TLR4 positivity, overexpression and intensity of immunostaining in ECs were correlated with cerebrovascular symptomatology, epidemiological and clinical variables. RESULTS A significant association was found between TLR4 positivity in ECs and the occurrence of any cerebrovascular event (overall response (OR): 2.85, 95% CI 1.33 - 6.11, p = 0.009). TLR4 overexpression and staining intensity in ECs were both significantly enhanced in symptomatic patients (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.003, respectively). These associations were stronger for the occurrence of a major cerebrovascular accident (CVA) compared with a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or amaurosis fugax. TLR4 expression in ECs was less prominent in statin users (OR: 0.25, 95%CI 0.1 - 0.58, p = 0.001], while it was enhanced in restenotic plaques compared with primary atherosclerotic lesions (p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS TLR4 expression in ECs of carotid atheroma was enhanced in symptomatic patients with most commonly 'unstable' - 'more prone to rupture' carotid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Katsargyris
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, LAIKON Hospital, Vascular Division, 1st Department of Surgery, Goudi, GR11527, Athens, Greece
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Slevin M, Krupinski J, Badimon L. Controlling the angiogenic switch in developing atherosclerotic plaques: possible targets for therapeutic intervention. JOURNAL OF ANGIOGENESIS RESEARCH 2009; 1:4. [PMID: 19946412 PMCID: PMC2776234 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2384-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Plaque angiogenesis may have an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Vasa vasorum angiogenesis and medial infiltration provides nutrients to the developing and expanding intima and therefore, may prevent cellular death and contribute to plaque growth and stabilization in early lesions. However in more advanced plaques, inflammatory cell infiltration, and concomitant production of numerous pro-angiogenic cytokines may be responsible for induction of uncontrolled neointimal microvessel proliferation resulting in production of immature and fragile neovessels similar to that seen in tumour development. These could contribute to development of an unstable haemorrhagic rupture-prone environment. Increasing evidence has suggested that the expression of intimal neovessels is directly related to the stage of plaque development, the risk of plaque rupture, and subsequently, the presence of symptomatic disease, the timing of ischemic neurological events and myocardial/cerebral infarction. Despite this, there is conflicting evidence regarding the causal relationship between neovessel expression and plaque thrombosis with some in vivo experimental models suggesting the contrary and as yet, few direct mediators of angiogenesis have been identified and associated with plaque instability in vivo.In recent years, an increasing number of angiogenic therapeutic targets have been proposed in order to facilitate modulation of neovascularization and its consequences in diseases such as cancer and macular degeneration. A complete knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for initiation of adventitial vessel proliferation, their extension into the intimal regions and possible de-novo synthesis of neovessels following differentiation of bone-marrow-derived stem cells is required in order to contemplate potential single or combinational anti-angiogenic therapies. In this review, we will examine the importance of angiogenesis in complicated plaque development, describe the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms of its initiation and maintenance, and discuss possible future anti-angiogenic therapies to control plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Slevin
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
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