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Escrig JI, Miyamoto Y, Aznar AD, Eckmann L, Debnath A. Antigiardial and antiamebic activities of fexinidazole and its metabolites: new drug leads for giardiasis and amebiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0073123. [PMID: 38063401 PMCID: PMC10777846 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00731-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestinal parasites Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica are major causes of morbidity and mortality associated with diarrheal diseases. Metronidazole is the most common drug used to treat giardiasis and amebiasis. Despite its efficacy, treatment failures in giardiasis occur in up to 5%-40% of cases. Potential resistance of E. histolytica to metronidazole is an increasing concern. Therefore, it is critical to search for more effective drugs to treat giardiasis and amebiasis. We identified antigiardial and antiamebic activities of the rediscovered nitroimidazole compound, fexinidazole, and its sulfone and sulfoxide metabolites. Fexinidazole is equally active against E. histolytica and G. lamblia trophozoites, and both metabolites were 3- to 18-fold more active than the parent drug. Fexinidazole and its metabolites were also active against a metronidazole-resistant strain of G. lamblia. G. lamblia and E. histolytica cell extracts exhibited decreased residual nitroreductase activity when metabolites were used as substrates, indicating nitroreductase may be central to the mechanism of action of fexinidazole. In a cell invasion model, fexinidazole and its metabolites significantly reduced the invasiveness of E. histolytica trophozoites through basement membrane matrix. A q.d. oral dose of fexinidazole and its metabolites at 10 mg/kg for 3 days reduced G. lamblia infection significantly in mice compared to control. The newly discovered antigiardial and antiamebic activities of fexinidazole, combined with its FDA-approval and inclusion in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis, offer decreased risk and a shortened development timeline toward clinical use of fexinidazole for treatment of giardiasis or amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ignacio Escrig
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alejandro Delgado Aznar
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Morales-Luna L, Vázquez-Bautista M, Martínez-Rosas V, Rojas-Alarcón MA, Ortega-Cuellar D, González-Valdez A, Pérez de la Cruz V, Arreguin-Espinosa R, Rodríguez-Bustamante E, Rodríguez-Flores E, Hernández-Ochoa B, Gómez-Manzo S. Fused Enzyme Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase::6-Phosphogluconolactonase (G6PD::6PGL) as a Potential Drug Target in Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Plasmodium falciparum. Microorganisms 2024; 12:112. [PMID: 38257939 PMCID: PMC10819308 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Several microaerophilic parasites such as Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Plasmodium falciparum are major disease-causing organisms and are responsible for spreading infections worldwide. Despite significant progress made in understanding the metabolism and molecular biology of microaerophilic parasites, chemotherapeutic treatment to control it has seen limited progress. A current proposed strategy for drug discovery against parasitic diseases is the identification of essential key enzymes of metabolic pathways associated with the parasite's survival. In these organisms, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase::6-phosphogluconolactonase (G6PD:: 6PGL), the first enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), is essential for its metabolism. Since G6PD:: 6PGL provides substrates for nucleotides synthesis and NADPH as a source of reducing equivalents, it could be considered an anti-parasite drug target. This review analyzes the anaerobic energy metabolism of G. lamblia, T. vaginalis, and P. falciparum, with a focus on glucose metabolism through the pentose phosphate pathway and the significance of the fused G6PD:: 6PGL enzyme as a therapeutic target in the search for new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morales-Luna
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (L.M.-L.); (M.V.-B.); (V.M.-R.); (M.A.R.-A.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Montserrat Vázquez-Bautista
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (L.M.-L.); (M.V.-B.); (V.M.-R.); (M.A.R.-A.)
- Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Víctor Martínez-Rosas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (L.M.-L.); (M.V.-B.); (V.M.-R.); (M.A.R.-A.)
- Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Miriam Abigail Rojas-Alarcón
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (L.M.-L.); (M.V.-B.); (V.M.-R.); (M.A.R.-A.)
- Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Daniel Ortega-Cuellar
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico;
| | - Abigail González-Valdez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Arreguin-Espinosa
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.A.-E.); (E.R.-B.); (E.R.-F.)
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez-Bustamante
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.A.-E.); (E.R.-B.); (E.R.-F.)
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Eden Rodríguez-Flores
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.A.-E.); (E.R.-B.); (E.R.-F.)
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (L.M.-L.); (M.V.-B.); (V.M.-R.); (M.A.R.-A.)
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Stevens AJ, Abraham R, Young KA, Russell CC, McCluskey SN, Baker JR, Rusdi B, Page SW, O'Handley R, O'Dea M, Abraham S, McCluskey A. Antigiardial Activity of Novel Guanidine Compounds. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200341. [PMID: 36085254 PMCID: PMC9828538 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
From four focused compound libraries based on the known anticoccidial agent robenidine, 44 compounds total were synthesised and screened for antigiardial activity. All active compounds were counter-screened for antibiotic and cytotoxic action. Of the analogues examined, 21 displayed IC50 <5 μM, seven with IC50 <1.0 μM. Most active were 2,2'-bis{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylene}carbonimidic dihydrazide hydrochloride (30), 2,2'-bis{[4-(trifluoromethylsulfanyl)phenyl]methylene}carbonimidic dihydrazide hydrochloride (32), and 2,2'-bis[(2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methylene]carbonimidic dihydrazide hydrochloride (41) with IC50 =0.2 μM. The maximal observed activity was a 5 h IC50 value of 0.2 μM for 41. The clinically used metronidazole was inactive at this timepoint at a concentration of 25 μM. Robenidine off-target effects at bacteria and cell line toxicity were removed. Analogue 41 was well tolerated in mice treated orally (100 mg/kg). Following 5 h treatment with 41, no Giardia regrowth was noted after 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Stevens
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
| | - Rebecca Abraham
- Antimicrobial resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry butler InstituteMurdoch University90 South StreetMurdochWA 6150Australia,School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of Adelaide, Roseworthy CampusMudla Wirra RoadRoseworthySA 5371Australia
| | - Kelly A. Young
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
| | - Cecilia C. Russell
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
| | - Siobhann N. McCluskey
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
| | - Jennifer R. Baker
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
| | - Bertha Rusdi
- Antimicrobial resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry butler InstituteMurdoch University90 South StreetMurdochWA 6150Australia
| | | | - Ryan O'Handley
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of Adelaide, Roseworthy CampusMudla Wirra RoadRoseworthySA 5371Australia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- Antimicrobial resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry butler InstituteMurdoch University90 South StreetMurdochWA 6150Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry butler InstituteMurdoch University90 South StreetMurdochWA 6150Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
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Loderstädt U, Frickmann H. Antimicrobial resistance of the enteric protozoon Giardia duodenalis - A narrative review. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2021; 11:29-43. [PMID: 34237023 PMCID: PMC8287975 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2021.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction As therapy-refractory giardiasis is an emerging health issue, this review aimed at summarizing mechanisms of reduced antimicrobial susceptibility in Giardia duodenalis and strategies to overcome this problem. Methods A narrative review on antimicrobial resistance in G. duodenalis was based upon a selective literature research. Results Failed therapeutic success has been observed for all standard therapies of giardiasis comprising nitroimidazoles like metronidazole or tinidazole as first line substances but also benznidazoles like albendazole and mebendazole, the nitrofuran furazolidone, the thiazolide nitazoxanide, and the aminoglycoside paromomycin. Multicausality of the resistance phenotypes has been described, with differentiated gene expression due to epigenetic and post-translational modifications playing a considerable bigger role than mutational base exchanges in the parasite DNA. Standardized resistance testing algorithms are not available and clinical evidence for salvage therapies is scarce in spite of research efforts targeting new giardicidal drugs. Conclusion In case of therapeutic failure of first line nitroimidazoles, salvage strategies including various options for combination therapy exist in spite of limited evidence and lacking routine diagnostic-compatible assays for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in G. duodenalis. Sufficiently powered clinical and diagnostic studies are needed to overcome both the lacking evidence regarding salvage therapy and the diagnostic neglect of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Loderstädt
- 1Institute for Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- 2Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.,3Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Jones KR, Tardieu L. Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Neo-Tropical Rodents and Marsupials: Is There Any Zoonotic Potential? Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030256. [PMID: 33804628 PMCID: PMC8003710 DOI: 10.3390/life11030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis have been identified as emerging diseases in both developed and developing countries. Wildlife has been highlighted to play a major role in the spread of these diseases to humans. This review aims to highlight the research findings that relate to Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., with a focus on (1) parasitism of neo-tropical hystricomorphic rodents and marsupials from the genus Didelphis and (2) prevention and treatment strategies for humans and animals for the neo-tropical region. It was found that there are few studies conducted on neo-tropical rodent and marsupial species, but studies that were found illustrated the potential role these animals may play as zoonotic carriers of these two parasites for the neo-tropical region. Thus, it is recommended that further studies be done to assess the threat of protozoan parasites in neo-tropical wildlife to humans and domestic animals, and to further determine the most effective prophylaxis adapted for the unique conditions of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kegan Romelle Jones
- Department of Food Production (DFP), Faculty of Food and Agriculture (FFA), St. Augustine Campus, University of the West Indies (UWI), St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago;
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences (DBVS), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FMS), School of Veterinary Medicine (SVM), Mt. Hope Campus, University of the West Indies (UWI), Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-868-787-0833
| | - Laura Tardieu
- Department of Food Production (DFP), Faculty of Food and Agriculture (FFA), St. Augustine Campus, University of the West Indies (UWI), St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago;
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Soosaraei M, Daryani A, Sarvi S, Rahimi MT, Fakhar M, Ziaei Hezarjaribi H, Sharif M. Activity of Iranian Medicinal Herbs against Human Intestinal Parasites (HIP): A Systematic Review. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.14.5.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Lee SM, Kim MS, Hayat F, Shin D. Recent Advances in the Discovery of Novel Antiprotozoal Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:E3886. [PMID: 31661934 PMCID: PMC6864685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases have serious health, social, and economic impacts, especially in the tropical regions of the world. Diseases caused by protozoan parasites are responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity, affecting more than 500 million people worldwide. Globally, the burden of protozoan diseases is increasing and is been exacerbated because of a lack of effective medication due to the drug resistance and toxicity of current antiprotozoal agents. These limitations have prompted many researchers to search for new drugs against protozoan parasites. In this review, we have compiled the latest information (2012-2017) on the structures and pharmacological activities of newly developed organic compounds against five major protozoan diseases, giardiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, trichomoniasis, and trypanosomiasis, with the aim of showing recent advances in the discovery of new antiprotozoal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Min Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea.
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea.
| | - Faisal Hayat
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea.
| | - Dongyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea.
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Debnath A, Reed SL, Morris SR. Predictors of Failure from Primary Therapy for Giardiasis in San Diego: A Single Institution Retrospective Review. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040165. [PMID: 31569735 PMCID: PMC6963537 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the presence of giardiasis among HIV patients in San Diego, the rate of failure of metronidazole treatment, and factors associated with treatment failure. We used a 7 year retrospective single-center case series of HIV-infected individuals with giardiasis at University of California San Diego Medical Center. Data were analyzed for the changes in the hematological, biochemical, and immunologic results at pre- and at-diagnosis levels. We also compared the changes at the diagnosis level among patients who were treated successfully and those who experienced treatment failure as defined by retreatment with a second course of antibiotics. In 29 Giardia lamblia-infected HIV patients, following diagnosis of G. lamblia, there was a non-significant decrement in cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), but a statistically significant increase in the number of white blood cell (WBC). Other indices did not differ between pre- and at-diagnosis levels. Twenty patients (69%) were treated with a single course of metronidazole or tinidazole and seven patients (24.1%) were treated with more than one course of metronidazole. These seven patients had statistically significant higher hemoglobin at the time of diagnosis, but further studies are required to confirm if this is a consistent finding and if this can predict failure from primary therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Sharon L Reed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Sheldon R Morris
- Departments of Medicine and Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
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Abraham RJ, Abraham S, Stevens AJ, Page SW, McCluskey A, Trott DJ, O'Handley RM. Aminoguanidines: New leads for treatment of Giardia duodenalis infection. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2019; 10:38-44. [PMID: 31015151 PMCID: PMC6479099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is an ubiquitous parasitic pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Failures in drug therapy are commonly due to poor patient compliance as a result of the need for repeated administration, off target drug effects and increasing parasite drug resistance. In this study the in vitro efficacy and selectivity of the aminoguanidine compound robenidine and 2 structural analogues against Giardia were determined. After 5 h exposure to each compound the IC50 was as low as 0.2 μM with corresponding MLCs as low as 2.8 μM. This is in contrast to metronidazole which required 24 h to exhibit inhibitory activity. A modified adherence assay, developed for this study, demonstrated that three of the compounds inhibited in vitro adherence of the parasite. The lead compound exhibited rapid giardicidal activity (<5hr). In addition, microscopy studies demonstrated damage to the plasma membrane of trophozoites. In conclusion, a class of aminoguanidines, represented by robenidine, has shown antigiardial activity warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Abraham
- The University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5352, Australia; Murdoch University, School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
| | - Sam Abraham
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Andrew J Stevens
- Chemistry, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | | | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- The University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5352, Australia
| | - Ryan M O'Handley
- The University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5352, Australia
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Fonseca JF, Alvim LB, Nunes ÁC, Oliveira FMS, Amaral RS, Caliari MV, Nicoli JR, Neumann E, Gomes MA. Probiotic effect of Bifidobacterium longum 5 1A and Weissella paramesenteroides WpK4 on gerbils infected with Giardia lamblia. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1184-1191. [PMID: 31155822 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to assess the probiotic potential of genuine strains of Bifidobacterium longum 51A and Weissella paramesenteroides WpK4, in experimental giardiasis. METHODS AND RESULTS The bacteria were administered orally to gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) 10 days before oral infection with trophozoites of Giardia lamblia. After 7 days of infection, the animals were euthanized and portions of the duodenum were processed for histopathologic, histochemical and morphometric assessment. The height of the intestinal crypts and crypt/villi ratio were higher in infected groups (P < 0·05) than in noninfected groups. The area of mucus production was higher (P < 0·05) in infected animals pretreated with B. longum 51A than in other groups. The parasitic load of the animals that received both bacteria decreased significantly (P < 0·05) compared to the ones of the control group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a probiotic function of B. longum 51A and W. paramesenteroides WpK4 and may result in their use as a prophylactic and therapeutic alternative for promoting human and animal health. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Bifidobacterium longum 51A and W. paramesenteroides WpK4 may constitute prophylactic alternatives, reversing the emergence of side effects and resistance observed in the conventional treatment of giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Fonseca
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L B Alvim
- Department of General Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Á C Nunes
- Department of General Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - F M S Oliveira
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - R S Amaral
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M V Caliari
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J R Nicoli
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - E Neumann
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M A Gomes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Identification of Conserved Candidate Vaccine Antigens in the Surface Proteome of Giardia lamblia. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00219-19. [PMID: 30962402 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00219-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia, one of the most common protozoal infections of the human intestine, is an important worldwide cause of diarrheal disease, malabsorption, malnutrition, delayed cognitive development in children, and protracted postinfectious syndromes. Despite its medical importance, no human vaccine is available against giardiasis. A crude veterinary vaccine has been developed, and experimental vaccines based on expression of multiple variant-specific surface proteins have been reported, but poorly defined vaccine components and excessive antigen variability are problematic for pharmaceutical vaccine production. To expand the repertoire of antigen candidates for vaccines, we reasoned that surface proteins may provide an enriched source of such antigens since key host effectors, such as secretory IgA, can directly bind to such antigens in the intestinal lumen and interfere with epithelial attachment. Here, we have applied a proteomics approach to identify 23 novel surface antigens of G. lamblia that show >90% amino acid sequence identity between the two human-pathogenic genetic assemblages (A and B) of the parasite. Surface localization of a representative subset of these proteins was confirmed by immunostaining. Four selected proteins, uridine phosphorylase-like protein-1, protein 21.1 (GL50803_27925), α1-giardin, and α11-giardin, were subsequently produced in recombinant form and shown to be immunogenic in mice and G. lamblia-infected humans and confer protection against G. lamblia infection upon intranasal immunization in rodent models of giardiasis. These results demonstrate that identification of conserved surface antigens provides a powerful approach for overcoming a key rate-limiting step in the design and construction of an effective vaccine against giardiasis.
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Ordóñez-Mena JM, McCarthy ND, Fanshawe TR. Comparative efficacy of drugs for treating giardiasis: a systematic update of the literature and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:596-606. [PMID: 29186570 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardiasis is the commonest intestinal protozoal infection worldwide. The current first-choice therapy is metronidazole. Recently, other drugs with potentially higher efficacy or with fewer and milder side effects have increased in popularity, but evidence is limited by a scarcity of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the many treatment options available. Network meta-analysis (NMA) is a useful tool to compare multiple treatments when there is limited or no direct evidence available. Objectives To compare the efficacy and side effects of all available drugs for the treatment of giardiasis. Methods We selected all RCTs included in systematic reviews and expert reviews of all treatments for giardiasis published until 2014, extended the systematic literature search until 2016, and identified new studies by scanning reference lists for relevant studies. We then conducted an NMA of all available treatments for giardiasis by comparing parasitological cure (efficacy) and side effects. Results We identified 60 RCTs from 58 reports (46 from published systematic reviews, 8 from reference lists and 4 from the updated systematic search). Data from 6714 patients, 18 treatments and 42 treatment comparisons were available. Tinidazole was associated with higher parasitological cure than metronidazole [relative risk (RR) 1.23, 95% CI 1.12-1.35] and albendazole (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.21-1.50). Taking into consideration clinical efficacy, side effects and amount of the evidence, tinidazole was found to be the most effective drug. Conclusions We provide additional evidence that single-dose tinidazole is the best available treatment for giardiasis in symptomatic and asymptomatic children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Ordóñez-Mena
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Noel D McCarthy
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Thomas R Fanshawe
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Nazer MR, Abbaszadeh S, Anbari K, Shams M. A review of the most important medicinal herbs affecting giardiasis. JOURNAL OF HERBMED PHARMACOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.15171/jhp.2019.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection due to the protozoa giardia is one of the most common parasitic infections in the world. Millions of people across the world acquire this infection each year. The most common clinical symptoms of giardiasis include abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea, indigestion, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and oily feces with bad smell. Drugs used for giardiasis lead to certain side effects, such as unpleasant taste in the mouth, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, headache and leukopenia. Considering the importance of giardiasis infection, it is essential to identify anti-parasitic herbal drugs to eliminate cystic and trophozoite types of this disease. Hence, this article is aimed to report the medicinal plants that are used in Iranian traditional medicine against giardiasis. The information in this review study was obtained from scientific articles indexed in databases such as ISI, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Magiran and Google Scholar that were retrieved using the search terms giardia, protozoa, herbs, extracts and essential oils. Medicinal plants such as Lavandula stoechas, Ferula assa-foetida, Tanacetum parthenium, Allium paradoxum, Chenopodium botrys, Carum copticum, Allium sativum, Artemisia annua, Allium ascalonicum, ZizIphora clinopodioides, Zataria multiflorahad, Eucalyptus globulus, Lippia beriandievi, Punica granatum are among the most important herbs used in Iranian herbal medicine as anti-giardiasis agents. These herbs are good candidates to produce natural and effective drugs for giardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Reza Nazer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Saber Abbaszadeh
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Khatereh Anbari
- Community Medicine Department, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, khorramabad, Iran
| | - Morteza Shams
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Abraham RJ, O'Dea M, Rusdi B, Page SW, O'Handley R, Abraham S. Giardia duodenalis mouse model for the development of novel antigiardial agents. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 145:7-9. [PMID: 29198594 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a neonatal mouse model of Giardia infection for development of novel antigiardials. Mice were infected with the axenically cultured Assemblage A BAH2c2 strain, with 105 trophozoites per animal recovered. This model proved to be robust and consistent for use in preliminary drug efficacy trials and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Abraham
- Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; The University of Adelaide School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Mudla Wirra Rd, Roseworthy, South Australia 5352, Australia.
| | - Mark O'Dea
- Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Bertha Rusdi
- Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | | | - Ryan O'Handley
- The University of Adelaide School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Mudla Wirra Rd, Roseworthy, South Australia 5352, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Abstract
In the last 2 decades, renewed attention to neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has spurred the development of antiparasitic agents, especially in light of emerging drug resistance. The need for new drugs has required in vitro screening methods using parasite culture. Furthermore, clinical laboratories sought to correlate in vitro susceptibility methods with treatment outcomes, most notably with malaria. Parasites with their various life cycles present greater complexity than bacteria, for which standardized susceptibility methods exist. This review catalogs the state-of-the-art methodologies used to evaluate the effects of drugs on key human parasites from the point of view of drug discovery as well as the need for laboratory methods that correlate with clinical outcomes.
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Bashyal B, Li L, Bains T, Debnath A, LaBarbera DV. Larrea tridentata: A novel source for anti-parasitic agents active against Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Naegleria fowleri. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005832. [PMID: 28793307 PMCID: PMC5565192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites infect and kill millions of people worldwide every year, particularly in developing countries where access to clean fresh water is limited. Among the most common are intestinal parasites, including Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica. These parasites wreak havoc on the epithelium lining the small intestines (G. lamblia) and colon (E. histolytica) causing giardiasis and amebiasis, respectively. In addition, there are less common but far more deadly pathogens such as Naegleria fowleri that thrive in warm waters and infect the central nervous systems of their victims via the nasal passages. Despite their prevalence and associated high mortality rates, there remains an unmet need to identify more effective therapeutics for people infected with these opportunistic parasites. To address this unmet need, we have surveyed plants and traditional herbal medicines known throughout the world to identify novel antiparasitic agents with activity against G. lamblia, E. histolytica, and N. fowleri. Herein, we report Larrea tridentata, known as creosote bush, as a novel source for secondary metabolites that display antiparasitic activity against all three pathogens. This report also characterizes the lignan compound classes, nordihydroguairetic acid and demethoxyisoguaiacin, as novel antiparasitic lead agents to further develop more effective drug therapy options for millions of people worldwide. Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Naegleria fowleri pathogens are widespread throughout the world infecting and killing hundreds of thousands of people every year. They are also listed as category B bioterrorism agents by the NIH and the CDC. However, there is a serious unmet need to develop more effective therapies to treat these deadly pathogens. Herein we describe that lignans isolated from the creosote bush, common to the southwestern U.S.A. and throughout Mexico, display relatively potent antiparasitic activity against E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and N. fowleri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bashyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Trpta Bains
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DVL); (AD)
| | - Daniel V. LaBarbera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DVL); (AD)
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Al-Megrin WA. In vivo study of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract efficacy against Giardia lamblia in infected experimental mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Phase I Clinical Trial Results of Auranofin, a Novel Antiparasitic Agent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 61:AAC.01947-16. [PMID: 27821451 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01947-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Under an NIH priority to identify new drugs to treat class B parasitic agents, we performed high-throughput screens, which identified the activity of auranofin (Ridaura) against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis, major causes of water- and foodborne outbreaks. Auranofin, an orally administered, gold (Au)-containing compound that was approved by the FDA in 1985 for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, was effective in vitro and in vivo against E. histolytica and both metronidazole-sensitive and -resistant strains of Giardia We now report the results of an NIH-sponsored phase I trial to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of auranofin in healthy volunteers using modern techniques to measure gold levels. Subjects received orally 6 mg (p.o.) of auranofin daily, the recommended dose for rheumatoid arthritis, for 7 days and were followed for 126 days. Treatment-associated adverse events were reported by 47% of the subjects, but all were mild and resolved without treatment. The mean gold maximum concentration in plasma (Cmax) at day 7 was 0.312 μg/ml and the half-life (t1/2) 35 days, so steady-state blood levels would not be reached in short-term therapy. The highest concentration of gold, 13 μM (auranofin equivalent), or more than 25× the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) for E. histolytica and 4× that for Giardia, was in feces at 7 days. Modeling of higher doses (9 and 21 mg/day) was performed for systemic parasitic infections, and plasma gold levels of 0.4 to 1.0 μg/ml were reached after 14 days of treatment at 21 mg/day. This phase I trial supports the idea of the safety of auranofin and provides important PK data to support its potential use as a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT02089048.).
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Divergent Transcriptional Responses to Physiological and Xenobiotic Stress in Giardia duodenalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6034-45. [PMID: 27458219 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00977-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how parasites respond to stress can help to identify essential biological processes. Giardia duodenalis is a parasitic protist that infects the human gastrointestinal tract and causes 200 to 300 million cases of diarrhea annually. Metronidazole, a major antigiardial drug, is thought to cause oxidative damage within the infective trophozoite form. However, treatment efficacy is suboptimal, due partly to metronidazole-resistant infections. To elucidate conserved and stress-specific responses, we calibrated sublethal metronidazole, hydrogen peroxide, and thermal stresses to exert approximately equal pressure on trophozoite growth and compared transcriptional responses after 24 h of exposure. We identified 252 genes that were differentially transcribed in response to all three stressors, including glycolytic and DNA repair enzymes, a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, high-cysteine membrane proteins, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) synthetase, and histone modification enzymes. Transcriptional responses appeared to diverge according to physiological or xenobiotic stress. Downregulation of the antioxidant system and α-giardins was observed only under metronidazole-induced stress, whereas upregulation of GARP-like transcription factors and their subordinate genes was observed in response to hydrogen peroxide and thermal stressors. Limited evidence was found in support of stress-specific response elements upstream of differentially transcribed genes; however, antisense derepression and differential regulation of RNA interference machinery suggest multiple epigenetic mechanisms of transcriptional control.
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Introducing nitazoxanide as a promising alternative treatment for symptomatic to metronidazole-resistant giardiasis in clinical isolates. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:887-892. [PMID: 27633304 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the frequencies (F) of ferredoxin and nitroreductase mutations on Iranian clinical isolates of Giardia lamblia in order to predict whether the nitazoxanide can be prescribed as suitable drug for symptomatic to metronidazole-resistant giardiasis. METHODS Forty Giardia lamblia isolates as of 38 symptomatic and two metronidazole-resistant patients were collected from Iran. DNAs were extracted and amplified by targeting ferredoxin and GlNR genes. The amplicons were directly sequenced to determine gene mutations. RESULTS The various amino acid substitutions (F: 20%, Haplotype diversity: 0.891, Tajima's D: -0.44013) were identified by analyzing ferredoxin gene in four symptomatic and two resistant isolates. Only two haplotypes (F: 5%, HD: 0.345; Tajima's D: 0.77815) characterized in metronidazole-resistant isolates of GlNR, however, no point mutations was found in symptomatic isolates. CONCLUSIONS Non-synonymous mutations of ferredoxin oxidoreductase gene reduce translational regulatory protein's binding affinity which concludes reduction of ferredoxin expression and its activity. This leads to decrease in metronidazole drug delivery into the cells. Mutations in these isolates may lead to their resistance to metronidazole. No to low synonymous mutations of GlNR demonstrates that nitazoxanide can be prescribed as promising alternative treatment for symptomatic to metronidazole-resistant giardiasis in Iranian clinical isolates.
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Ansell BRE, McConville MJ, Baker L, Korhonen PK, Young ND, Hall RS, Rojas CAA, Svärd SG, Gasser RB, Jex AR. Time-Dependent Transcriptional Changes in Axenic Giardia duodenalis Trophozoites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004261. [PMID: 26636323 PMCID: PMC4670223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is the most common gastrointestinal protozoan parasite of humans and a significant contributor to the global burden of both diarrheal disease and post-infectious chronic disorders. Although G. duodenalis can be cultured axenically, significant gaps exist in our understanding of the molecular biology and metabolism of this pathogen. The present study employed RNA sequencing to characterize the mRNA transcriptome of G. duodenalis trophozoites in axenic culture, at log (48 h of growth), stationary (60 h), and declining (96 h) growth phases. Using ~400-times coverage of the transcriptome, we identified 754 differentially transcribed genes (DTGs), mainly representing two large DTG groups: 438 that were down-regulated in the declining phase relative to log and stationary phases, and 281 that were up-regulated. Differential transcription of prominent antioxidant and glycolytic enzymes implicated oxygen tension as a key factor influencing the transcriptional program of axenic trophozoites. Systematic bioinformatic characterization of numerous DTGs encoding hypothetical proteins of unknown function was achieved using structural homology searching. This powerful approach greatly informed the differential transcription analysis and revealed putative novel antioxidant-coding genes, and the presence of a near-complete two-component-like signaling system that may link cytosolic redox or metabolite sensing to the observed transcriptional changes. Motif searching applied to promoter regions of the two large DTG groups identified different putative transcription factor-binding motifs that may underpin global transcriptional regulation. This study provides new insights into the drivers and potential mediators of transcriptional variation in axenic G. duodenalis and provides context for static transcriptional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan R. E. Ansell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Malcolm J. McConville
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise Baker
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pasi K. Korhonen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil D. Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross S. Hall
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristian A. A. Rojas
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Staffan G. Svärd
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron R. Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Miyamoto Y, Eckmann L. Drug Development Against the Major Diarrhea-Causing Parasites of the Small Intestine, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1208. [PMID: 26635732 PMCID: PMC4652082 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, particularly among young children. A limited number of infectious agents account for most of these illnesses, raising the hope that advances in the treatment and prevention of these infections can have global health impact. The two most important parasitic causes of diarrheal disease are Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Both parasites infect predominantly the small intestine and colonize the lumen and epithelial surface, but do not invade deeper mucosal layers. This review discusses the therapeutic challenges, current treatment options, and drug development efforts against cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis. The goals of drug development against Cryptosporidium and Giardia are different. For Cryptosporidium, only one moderately effective drug (nitazoxanide) is available, so novel classes of more effective drugs are a high priority. Furthermore, new genetic technology to identify potential drug targets and better assays for functional evaluation of these targets throughout the parasite life cycle are needed for advancing anticryptosporidial drug design. By comparison, for Giardia, several classes of drugs with good efficacy exist, but dosing regimens are suboptimal and emerging resistance begins to threaten clinical utility. Consequently, improvements in potency and dosing, and the ability to overcome existing and prevent new forms of drug resistance are priorities in antigiardial drug development. Current work on new drugs against both infections has revealed promising strategies and new drug leads. However, the primary challenge for further drug development is the underlying economics, as both parasitic infections are considered Neglected Diseases with low funding priority and limited commercial interest. If a new urgency in medical progress against these infections can be raised at national funding agencies or philanthropic organizations, meaningful and timely progress is possible in treating and possibly preventing cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
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Hounkong K, Sawangjaroen N, Kongyen W, Rukachaisirikul V, Wootipoom N. Mechanisms of 1-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone from Coptosapelta flavescens as an anti-giardial activity. Acta Trop 2015; 146:11-6. [PMID: 25735817 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thai medicinal plants represent a rich source of potential anti-parasitic compounds. 1-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone (CFQ) purified from Coptosapelta flavescens, a plant commonly used to expel intestinal worms, indicated potential anti-giardial agent as shown in a previous study. This study aims to investigate its mechanism of action. We assessed whether CFQ was involved as an inducer of apoptosis as well as having effects on the fine structure of Giardia intestinalis trophozoites. We observed the consequences of exposing G. intestinalis trophozoites to CFQ and metronidazole, both had an IC50 of 0.42μg/ml, after 6, 12 and 24h exposure. An apoptosis in trophozoite was confirmed by the AnnexinV-FITC assay and as viewed by flow cytometry. CFQ at its IC50 induced apoptosis as early as 6h after incubation while metronidazole produced little or no apoptosis at its IC50 value. Ultrastructural analyzes at 24h demonstrated that both CFQ and metronidazole induced several physical alterations, including the appearance of wrinkled and rounded cells, membrane blebbing, ventral disc damage, electron dense precipitates in the nuclei, all of which were indicative of cell death. However, membrane rupture was found only in G. intestinalis exposed to CFQ and this proved the induction of apoptosis. Taken together, we have provided a mechanistic explanation of the action of CFQ against G. intestinalis trophozoites. These results have provided further evidence that CFQ is a new compound that has the potential for use to treat infections from G. intestinalis.
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Ansell BRE, McConville MJ, Ma'ayeh SY, Dagley MJ, Gasser RB, Svärd SG, Jex AR. Drug resistance in Giardia duodenalis. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:888-901. [PMID: 25922317 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a microaerophilic parasite of the human gastrointestinal tract and a major contributor to diarrheal and post-infectious chronic gastrointestinal disease world-wide. Treatment of G. duodenalis infection currently relies on a small number of drug classes. Nitroheterocyclics, in particular metronidazole, have represented the front line treatment for the last 40 years. Nitroheterocyclic-resistant G. duodenalis have been isolated from patients and created in vitro, prompting considerable research into the biomolecular mechanisms of resistance. These compounds are redox-active and are believed to damage proteins and DNA after being activated by oxidoreductase enzymes in metabolically active cells. In this review, we explore the molecular phenotypes of nitroheterocyclic-resistant G. duodenalis described to date in the context of the protist's unusual glycolytic and antioxidant systems. We propose that resistance mechanisms are likely to extend well beyond currently described resistance-associated enzymes (i.e., pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductases and nitroreductases), to include NAD(P)H- and flavin-generating pathways, and possibly redox-sensitive epigenetic regulation. Mechanisms that allow G. duodenalis to tolerate oxidative stress may lead to resistance against both oxygen and nitroheterocyclics, with implications for clinical control. The present review highlights the potential for systems biology tools and advanced bioinformatics to further investigate the multifaceted mechanisms of nitroheterocyclic resistance in this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan R E Ansell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Cnr Park Dr and Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Showgy Y Ma'ayeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael J Dagley
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Cnr Park Dr and Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Staffan G Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Cnr Park Dr and Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Comparative characterisation of two nitroreductases from Giardia lamblia as potential activators of nitro compounds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2015; 5:37-43. [PMID: 27099829 PMCID: PMC4813764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
G. lamblia has two nitroreductases with substrate specificities not only for nitro compounds, but also for quinones. GlNR1 rather activates nitro drugs by forming toxic intermediates, GlNR2 rather inactivates them.
Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis, a diarrhoeal disease affecting humans and various animal species. Nitro drugs such as the nitroimidazole metronidazole and the nitrothiazolide nitazoxanide are used for treatment of giardiasis. Nitroreductases such as GlNR1 and GlNR2 may play a role in activation or inactivation of these drugs. The aim of this work is to characterise these two enyzmes using functional assays. For respective analyses recombinant analogues from GlNR1 and GlNR2 were produced in Escherichia coli. E. coli expressing GlNR1 and GlNR2 alone or together were grown in the presence of nitro compounds. Furthermore, pull-down assays were performed using HA-tagged GlNR1 and GlNR2 as baits. As expected, E. coli expressing GlNR1 were more susceptible to metronidazole under aerobic and semi-aerobic and to nitazoxanide under semi-aerobic growth conditions whereas E. coli expressing GlNR2 were susceptible to neither drug. Interestingly, expression of both nitroreductases gave the same results as expression of GlNR2 alone. In functional assays, both nitroreductases had their strongest activities on the quinone menadione (vitamin K3) and FAD, but reduction of nitro compounds including the nitro drugs metronidazole and nitazoxanide was clearly detected. Full reduction of 7-nitrocoumarin to 7-aminocoumarin was preferentially achieved with GlNR2. Pull-down assays revealed that GlNR1 and GlNR2 interacted in vivo forming a multienzyme complex. These findings suggest that both nitroreductases are multifunctional. Their main biological role may reside in the reduction of vitamin K analogues and FAD. Activation by GlNR1 or inactivation by GlNR2 of nitro drugs may be the consequence of a secondary enzymatic activity either yielding (GlNR1) or eliminating (GlNR2) toxic intermediates after reduction of these compounds.
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Stark D, Barratt JLN, Roberts T, Marriott D, Harkness JT, Ellis J. Activity of benzimidazoles against Dientamoeba fragilis (Trichomonadida, Monocercomonadidae) in vitro and correlation of beta-tubulin sequences as an indicator of resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:41. [PMID: 25148459 PMCID: PMC4141546 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, Dientamoeba fragilis has emerged as a significant and common enteropathogen. The majority of patients with dientamoebiasis present with gastrointestinal complaints and chronic symptoms are common. Numerous studies have successfully demonstrated parasite clearance, coupled with complete resolution of clinical symptoms following treatment with various antiparasitic compounds. Despite this, there is very little in vitro susceptibility data available for the organism. Benzimidazoles are a class of antiparasitic drugs that are commonly used for the treatment of protozoan and helminthic infections. Susceptibility testing was undertaken on four D. fragilis clinical isolates against the following benzimidazoles: albendazole, flubendazole, mebendazole, nocodazole, triclabendazole and thiabendazole. The activities of the antiprotozoal compounds at concentrations ranging from 2 μg/mL to 500 μg/mL were determined via cell counts of D. fragilis grown in xenic culture. All tested drugs showed no efficacy. The beta-tubulin transcript was sequenced from two of the D. fragilis isolates and amino acid sequences predicted a susceptibility to benzimidazoles. This is the first study to report susceptibility profiles for benzimidazoles against D. fragilis, all of which were not active against the organism. This study also found that beta-tubulin sequences cannot be used as a reliable marker for resistance of benzimidazoles in D. fragilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Stark
- Division of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia - University of Technology Sydney, School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Broadway 2007, Australia
| | - Joel L N Barratt
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Broadway 2007, Australia - University of Technology Sydney, iThree Institute, Broadway 2007, Australia
| | - Tamalee Roberts
- Division of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia - University of Technology Sydney, School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Broadway 2007, Australia
| | - Deborah Marriott
- Division of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia - University of Technology Sydney, School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Broadway 2007, Australia
| | - John T Harkness
- Division of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia - University of Technology Sydney, School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Broadway 2007, Australia
| | - John Ellis
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Broadway 2007, Australia
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Escobedo AA, Hanevik K, Almirall P, Cimerman S, Alfonso M. Management of chronic Giardia infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:1143-57. [PMID: 25059638 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.942283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of chronic giardiasis (CG) may improve our care of patients in this stage of the disease. This review proposes a new concept of CG and highlights the recent advances in our understanding and management of this condition. According to this review, management requires, initially, an accurate diagnosis, which may exclude several conditions that can mimic CG. Optimal treatment requires a tailored approach which includes the recognition of the known modifiable causes of this health condition, assessment of symptoms and potential complications, their treatment utilizing, if necessary, a multidisciplinary team, and an ongoing monitoring for the effect of therapy - weighing the efficacy of individual drugs - all of these together may lead to a successful treatment of CG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel A Escobedo
- Academic Paediatric Hospital "Pedro Borrás", Calle F No. 616 esquina 27, Plaza, La Habana, CP 10400, Cuba
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Sahib AS, Mohammed IH, Sloo SA. Antigiardial effect of Anethum graveolens aqueous extract in children. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2014; 3:109-12. [PMID: 26401357 PMCID: PMC4566671 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20140523104104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: Giardia lamblia is the most common intestinal parasite of humans identified worldwide. In spite of metronidazole (Met) is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of giardiasis in humans, low patient compliance and side-effects, especially in children encourage efforts to look for new and safe agent; many plants used in folk medicine thought to have antigiardial effect, Anethum graveolens (AG) (dill) is an annual herb cultivated in Iraq used both as a medicinal agent and as food spice. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aqueous extract (AE) of AG leave in the treatment of giardiasis, compared with that of standard drug Met. Patients and Methods: A prospective randomized clinical trial was carried out on 28 pediatric patients of both sexes with age of <1 year ranging from 3 to 11 months, who attend to outpatient private clinic in Baghdad for a period of 6 months from June 2013 to December 2013,Patients participate in this study were allocated into two groups Group A composed of 14 patients treated with Met 15 mg/kg 3 times a day for 5 days. Group B composed of 14 patients treated with AGAE 1 ml 3 times a day for 5 days. Stool samples were collected at 0 time before administration of treatment, after 5 days and after 14 days from starting the treatments to check the efficacy of treatment. Results: Administration of AGAE results in a significant decrease in incidence of G. lamblia after 5 days of treatment indicating the efficacy of AGAE in the treatment of giardiasis a result that is comparable to that of Met. Conclusion: This study showed that pediatric patients with giardiasis may benefit from 5 days treatment with AGAE administered as 1 ml 3 times daily, the improvement in the symptom with this herbal agent was comparable to the standard pharmacological agent Met; results showed that AG is safe and tolerable over treatment course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Salih Sahib
- Department of Pharmacology, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Imad Hashim Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Saja Akram Sloo
- Department of Pharmacology, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Hsp90 inhibitors as new leads to target parasitic diarrheal diseases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:4138-44. [PMID: 24820073 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02576-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia are anaerobic protozoan parasites that cause amebiasis and giardiasis, two of the most common diarrheal diseases worldwide. Current therapy relies on metronidazole, but resistance has been reported and the drug has significant adverse effects. Therefore, it is critical to search for effective, better-tolerated antiamebic and antigiardial drugs. We synthesized several examples of a recently reported class of Hsp90 inhibitors and evaluated these compounds as potential leads for antiparasitic chemotherapy. Several of these inhibitors showed strong in vitro activity against both E. histolytica and G. lamblia trophozoites. The inhibitors were rescreened to discriminate between amebicidal and giardicidal activity and general cytotoxicity toward a mammalian cell line. No mammalian cytotoxicity was found at >100 μM for 48 h for any of the inhibitors. To understand the mechanism of action, a competitive binding assay was performed using the fluorescent ATP analogue bis-ANS (4,4'-dianilino-1,1'-binaphthyl-5,5'-disulfonic acid dipotassium salt) and recombinant E. histolytica Hsp90 preincubated in both the presence and absence of Hsp90 inhibitors. There was significant reduction in fluorescence compared to the level in the control, suggesting that E. histolytica Hsp90 is a selective target. The in vivo efficacy and safety of one Hsp90 inhibitor in a mouse model of amebic colitis and giardiasis was demonstrated by significant inhibition of parasite growth at a single oral dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight/day for 7 days and 10 mg/kg/day for 3 days. Considering the results for in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy, Hsp90 inhibitors represent a promising therapeutic option for amebiasis and giardiasis.
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Yarahmadi M, Fakhar M, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Chabra A, Rahimi-Esboei B. The anti-giardial effectiveness of fungal and commercial chitosan against Giardia intestinalis cysts in vitro. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:75-80. [PMID: 27065602 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan with poly-N-acetylglucosamine sequences is a deacetylated derivative of chitin that can be found in the exoskeletons of crabs, shrimp and lobsters, the cuticles of insects and the cell walls of fungi. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of fungal chitosan (FC) prepared from the cell walls of Penicillium viridicatum and Penicillium aurantiogriseum with commercially available chitosan (CC) against Giardia intestinalis cysts in vitro. The giardia cysts were isolated using a sucrose method. Four concentrations (50, 100, 200 and 400 μg/ml) of each type of prepared chitosan were applied for 10, 30, 60 and 180 min. The viability of the cysts was checked via 0.1 % eosin staining. Our results indicate that P. viridicatum (with a 47.5 % DD) and P. aurantiogriseum (with a 47.3 % DD) at different concentrations after 180 min precipitated, respectively, 56, 69, 81 and 100 %, and 63, 75, 86 and 100 % mortality rates. CC (with a 54 % DD) showed 79, 84, 93 and 100 % mortality rates. In conclusion, both FC and CC at 400 μg/ml concentrations after 180 min of exposure showed the most potent effect against G. intestinalis cysts. Accordingly, chitosan could be suggested as a new natural nanoform agent for future research in the safe and effective treatment of Giardia infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yarahmadi
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Aroona Chabra
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 18th kilometer of Khazar Abad Road, Sari, Iran
| | - Bahman Rahimi-Esboei
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Golami S, Rahimi-Esboei B, Mousavi P, Marhaba Z, Youssefi MR, Rahimi MT. Survey on efficacy of chloroformic extract of Artemisia annua against Giardia lamblia trophozoite and cyst in vitro. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:88-92. [PMID: 27065604 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis is a parasitic cosmopolitan disease that the rate of infection in developing countries is considerable. This infection directly is associated with poor hygienic conditions, poor water quality control, and overcrowding. Reinfection and drug resistance are two major problems in endemic areas. Recently, researchers are concentrating on herbal drugs as a proper solution. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to survey on efficacy of chloroformic extract of Artemisia annua against Giardia lamblia trophozoite and cyst in vitro. G. lamblia cysts were prepared from faces of giardiasis patients from different hospitals of Mazandaran Medical University. Four concentrations (1, 10, 50 and 100 mg/ml) of chloroformic extract of A. annua were utilized for 1, 5, 30, 60 and 180 min. Viability of G. lamblia cysts was confirmed by 0.1 % Eosin staining. Cyst and trophozoite contact (intermix) of G. lamblia with extract of A. annua with variant concentrations (1, 10, 50 and 100 mg/ml) after 1 and 180 min caused following cyst and trophozoite elimination rates: (67, 69, 71 and 73 %), (65, 67, 67 and 72 %), (94, 96, 97 and 99 %) and (100, 100, 100 and 100 %), respectively. Authors from the current investigation draw a conclusion that chloroformic extract of A. annua has the ability to eliminate G. lamblia cysts and trophozoites in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirzad Golami
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Bahman Rahimi-Esboei
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Mousavi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Marhaba
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Youssefi
- Departments of Veterinary Parasitology, Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Rahimi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Busatti HGNO, Alves RJ, Santana-Anjos KG, Gil FF, Cury MC, Vannier-Santos MA, Gomes MA. Effects of metronidazole analogues on Giardia lamblia: experimental infection and cell organization. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 75:160-4. [PMID: 23331963 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of giardiasis are often associated with adverse side effects and are refractory cases, due to the development of resistant parasites. Therefore the search for new drugs is required. We have previously reported the giardicidal effects of metronidazole (MTZ) and its analogues (MTZ-Ms, MTZ-Br, MTZ-N(3), and MTZ-I) on the trophozoites of Giardia lamblia. Now we evaluated the activity of some giardicidal MTZ analogues in experimental infections in gerbils and its effects on the morphology and ultrastructural organization of Giardia. The giardicidal activity in experimental infections showed ED(50) values significantly lower for MTZ-I and MTZ-Br when compared to MTZ. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to approach the mechanism(s) of action of MTZ analogues upon the protozoan. MTZ analogues were more active than MTZ in changing significantly the morphology and ultrastructure of the parasite. The analogues affected parasite cell vesicle trafficking, autophagy, and triggered differentiation into cysts. These results coupled with the excellent giardicidal activity and lower toxicity demonstrate that these nitroimidazole derivates may be important therapeutic alternatives for combating giardiasis. In addition, our results suggest a therapeutic advantage in obtaining synthetic metronidazole analogues for screening of activities against other infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haendel G N O Busatti
- Depto. Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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34
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Nolan MJ, Jex AR, Upcroft JA, Upcroft P, Gasser RB. Barcoding of Giardia duodenalis isolates and derived lines from an established cryobank by a mutation scanning-based approach. Electrophoresis 2013; 32:2075-90. [PMID: 23479788 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We barcoded 25 in vitro isolates (representing 92 samples) of Giardia duodenalis from humans and other animals, which have been assembled by the Upcroft team at the Queensland Institute of Medical Research over a period of almost three decades. We used mutation scanning-coupled sequencing of loci in the triosephosphate isomerase, glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin genes, combined with phylogenetic analysis, to genetically characterise them. Specifically, the isolates (n514) of G. duodenalis from humans from Australia (AD113; BRIS/83/HEPU/106; BRIS/87/HEPU/713; BRIS/89/HEPU/1003; BRIS/92/HEPU/1541; BRIS/92/HEPU/1590; BRIS/92/HEPU/2443; BRIS/93/HEPU/1706), Malaysia (KL/92/IMR/1106) and Afghanistan (WB), a cat from Australia (BAC2), a sheep from Canada (OAS1) and a sulphur-crested cockatoo from Australia (BRIS/95/HEPU/2041) represented assemblage A (sub-assemblage AI-1, AI-2 or AII-2); isolates (n510) from humans from Australia (BRIS/91/HEPU/1279; BRIS/92/HEPU/2342; BRIS/92/HEPU/2348; BRIS/93/HEPU/1638; BRIS/93/HEPU/1653; BRIS/93/HEPU/1705; BRIS/93/HEPU/1718; BRIS/93/HEPU/1727), Papua New Guinea (BRIS/92/HEPU/1487) and Canada (H7) represented assemblage B (sub-assemblage BIV) and an isolate from cattle from Australia (BRIS/92/HEPU/1709) had a match to assemblage E. Isolate BRIS/90/HEPU/1229 from a human from Australia was shown to represent a mixed population of assemblages A and B. These barcoded isolates (including stocks and derived lines) now allow direct comparisons of experimental data among laboratories and represent a massive resource for transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolic and functional genomic studies using advanced molecular technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Nolan
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Potentiating 1-(2-hydroxypropyl)-2-styryl-5-nitroimidazole derivatives against antibacterial agents: Design, synthesis and biology analysis. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 65:456-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li X, Lenaghan SC, Zhang M. Evolutionary game based control for biological systems with applications in drug delivery. J Theor Biol 2013; 326:58-69. [PMID: 23295892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Control engineering and analysis of biological systems have become increasingly important for systems and synthetic biology. Unfortunately, no widely accepted control framework is currently available for these systems, especially at the cell and molecular levels. This is partially due to the lack of appropriate mathematical models to describe the unique dynamics of biological systems, and the lack of implementation techniques, such as ultra-fast and ultra-small devices and corresponding control algorithms. This paper proposes a control framework for biological systems subject to dynamics that exhibit adaptive behavior under evolutionary pressures. The control framework was formulated based on evolutionary game based modeling, which integrates both the internal dynamics and the population dynamics. In the proposed control framework, the adaptive behavior was characterized as an internal dynamic, and the external environment was regarded as an external control input. The proposed open-interface control framework can be integrated with additional control algorithms for control of biological systems. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, an optimal control strategy was developed and validated for drug delivery using the pathogen Giardia lamblia as a test case. In principle, the proposed control framework can be applied to any biological system exhibiting adaptive behavior under evolutionary pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-2210, USA
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37
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Müller J, Schildknecht P, Müller N. Metabolism of nitro drugs metronidazole and nitazoxanide in Giardia lamblia: characterization of a novel nitroreductase (GlNR2). J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:1781-9. [PMID: 23580565 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis, a persistent diarrhoea. Nitro drugs such as the nitroimidazole metronidazole and the nitrothiazolide nitazoxanide are used for the treatment of giardiasis. Nitroreductases may play a role in activating these drugs. G. lamblia contains two nitroreductases, GlNR1 and GlNR2. The aim of this work was to elucidate the role of GlNR2. METHODS Expression of GlNR2 was analysed by reverse transcription PCR. Recombinant GlNR2 was overexpressed in G. lamblia and drug susceptibility was analysed. Recombinant GlNR2 was subjected to functional assays. Escherichia coli expressing full-length or truncated GlNR1 and GlNR2 were grown in the presence of nitro compounds. Using E. coli reporter strains for nitric oxide and DNA damage responses, we analysed whether GlNR1 and GlNR2 elicited the respective responses in the presence, or absence, of the drugs. RESULTS G. lamblia trophozoites overexpressing GlNR2 were less susceptible to both nitro drugs as compared with control trophozoites. GlNR2 was a functional nitroreductase when expressed in E. coli. E. coli expressing GlNR1 was more susceptible to metronidazole under aerobic and semi-aerobic and to nitazoxanide under semi-aerobic growth conditions. E. coli expressing GlNR2 was not susceptible to either drug. In reporter strains, GlNR1, but not GlNR2, elicited nitric oxide and DNA repair responses, even in the absence of nitro drugs. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that GlNR2 is an active nitroreductase with a mode of action different from that of GlNR1. Thus, susceptibility to nitro drugs may depend not only on activation, but also on inactivation of the drugs by specific nitroreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
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A reprofiled drug, auranofin, is effective against metronidazole-resistant Giardia lamblia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:2029-35. [PMID: 23403423 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01675-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis is one of the most common causes of diarrheal disease worldwide. Treatment is primarily with 5-nitro antimicrobials, particularly metronidazole. Resistance to metronidazole has been described, and treatment failures can occur in up to 20% of cases, making development of alternative antigiardials an important goal. To this end, we have screened a chemical library of 746 approved human drugs and 164 additional bioactive compounds for activity against Giardia lamblia. We identified 56 compounds that caused significant inhibition of G. lamblia growth and attachment. Of these, 15 were previously reported to have antigiardial activity, 20 were bioactive but not approved for human use, and 21 were drugs approved for human use for other indications. One notable compound of the last group was the antirheumatic drug auranofin. Further testing revealed that auranofin was active in the low (4 to 6)-micromolar range against a range of divergent G. lamblia isolates representing both human-pathogenic assemblages A and B. Most importantly, auranofin was active against multiple metronidazole-resistant strains. Mechanistically, auranofin blocked the activity of giardial thioredoxin oxidoreductase, a critical enzyme involved in maintaining normal protein function and combating oxidative damage, suggesting that this inhibition contributes to the antigiardial activity. Furthermore, auranofin was efficacious in vivo, as it eradicated infection with different G. lamblia isolates in different rodent models. These results indicate that the approved human drug auranofin could be developed as a novel agent in the armamentarium of antigiardial drugs, particularly against metronidazole-resistant strains.
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Debnath A, Ndao M, Reed SL. Reprofiled drug targets ancient protozoans: drug discovery for parasitic diarrheal diseases. Gut Microbes 2013; 4:66-71. [PMID: 23137963 PMCID: PMC3555889 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.22596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we developed a novel automated, high throughput screening (HTS) methodology for the anaerobic intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica. We validated this HTS platform by screening a chemical library containing US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and bioactive compounds. We identified an FDA-approved drug, auranofin, as most active against E. histolytica both in vitro and in vivo. Our cell culture and animal studies indicated that thioredoxin reductase, an enzyme involved in reactive oxygen species detoxification, was the target for auranofin in E. histolytica. Here, we discuss the rationale for drug development for three parasites which are major causes of diarrhea worldwide, E. histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum and extend our current finding of antiparasitic activity of auranofin to Entamoeba cysts, G. lamblia and C. parvum. These studies support the use of HTS assays and reprofiling FDA-approved drugs for new therapy for neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases; University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA,Correspondence to: Anjan Debnath, and Sharon L. Reed,
| | - Momar Ndao
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology; Department of Medicine; Division of Infectious Diseases; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Montreal General Hospital; Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Sharon L. Reed
- Departments of Pathology, and Medicine; University of California, San Diego; San Diego, CA USA,Correspondence to: Anjan Debnath, and Sharon L. Reed,
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Chen CZ, Southall N, Galkin A, Lim K, Marugan JJ, Kulakova L, Shinn P, van Leer D, Zheng W, Herzberg O. A homogenous luminescence assay reveals novel inhibitors for giardia lamblia carbamate kinase. CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2012; 6:93-102. [PMID: 23400734 PMCID: PMC3565245 DOI: 10.2174/1875397301206010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The human pathogen Giardia lamblia is an anaerobic protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis, one of the most common diarrheal diseases worldwide. Although several drugs are available for the treatment of giardisis, resistance to these drugs has been reported and is likely to increase. The Giardia carbamate kinase (glCK) plays an essential role in Giardia metabolism and has no homologs in humans, making it an attractive candidate for anti-Giardia drug development. We have developed a luminescent enzyme coupled assay to measure the activity of glCK by quantitating the amount of ATP produced by the enzyme. This assay is homogeneous and has been miniaturized into a 1536-well plate format. A pilot screen against 4,096 known compounds using this assay yielded a signal-to-basal ratio of 11.5 fold and Z’ factor of 0.8 with a hit rate of 0.9 % of inhibitors of glCK. Therefore, this Giardia lamblia carbamate kinase assay is useful for high throughput screening of large compound collection for identification of the inhibitors for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Z Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Zhang YH, Xue MQ, Bai YC, Yuan HH, Zhao HL, Lan MB. 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid isolated from Artemisia argyi and its ester derivatives exert anti-leucyl-tRNA synthetase of Giardia lamblia (GlLeuRS) and potential anti-giardial effects. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:1281-5. [PMID: 22668973 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
An aqueous ethanol extract of Artemisia argyi inhibited the aminoacylation activity of LeuRS from Giardia lamblia (GlLeuRS). The bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract led to the isolation of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (1), with an IC₅₀ of 5.82 μg/mL. The ester derivatives of 1 were also found to possess strong anti-GlLeuRS effects, with IC₅₀ values of 1.79, 5.51 and 2.56 μg/mL respectively. Anti-giardial assay showed that the derivatives, especially 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid propyl ester (4) (IC₅₀=4.62 μg/mL), were effective at killing G. lamblia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, and Research Center of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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42
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Yu XM, Ramiandrasoa F, Guetzoyan L, Pradines B, Quintino E, Gadelle D, Forterre P, Cresteil T, Mahy JP, Pethe S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of acridine derivatives as antimalarial agents. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:587-605. [PMID: 22331612 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
New N-alkylaminoacridine derivatives attached to nitrogen heterocycles were synthesized, and their antimalarial potency was examined. They were tested in vitro against the growth of Plasmodium falciparum, including chloroquine (CQ)-susceptible and CQ-resistant strains. This biological evaluation has shown that the presence of a heterocyclic ring significantly increases the activity against P. falciparum. The best compound shows a nanomolar IC(50) value toward parasite proliferation on both CQ-susceptible and CQ-resistant strains. The antimalarial activity of these new acridine derivatives can be explained by the two mechanisms studied in this work. First, we showed the capacity of these compounds to inhibit heme biocrystallization, a detoxification process specific to the parasite and essential for its survival. Second, in our search for alternative targets, we evaluated the in vitro inhibitory activity of these compounds toward Sulfolobus shibatae topoisomerase VI-mediated DNA relaxation. The preliminary results obtained reveal that all tested compounds are potent DNA intercalators, and significantly inhibit the activity of S. shibatae topoisomerase VI at concentrations ranging between 2.0 and 2.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Yu
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Equipe de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Orsay 91405 CEDEX, France
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43
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Impaired parasite attachment as fitness cost of metronidazole resistance in Giardia lamblia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4643-51. [PMID: 21825286 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00384-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with the diarrheagenic protozoan pathogen Giardia lamblia are most commonly treated with metronidazole (Mz). Treatment failures with Mz occur in 10 to 20% of cases and Mz resistance develops in the laboratory, yet clinically, Mz-resistant (Mz(r)) G. lamblia has rarely been isolated from patients. To understand why clinical Mz(r) isolates are rare, we questioned whether Mz resistance entails fitness costs to the parasite. Our studies employed several newly generated and established isogenic Mz(r) cell lines with stable, high-level resistance to Mz and significant cross-resistance to tinidazole, nitazoxanide, and furazolidone. Oral infection of suckling mice revealed that three of five Mz(r) cell lines could not establish infection, while two Mz(r) cell lines infected pups, albeit with reduced efficiencies. Failure to colonize resulted from a diminished capacity of the parasite to attach to the intestinal mucosa in vivo and to epithelial cells and plastic surfaces in vitro. The attachment defect was related to impaired glucose metabolism, since the noninfectious Mz(r) lines consumed less glucose, and glucose promoted ATP-independent parasite attachment in the parental lines. Thus, resistance of Giardia to Mz is accompanied by a glucose metabolism-related attachment defect that can interfere with colonization of the host. Because glucose-metabolizing pathways are important for activation of the prodrug Mz, it follows that a fitness trade-off exists between diminished Mz activation and reduced infectivity, which may explain the observed paucity of clinical Mz(r) isolates of Giardia. However, the data also caution that some forms of Mz resistance do not markedly interfere with in vivo infectivity.
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44
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Seebeck T, Sterk GJ, Ke H. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors as a new generation of antiprotozoan drugs: exploiting the benefit of enzymes that are highly conserved between host and parasite. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:1289-306. [PMID: 21859303 PMCID: PMC3164761 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan infections remain a major unsolved medical problem in many parts of our world. A major obstacle to their treatment is the blatant lack of medication that is affordable, effective, safe and easy to administer. For some of these diseases, including human sleeping sickness, very few compounds are available, many of them old and all of them fraught with toxic side effects. We explore a new concept for developing new-generation antiprotozoan drugs that are based on phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors. Such inhibitors are already used extensively in human pharmacology. Given the high degree of structural similarity between the human and the protozoan PDEs, the vast expertise available in the human field can now be applied to developing disease-specific PDE inhibitors as new antiprotozoan drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Seebeck
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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45
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Li Z, Liu Z, Cho DW, Zou J, Gong M, Breece RM, Galkin A, Li L, Zhao H, Maestas GD, Tierney DL, Herzberg O, Dunaway-Mariano D, Mariano PS. Rational design, synthesis and evaluation of first generation inhibitors of the Giardia lamblia fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:509-17. [PMID: 21333622 PMCID: PMC3071891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the Giardia lamblia fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (GlFBPA), which transforms fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, were designed based on 3-hydroxy-2-pyridone and 1,2-dihydroxypyridine scaffolds that position two negatively charged tetrahedral groups for interaction with substrate phosphate binding residues, a hydrogen bond donor to the catalytic Asp83, and a Zn(2+) binding group. The inhibition activities for the GlFBPA catalyzed reaction of FBP of the prepared alkyl phosphonate/phosphate substituted 3-hydroxy-2-pyridinones and a dihydroxypyridine were determined. The 3-hydroxy-2-pyridone inhibitor 8 was found to bind to GlFBPA with an affinity (K(i)=14μM) that is comparable to that of FBP (K(m)=2μM) or its inert analog TBP (K(i)=1μM). The X-ray structure of the GlFBPA-inhibitor 8 complex (2.3Å) shows that 8 binds to the active site in the manner predicted by in silico docking with the exception of coordination with Zn(2+). The observed distances and orientation of the pyridone ring O=C-C-OH relative to Zn(2+) are not consistent with a strong interaction. To determine if Zn(2+)coordination occurs in the GlFBPA-inhibitor 8 complex in solution, EXAFS spectra were measured. A four coordinate geometry comprised of the three enzyme histidine ligands and an oxygen atom from the pyridone ring O=C-C-OH was indicated. Analysis of the Zn(2+) coordination geometries in recently reported structures of class II FBPAs suggests that strong Zn(2+) coordination is reserved for the enediolate-like transition state, accounting for minimal contribution of Zn(2+) coordination to binding of 8 to GlFBPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | | | - Dae Won Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Jiwen Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Maozhen Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Robert M. Breece
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056
| | - Andrey Galkin
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Gabriel D. Maestas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - David L. Tierney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056
| | - Osnat Herzberg
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Debra Dunaway-Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Patrick S. Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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Alfonso Y, Monzote L. HIV Protease Inhibitors: Effect on the Opportunistic Protozoan Parasites. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2011; 5:40-50. [PMID: 21629510 PMCID: PMC3103880 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501105010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Revised: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the natural history of AIDS disease has been allowed to prolong the survival of people with HIV infection, particularly whose with increased HIV viral load. Additionally, the antiretroviral therapy could exert a certain degree of protection against parasitic diseases. A number of studies have been evidenced a decrease in the incidence of opportunistic parasitic infections in the era of HAART. Although these changes have been attributed to the restoration of cell-mediated immunity, induced by either non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors or HIV protease inhibitors, in combination with at least two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors included in HAART, there are evidence that the control of these parasitic infections in HIV-positive persons under HAART, is also induced by the inhibition of the proteases of the parasites. This review focuses on the principal available data related with therapeutic HIV-protease inhibitors and their in vitro and in vivo effects on the opportunistic protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenisey Alfonso
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí”, Cuba
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Synergic effect of metronidazole and pyrantel pamoate on Giardia lamblia. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:54-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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48
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High-throughput Giardia lamblia viability assay using bioluminescent ATP content measurements. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:667-75. [PMID: 21078930 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00618-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Giardia lamblia is an anaerobic protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis, one of the most common diarrheal diseases worldwide. Although several drugs are available for the treatment of giardiasis, drug resistance has been reported and is likely to increase, and recurrent infections are common. The search for new drugs that can overcome the drug-resistant strains of Giardia is an unmet medical need. New drug screen methods can facilitate the drug discovery process and aid with the identification of new drug targets. Using a bioluminescent ATP content assay, we have developed a phenotypic drug screen method to identify compounds that act against the actively growing trophozoite stage of the parasite. This assay is homogeneous, robust, and suitable for high-throughput screening of large compound collections. A screen of 4,096 pharmacologically active small molecules and approved drugs revealed 43 compounds with selective anti-Giardia properties, including 32 previously reported and 11 novel anti-Giardia agents. The most potent novel compound was fumagillin, which showed 50% inhibitory concentrations of 10 nM against the WB isolate and 2 nM against the GS isolate.
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Staake M, Chauhan J, Zhou D, Shanker A, De Chatterjee A, Das S, Patterson SE. Phosphonoxins III: synthesis of α-aminophosphonate analogs of antifungal polyoxins with anti-Giardia activity. Org Lett 2010; 12:4596-9. [PMID: 20857975 PMCID: PMC2962623 DOI: 10.1021/ol101913t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of α-aminophosphonate analogs of polyoxins, termed phosphonoxin C1, C2, and C3, has been achieved. The key step was the addition of lithium dimethyl phosphite to the aldehyde of a protected threose derivative. α-Hydroxyphosphonate analogs C4 and C5 were also obtained by taking advantage of an unprecedented conversion of an azide to hydroxyl during treatment with hydrogen on palladium on carbon. The resulting phosphonoxin C5 inhibited the growth of an intestinal protozoan, Giardia lamblia, at low micromolar concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Staake
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Jay Chauhan
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Ding Zhou
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Aaron Shanker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519
| | - Atasi De Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519
| | - Siddhartha Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519
| | - Steven E. Patterson
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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50
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Tempone AG, Mortara RA, de Andrade HF, Reimão JQ. Therapeutic evaluation of free and liposome-loaded furazolidone in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 36:159-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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