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Bogers L, Engelenburg HJ, Janssen M, Unger PPA, Melief MJ, Wierenga-Wolf AF, Hsiao CC, Mason MRJ, Hamann J, van Langelaar J, Smolders J, van Luijn MM. Selective emergence of antibody-secreting cells in the multiple sclerosis brain. EBioMedicine 2023; 89:104465. [PMID: 36796230 PMCID: PMC9958261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although distinct brain-homing B cells have been identified in multiple sclerosis (MS), it is unknown how these further evolve to contribute to local pathology. We explored B-cell maturation in the central nervous system (CNS) of MS patients and determined their association with immunoglobulin (Ig) production, T-cell presence, and lesion formation. METHODS Ex vivo flow cytometry was performed on post-mortem blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meninges and white matter from 28 MS and 10 control brain donors to characterize B cells and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). MS brain tissue sections were analysed with immunostainings and microarrays. IgG index and CSF oligoclonal bands were measured with nephelometry, isoelectric focusing, and immunoblotting. Blood-derived B cells were cocultured under T follicular helper-like conditions to evaluate their ASC-differentiating capacity in vitro. FINDINGS ASC versus B-cell ratios were increased in post-mortem CNS compartments of MS but not control donors. Local presence of ASCs associated with a mature CD45low phenotype, focal MS lesional activity, lesional Ig gene expression, and CSF IgG levels as well as clonality. In vitro B-cell maturation into ASCs did not differ between MS and control donors. Notably, lesional CD4+ memory T cells positively correlated with ASC presence, reflected by local interplay with T cells. INTERPRETATION These findings provide evidence that local B cells at least in late-stage MS preferentially mature into ASCs, which are largely responsible for intrathecal and local Ig production. This is especially seen in active MS white matter lesions and likely depends on the interaction with CD4+ memory T cells. FUNDING Stichting MS Research (19-1057 MS; 20-490f MS), National MS Fonds (OZ2018-003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Bogers
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik J Engelenburg
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Malou Janssen
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter-Paul A Unger
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Melief
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annet F Wierenga-Wolf
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R J Mason
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie van Langelaar
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Smolders
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marvin M van Luijn
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Liou VD, Yoon MK, Maher M, Chwalisz BK. Orbital Inflammation in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Neuroophthalmol 2022; 42:e56-e62. [PMID: 34999653 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To present 2 patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease with unilateral orbital inflammation, optic nerve head edema, and abnormalities of the optic nerve and nerve sheath on imaging. We review the most current literature on this important and uncommon clinical phenotype. METHODS A case report of 2 patients and a comprehensive review of the relevant literature on orbital inflammation in MOG antibody-associated disease (MOG-AD). RESULTS Two patients presented with decreased vision and unilateral orbital inflammation. Both had optic nerve head edema and abnormalities of the optic nerve and nerve sheath on imaging. The patients were treated with immunosuppressants and had improvement of vision changes as well as their orbital inflammatory signs. MOG antibody was positive in high titers in both patients. Only 3 other cases of orbital inflammation associated with MOG antibody have been described. In all cases, orbital signs responded rapidly to intravenous methylprednisolone, but the improvement in visual acuity was variable and less robust. CONCLUSION Orbital inflammation is a unique and underrecognized phenotype of MOG-AD with only a few reports in the literature. In patients who present with vision loss and orbital inflammation, MOG-AD should be considered in the differential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Liou
- Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery (VDL, MKY), Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Radiology (MM), Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Neuro-ophthalmology (BKC), Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology (BKC), Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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3
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Nepal G, Kharel S, Coghlan MA, Rayamajhi P, Ojha R. Safety and efficacy of rituximab for relapse prevention in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG)-associated disorders (MOGAD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 364:577812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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4
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Li H, Chen Y, Niu J, Yi C. New insights into the immunologic role of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in demyelination diseases. J Biomed Res 2022; 36:343-352. [PMID: 35578762 PMCID: PMC9548433 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte lineage cells (OL-lineage cells) are a cell population that are crucial for mammalian central nervous system (CNS) myelination. OL-lineage cells go through developmental stages, initially differentiating into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), before becoming immature oligodendrocytes, then mature oligodendrocytes (OLs). While the main function of cell lineage is in myelin formation, and increasing number of studies have turned to explore the immunological characteristics of these cells. Initially, these studies focused on discovering how OPCs and OLs are affected by the immune system, and then, how these immunological changes influence the myelination process. However, recent studies have uncovered another feature of OL-lineage cells in our immune systems. It would appear that OL-lineage cells also express immunological factors such as cytokines and chemokines in response to immune activation, and the expression of these factors changes under various pathologic conditions. Evidence suggests that OL-lineage cells actually modulate immune functions. Indeed, OL-lineage cells appear to play both "victim" and "agent" in the CNS which raises a number of questions. Here, we summarize immunologic changes in OL-lineage cells and their effects, as well as consider OL-lineage cell changes which influence immune cells under pathological conditions. We also describe some of the underlying mechanisms of these changes and their effects. Finally, we describe several studies which use OL-lineage cells as immunotherapeutic targets for demyelination diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Research Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jianqin Niu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Jianqin Niu, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Main street, Chongqing 400038, China. Tel: +86-13668016001, E-mail:
| | - Chenju Yi
- Research Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Chenju Yi, Research Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 628 Zhenyuan Road, Guangming (New) District, Shenzhen 518107, China. Tel: +86-13419189905, E-mail:
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5
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Recent Advances in Antigen-Specific Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060333. [PMID: 32486045 PMCID: PMC7348736 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system and is considered to be the leading non-traumatic cause of neurological disability in young adults. Current treatments for MS comprise long-term immunosuppressant drugs and disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) designed to alter its progress with the enhanced risk of severe side effects. The Holy Grail for the treatment of MS is to specifically suppress the disease while at the same time allow the immune system to be functionally active against infectious diseases and malignancy. This could be achieved via the development of immunotherapies designed to specifically suppress immune responses to self-antigens (e.g., myelin antigens). The present study attempts to highlight the various antigen-specific immunotherapies developed so far for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (e.g., vaccination with myelin-derived peptides/proteins, plasmid DNA encoding myelin epitopes, tolerogenic dendritic cells pulsed with encephalitogenic epitopes of myelin proteins, attenuated autologous T cells specific for myelin antigens, T cell receptor peptides, carriers loaded/conjugated with myelin immunodominant peptides, etc), focusing on the outcome of their recent preclinical and clinical evaluation, and to shed light on the mechanisms involved in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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6
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Ramya L. Role of N-glycan in the structural changes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and its complex with an antibody. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:1649-1658. [PMID: 31057084 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1614999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) is found on the external surface of the myelin sheath and plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases. It was observed that the protein MOG acts as an autoantigen and results in demyelination. The cause for the sudden change of protein to be autoantigen is still unclear. Here we present the molecular dynamics simulation studies of MOG in both unbound and bound states with an antibody. Both these systems were studied in the absence and presence of N-glycan in order to understand the effect of glycosylation in the MOG conformational changes. The results indicate that the glycosylation decreases the flexibility of protein in both free and bound states. Glycan influence the interaction of the complex with the water molecules whereas free protein MOG interaction with water molecules was not affected by the glycosylation. Glycan changes the 310 helices adjacent to the antibody interacting epitope MOG35-55 to turns.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ramya
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
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7
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Araman C, 't Hart BA. Neurodegeneration meets immunology - A chemical biology perspective. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1911-1924. [PMID: 30910473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Araman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - B A 't Hart
- University of Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, Free University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Araman C, van Gent ME, Meeuwenoord NJ, Heijmans N, Marqvorsen MHS, Doelman W, Faber BW, 't Hart BA, Van Kasteren SI. Amyloid-like Behavior of Site-Specifically Citrullinated Myelin Oligodendrocyte Protein (MOG) Peptide Fragments inside EBV-Infected B-Cells Influences Their Cytotoxicity and Autoimmunogenicity. Biochemistry 2019; 58:763-775. [PMID: 30513201 PMCID: PMC6374747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Multiple
sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder manifested via
chronic inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration inside
the central nervous system. The progressive phase of MS is characterized
by neurodegeneration, but unlike classical neurodegenerative diseases,
amyloid-like aggregation of self-proteins has not been documented.
There is evidence that citrullination protects an immunodominant peptide
of human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG34–56) against destructive processing in Epstein-Barr virus-infected B-lymphocytes
(EBV-BLCs) in marmosets and causes exacerbation of ongoing MS-like
encephalopathies in mice. Here we collected evidence that citrullination
of MOG can also lead to amyloid-like behavior shifting the disease
pathogenesis toward neurodegeneration. We observed that an immunodominant
MOG peptide, MOG35–55, displays amyloid-like behavior
upon site-specific citrullination at positions 41, 46, and/or 52.
These amyloid aggregates are shown to be toxic to the EBV-BLCs and
to dendritic cells at concentrations favored for antigen presentation,
suggesting a role of amyloid-like aggregation in the pathogenesis
of progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Araman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Immunology , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Miriam E van Gent
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Immunology , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Nico J Meeuwenoord
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Department of Bioorganic Synthesis , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Heijmans
- Department of Immunobiology , Biomedical Primate Research Centre , 2288 GJ Rijswijk , The Netherlands
| | - Mikkel H S Marqvorsen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Immunology , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Ward Doelman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Immunology , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Bart W Faber
- Department of Parasitology , Biomedical Primate Research Centre , 2288 GJ Rijswijk , The Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology , Biomedical Primate Research Centre , 2288 GJ Rijswijk , The Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience , University of Groningen, University Medical Centre , 9700 AB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Sander I Van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Immunology , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
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9
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Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in diseases of motor and sensory neurons: a broken relationship? Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:333. [PMID: 29491369 PMCID: PMC5832431 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the understanding of neurodegenerative diseases revealed that multiple molecular mechanisms contribute to pathological changes in neurons. A large fraction of these alterations can be linked to dysfunction in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, affecting metabolism and secretion of lipids and proteins, calcium homeostasis, and energy production. Remarkably, these organelles are interacting with each other at specialized domains on the ER called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). These membrane structures rely on the interaction of several complexes of proteins localized either at the mitochondria or at the ER interface and serve as an exchange platform of calcium, metabolites, and lipids, which are critical for the function of both organelles. In addition, recent evidence indicates that MAMs also play a role in the control of mitochondria dynamics and autophagy. MAMs thus start to emerge as a key element connecting many changes observed in neurodegenerative diseases. This review will focus on the role of MAMs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, two neurodegenerative diseases particularly affecting neurons with long projecting axons. We will discuss how defects in MAM signaling may impair neuronal calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dynamics, ER function, and autophagy, leading eventually to axonal degeneration. The possible impact of MAM dysfunction in glial cells, which may affect the capacity to support neurons and/or axons, will also be described. Finally, the possible role of MAMs as an interesting target for development of therapeutic interventions aiming at delaying or preventing neurodegeneration will be highlighted.
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10
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Identification of eight genetic variants as novel determinants of dyslipidemia in Japanese by exome-wide association studies. Oncotarget 2017; 8:38950-38961. [PMID: 28473662 PMCID: PMC5503585 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have performed exome-wide association studies to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms that influence serum concentrations of triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL)–cholesterol, or low density lipoprotein (LDL)–cholesterol or confer susceptibility to hypertriglyceridemia, hypo–HDL-cholesterolemia, or hyper–LDL-cholesterolemia in Japanese. Exome-wide association studies for serum triglycerides (13,414 subjects), HDL-cholesterol (14,119 subjects), LDL-cholesterol (13,577 subjects), hypertriglyceridemia (4742 cases, 8672 controls), hypo–HDL-cholesterolemia (2646 cases, 11,473 controls), and hyper–LDL-cholesterolemia (4489 cases, 9088 controls) were performed with HumanExome-12 DNA Analysis BeadChip or Infinium Exome-24 BeadChip arrays. Twenty-four, 69, or 32 loci were significantly (P < 1.21 × 10−6) associated with serum triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, or LDL-cholesterol, respectively, with 13, 16, or 9 of these loci having previously been associated with triglyceride-, HDL-cholesterol–, or LDL-cholesterol–related traits, respectively. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs10790162, rs7350481) were significantly related to both serum triglycerides and hypertriglyceridemia; three polymorphisms (rs146515657, rs147317864, rs12229654) were significantly related to both serum HDL-cholesterol and hypo–HDL-cholesterolemia; and six polymorphisms (rs2853969, rs7771335, rs2071653, rs2269704, rs2269703, rs2269702) were significantly related to both serum LDL-cholesterol and hyper–LDL-cholesterolemia. Among polymorphisms identified in the present study, two polymorphisms (rs146515657, rs147317864) may be novel determinants of hypo–HDL-cholesterolemia, and six polymorphisms (rs2853969, rs7771335, rs2071653, rs2269704, rs2269703, rs2269702) may be new determinants of hyper–LDL-cholesterolemia. In addition, 12, 61, 23, or 3 polymorphisms may be new determinants of the serum triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, or LDL-cholesterol concentrations or of hyper–LDL-cholesterolemia, respectively.
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11
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Danikowski KM, Jayaraman S, Prabhakar BS. Regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:117. [PMID: 28599652 PMCID: PMC5466736 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating disease of the central nervous system primarily mediated by T lymphocytes with specificity to neuronal antigens in genetically susceptible individuals. On the other hand, myasthenia gravis (MG) primarily involves destruction of the neuromuscular junction by antibodies specific to the acetylcholine receptor. Both autoimmune diseases are thought to result from loss of self-tolerance, which allows for the development and function of autoreactive lymphocytes. Although the mechanisms underlying compromised self-tolerance in these and other autoimmune diseases have not been fully elucidated, one possibility is numerical, functional, and/or migratory deficits in T regulatory cells (Tregs). Tregs are thought to play a critical role in the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. It is believed that Tregs function by suppressing the effector CD4+ T cell subsets that mediate autoimmune responses. Dysregulation of suppressive and migratory markers on Tregs have been linked to the pathogenesis of both MS and MG. For example, genetic abnormalities have been found in Treg suppressive markers CTLA-4 and CD25, while others have shown a decreased expression of FoxP3 and IL-10. Furthermore, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-17, and IFN-γ secreted by T effectors have been noted in MS and MG patients. This review provides several strategies of treatment which have been shown to be effective or are proposed as potential therapies to restore the function of various Treg subsets including Tr1, iTr35, nTregs, and iTregs. Strategies focusing on enhancing the Treg function find importance in cytokines TGF-β, IDO, interleukins 10, 27, and 35, and ligands Jagged-1 and OX40L. Likewise, strategies which affect Treg migration involve chemokines CCL17 and CXCL11. In pre-clinical animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), several strategies have been shown to ameliorate the disease and thus appear promising for treating patients with MS or MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Danikowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - S Jayaraman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - B S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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12
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Pacini G, Ieronymaki M, Nuti F, Sabatino G, Larregola M, Aharoni R, Papini AM, Rovero P. Epitope mapping of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis: microwave-assisted synthesis of the peptide antigens and ELISA screening. J Pept Sci 2015; 22:52-8. [PMID: 26663200 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of pathologic auto-antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in multiple sclerosis is a highly controversial matter. As the use of animal models may enable to unravel the molecular mechanisms of the human disorder, numerous studies on multiple sclerosis are carried out using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In particular, the most extensively used EAE model is obtained by immunizing C57BL/6 mice with the immunodominant peptide MOG(35-55). In this scenario, we analyzed the anti-MOG antibody response in this model using the recombinant refolded extracellular domain of the protein, MOG(1-117). To assess the presence of a B-cell intramolecular epitope spreading mechanism, we tested also five synthetic peptides mapping the 1-117 sequence of MOG, including MOG(35-55). For this purpose, we cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and on-column refolded MOG(1-117), and we applied an optimized microwave-assisted solid-phase synthetic strategy to obtain the designed peptide sequences. Subsequently, we set up a solid-phase immunoenzymatic assay testing both naïve and EAE mice sera and using MOG protein and peptides as antigenic probes. The results obtained disclose an intense IgG antibody response against both the recombinant protein and the immunizing peptide, while no response was observed against the other synthetic fragments, thus excluding the presence of an intramolecular epitope spreading mechanism. Furthermore, as the properly refolded recombinant probe is able to bind antibodies with greater efficiency compared with MOG(35-55), we hypothesize the presence of both linear and conformational epitopes on MOG(35-55) sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pacini
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department NeuroFarBa, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy
| | - Matthaia Ieronymaki
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department NeuroFarBa, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy.,Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac Neuville-sur-Oise, Cergy-Pontoise, 95000, France
| | - Francesca Nuti
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sabatino
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy
| | - Maud Larregola
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac Neuville-sur-Oise, Cergy-Pontoise, 95000, France
| | - Rina Aharoni
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy.,Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac Neuville-sur-Oise, Cergy-Pontoise, 95000, France
| | - Paolo Rovero
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department NeuroFarBa, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy
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Dabrowski W, Kwiecien JM, Rola R, Klapec M, Stanisz GJ, Kotlinska-Hasiec E, Oakden W, Janik R, Coote M, Frey BN, Turski WA. Prolonged Subdural Infusion of Kynurenic Acid Is Associated with Dose-Dependent Myelin Damage in the Rat Spinal Cord. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142598. [PMID: 26562835 PMCID: PMC4643054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is the end stage metabolite of tryptophan produced mainly by astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). It has neuroprotective activities but can be elevated in the neuropsychiatric disorders. Toxic effects of KYNA in the CNS are unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the subdural KYNA infusion on the spinal cord in adult rats. METHODS A total of 42 healthy adult rats were randomly assigned into six groups and were infused for 7 days with PBS (control) or 0.0002 pmol/min, 0.01 nmol/min, 0.1 nmol/min, 1 nmol/min, and 10 nmol/min of KYNA per 7 days. The effect of KYNA on spinal cord was determined using histological and electron microscopy examination. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) was measured in the blood serum to assess a degree of myelin damage. RESULT In all rats continuous long-lasting subdural KYNA infusion was associated with myelin damage and myelin loss that was increasingly widespread in a dose-depended fashion in peripheral, sub-pial areas. Damage to myelin sheaths was uniquely related to the separation of lamellae at the intraperiod line. The damaged myelin sheaths and areas with complete loss of myelin were associated with limited loss of scattered axons while vast majority of axons in affected areas were morphologically intact. The myelin loss-causing effect of KYNA occurred with no necrosis of oligodendrocytes, with locally severe astrogliosis and no cellular inflammatory response. Additionally, subdural KYNA infusion increased blood MOG concentration. Moreover, the rats infused with the highest doses of KYNA (1 and 10 nmol/min) demonstrated adverse neurological signs including weakness and quadriplegia. CONCLUSIONS We suggest, that subdural infusion of high dose of KYNA can be used as an experimental tool for the study of mechanisms of myelin damage and regeneration. On the other hand, the administration of low, physiologically relevant doses of KYNA may help to discover the role of KYNA in control of physiological myelination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Dabrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Medical University, Lublin, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, M. deGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Radoslaw Rola
- Department of Neurosurgery and Paediatric Neurosurgery Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michal Klapec
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Greg J. Stanisz
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Wendy Oakden
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rafal Janik
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret Coote
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, M. deGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benicio N. Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, M. deGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waldemar A. Turski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
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Decreased Frequency of Circulating Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein B Lymphocytes in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:673503. [PMID: 26090495 PMCID: PMC4452172 DOI: 10.1155/2015/673503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is no evidence for a role of anti-MOG antibodies in adult MS, no information on B lymphocytes with MOG-committed BCR is available. We report here on the frequency of anti-MOG B cells forming rosettes with polystyrene beads (BBR) covalently bound to the extracellular domain of rhMOG in 38 relapsing-remitting patients (RRMS) and 50 healthy individuals (HI). We show a substantial proportion of circulating anti-MOG-BBR in both RRMS and HI. Strikingly, MOG-specific B cells frequencies were lower in MS than in HI. Anti-MOG antibodies measured by a cell-based assay were not different between MS patients and controls, suggesting a specific alteration of anti-MOG B cells in MS. Although anti-MOG-BBR were higher in CNS fluid than in blood, no difference was observed between MS and controls. Lower frequency of MOG-BBR in MS was not explained by an increased apoptosis, but a trend for lower proliferative capacity was noted. Despite an efficient B cell transmigration across brain derived endothelial cells, total and anti-MOG B cells transmigration was similar between MS and HI. The striking alteration in MOG-specific B cells, independent of anti-MOG antibody titers, challenges our view on the role of MOG-specific B cells in MS.
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Dang PT, Bui Q, D'Souza CS, Orian JM. Modelling MS: Chronic-Relapsing EAE in the NOD/Lt Mouse Strain. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 26:143-177. [PMID: 26126592 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Modelling complex disorders presents considerable challenges, and multiple sclerosis (MS) is no exception to this rule. The aetiology of MS is unknown, and its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Moreover, the last two decades have witnessed a dramatic revision of the long-held view of MS as an inflammatory demyelinating white matter disease. Instead, it is now regarded as a global central nervous system (CNS) disorder with a neurodegenerative component. Currently, there is no animal model recapitulating MS immunopathogenesis. Available models are based on autoimmune-mediated demyelination, denoted experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) or virally or chemically induced demyelination. Of these, the EAE model has been the most commonly used. It has been extensively improved since its first description and now exists as a number of variants, including genetically modified and humanized versions. Nonetheless, EAE is a distinct disease, and each variant models only certain facets of MS. Whilst the search for more refined MS models must continue, it is important to further explore where mechanisms underlying EAE provide proof-of-principle for those driving MS pathogenesis. EAE variants generated with the myelin component myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) have emerged as the preferred ones, because in this particular variant disease is associated with both T- and B-cell effector mechanisms, together with demyelination. MOG-induced EAE in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain exhibits a chronic-relapsing EAE clinical profile and high disease incidence. We describe the generation of this variant, its contribution to the understanding of MS immune and pathogenetic mechanisms and potential for evaluation of candidate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc T Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Quyen Bui
- Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Claretta S D'Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Orian
- Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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Saadoun S, Waters P, Owens GP, Bennett JL, Vincent A, Papadopoulos MC. Neuromyelitis optica MOG-IgG causes reversible lesions in mouse brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:35. [PMID: 24685353 PMCID: PMC3977893 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) are present in some neuromyelitis optica patients who lack antibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG). The effects of neuromyelitis optica MOG-IgG in the central nervous system have not been investigated in vivo. We microinjected MOG-IgG, obtained from patients with neuromyelitis optica, into mouse brains and compared the results with AQP4-IgG. Results MOG-IgG caused myelin changes and altered the expression of axonal proteins that are essential for action potential firing, but did not produce inflammation, axonal loss, neuronal or astrocyte death. These changes were independent of complement and recovered within two weeks. By contrast, AQP4-IgG produced complement-mediated myelin loss, neuronal and astrocyte death with limited recovery at two weeks. Conclusions These differences mirror the better outcomes for MOG-IgG compared with AQP4-IgG patients and raise the possibility that MOG-IgG contributes to pathology in some neuromyelitis optica patients.
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