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Steger-Hartmann T, Kreuchwig A, Wang K, Birzele F, Draganov D, Gaudio S, Rothfuss A. Perspectives of data science in preclinical safety assessment. Drug Discov Today 2023:103642. [PMID: 37244565 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The data landscape in preclinical safety assessment is fundamentally changing because of not only emerging new data types, such as human systems biology, or real-world data (RWD) from clinical trials, but also technological advancements in data-processing software and analytical tools based on deep learning approaches. The recent developments of data science are illustrated with use cases for the three factors: predictive safety (new in silico tools), insight generation (new data for outstanding questions); and reverse translation (extrapolating from clinical experience to resolve preclinical questions). Further advances in this field can be expected if companies focus on overcoming identified challenges related to a lack of platforms and data silos and assuring appropriate training of data scientists within the preclinical safety teams.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annika Kreuchwig
- Investigational Toxicology, Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ken Wang
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences F. Hoffmann-La-Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Birzele
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences F. Hoffmann-La-Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dragomir Draganov
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences F. Hoffmann-La-Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Gaudio
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences F. Hoffmann-La-Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rothfuss
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences F. Hoffmann-La-Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Strumia M, Perrin ML, Patras de Compaigno E, Conte C, Montastruc F, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Sibaud V, Despas F. Dermatological adverse drug reactions of anticancer drugs: International data of pharmacovigilance: VigiBase®. Therapie 2022; 77:219-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Boons CCLM, Timmers L, Janssen JJWM, Westerweel PE, Blijlevens NMA, Smit WM, Bartelink IH, Wilschut JA, Swart EL, Hendrikse NH, Hugtenburg JG. Response and Adherence to Nilotinib in Daily practice (RAND study): an in-depth observational study of chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with nilotinib. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 76:1213-1226. [PMID: 32488333 PMCID: PMC7419465 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-02910-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction This comprehensive observational study aimed to gain insight into adherence to nilotinib and the effect of (non)adherence on exposure (Cmin) and treatment outcomes. Methods Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients using nilotinib were followed for 12 months. Adherence was measured by Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS), pill count, and Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5). Nilotinib Cmin and patient-reported outcomes (i.e., quality of life, side effects, beliefs, satisfaction) were measured at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Results Sixty-eight patients (57.5 ± 15.0 years, 49% female) participated. Median adherence to nilotinib (MEMS and pill count) was ≥ 99% and adherence < 90% was rare. Self-reported nonadherence (MARS-5) increased in the first year of treatment to a third of patients. In line with the strong beliefs in the necessity of taking nilotinib, forgetting to take a dose was more prevalent than intentionally adjusting/skipping doses. Nilotinib Cmin were generally above the therapeutic target in 95% of patients. Patients reported a variety of side effects, of which fatigue was most frequent. The mean Cmin was higher in patients who reported severe itching and fatigue. The overall 1-year MMR rate ranged from 47 to 71%. Conclusion Substantial nonadherence (< 90%) to nilotinib was rare and nilotinib Cmin were generally above the therapeutic target. Lack of response in our group of patients was not related to nonadherence or inadequate Cmin. Nevertheless, a considerable number of patients experienced difficulties in adhering to the twice daily fasted dosing regimen, emphasizing the importance of continuous support of medication adherence in CML. Clinical trial registration NTR3992 (Netherlands Trial Register, www.trialregister.nl) Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00228-020-02910-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel C L M Boons
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lonneke Timmers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J W M Janssen
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter E Westerweel
- Department of Hematology, Albert Schweitzer Ziekenhuis, Albert Schweitzerplaats 25, 3318 AT, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M A Blijlevens
- Department of Hematology, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M Smit
- Department of Hematology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Koningsplein 1, 7512 KZ, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Imke H Bartelink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke A Wilschut
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora L Swart
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Harry Hendrikse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline G Hugtenburg
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Boons CCLM, Tromp VNMF, Neppelenbroek NJM, Timmers L, van Schoor NM, Swart EL, Hendrikse NH, Janssen JJWM, Hugtenburg JG. Satisfaction with information on nilotinib treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Acta Oncol 2019; 58:891-896. [PMID: 30905234 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2019.1585944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christel C. L. M. Boons
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vashti N. M. F. Tromp
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nienke J. M. Neppelenbroek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lonneke Timmers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Natasja M. van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora L. Swart
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N. Harry Hendrikse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J. W. M. Janssen
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline G. Hugtenburg
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Boons CCLM, Harbers L, Timmers L, de Jong J, Swart EL, Harry Hendrikse N, Janssen JJWM, Hugtenburg JG. Needs for information and reasons for (non)adherence in chronic myeloid leukaemia: Be aware of social activities disturbing daily routines. Eur J Haematol 2018; 101:643-653. [PMID: 30058149 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To obtain insight into patients' reasons for medication (non)adherence in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and needs and wishes regarding information and communication. METHODS A mixed-method study on the basis of a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The CML patient advocacy group asked patients to participate. RESULTS Sixty-one patients (54 ± 12 years, 43% male) using imatinib, dasatinib or nilotinib participated. Fifteen patients (25%) reported to miss an intake at least once a month. Most were not worried about missing an intake and did not discuss missed intakes with their healthcare provider (HCP). Social activities disturbing daily routines and the wish to avoid side effects resulted in nonadherence. Patients wanted extensive and understandable information provided timely on all aspects of CML treatment, in particular on side effects, and a more supportive HCP attitude. CONCLUSIONS Nonadherence to CML medication does not cause concern in all patients and is not discussed pro-actively. HCP have a clear role in supporting medication adherence in CML and must be aware that social activities disturbing daily routines contribute to nonadherence. HCP should discuss (non)adherence in a direct manner, motivate patients to play an active role in managing their medication and timely provide extensive and understandable information on all aspects of CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel C L M Boons
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Netherlands
| | - Lorette Harbers
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lonneke Timmers
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Netherlands
| | | | - Eleonora L Swart
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N Harry Hendrikse
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J W M Janssen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Haematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline G Hugtenburg
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Netherlands
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Breccia M, Efficace F, Iurlo A, Luciano L, Abruzzese E, Gozzini A, Pregno P, Tiribelli M, Rosti G, Minotti G. Intolerance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia: the possible role of ponatinib. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2018; 17:623-628. [PMID: 29845876 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2018.1480719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In spite of the proven efficacy of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), imatinib, in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), many patients develop intolerance and discontinue therapy in the long-term. Second-generation TKIs (dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib) and the third-generation TKI, ponatinib, have added opportunities but also complexity in the settings of CML treatment. AREAS COVERED Different definitions of intolerance have been used through several clinical trials, making the published data non homogenous. In most cases, only the severity of acute adverse events (AEs), graded by conventional scales such as Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, was reported. Limited attention to long-term events or more in general, to the impact of AEs on patient quality of life (QoL), remains a problem. Ponatinib is active against all BCR-ABL1 mutants, including T315I, and is widely used to treat patients who developed resistance to other TKIs in any CML phase; however, only limited data is available on the possible role of ponatinib for intolerant patients. EXPERT OPINION We review the different definitions of intolerance used in sponsored trials and in clinical practice, and we discuss how such definitions impact on the management of AEs. We summarize how to evaluate QoL during treatment with TKIs and how to include ponatinib among possible option for intolerant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Breccia
- a Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology , Policlinico Umberto 1, 'Sapienza' University , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Iurlo
- c Hematology Division, IRCCS Ca' Granda - Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Luigiana Luciano
- d Hematology , Federico II' University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | | | - Antonella Gozzini
- f Hematology, Careggi Hospital , Florence University , Florence , Italy
| | - Patrizia Pregno
- g Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza , Torino
| | | | - Gianantonio Rosti
- i Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli", University Hospital , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
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Bocchia M, Galimberti S, Aprile L, Sicuranza A, Gozzini A, Santilli F, Abruzzese E, Baratè C, Scappini B, Fontanelli G, Trawinska MM, Defina M, Gozzetti A, Bosi A, Petrini M, Puccetti L. Genetic predisposition and induced pro-inflammatory/pro-oxidative status may play a role in increased atherothrombotic events in nilotinib treated chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72311-72321. [PMID: 27527867 PMCID: PMC5342164 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/1969] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several reports described an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) events, mainly atherothrombotic, in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) patients receiving nilotinib. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. The objective of the current cross-sectional retrospective study is to address a potential correlation between Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) treatment and CV events. One hundred and 10 chronic phase CML patients in complete cytogenetic response during nilotinib or imatinib, were screened for CV events and evaluated for: traditional CV risk factors, pro/anti-inflammatory biochemical parameters and detrimental ORL1 gene polymorphisms (encoding for altered oxidized LDL receptor-1). Multivariate analysis of the whole cohort showed that the cluster of co-existing nilotinib treatment, dyslipidaemia and G allele of LOX-1 polymorphism was the only significant finding associated with CV events. Furthermore, multivariate analysis according to TKI treatment confirmed IVS4-14 G/G LOX-1 polymorphism as the strongest predictive factor for a higher incidence of CV events in nilotinib patients. Biochemical assessment showed an unbalanced pro-inflammatory cytokines network in nilotinib vs imatinib patients. Surprisingly, pre-existing traditional CV risk factors were not always predictive of CV events. We believe that in nilotinib patients an induced “inflammatory/oxidative status”, together with a genetic pro-atherothrombotic predisposition, may favour the increased incidence of CV events. Prospective studies focused on this issue are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bocchia
- Department of Hematology, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Sara Galimberti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, U.O. Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lara Aprile
- Department of Hematology, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Sicuranza
- Department of Hematology, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Gozzini
- Functional Unit of Hematology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudia Baratè
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, U.O. Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Scappini
- Functional Unit of Hematology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Fontanelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, U.O. Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Marzia Defina
- Department of Hematology, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gozzetti
- Department of Hematology, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Alberto Bosi
- Functional Unit of Hematology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Petrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, U.O. Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Puccetti
- Department of Hematology, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
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Molica M, Massaro F, Breccia M. Second line small molecule therapy options for treating chronic myeloid leukemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 18:57-65. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1267141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Molica
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvio Massaro
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Breccia
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Proctor A, Zigoneanu IG, Wang Q, Sims CE, Lawrence DS, Allbritton NL. Development of a protease-resistant reporter to quantify BCR-ABL activity in intact cells. Analyst 2016; 141:6008-6017. [PMID: 27704073 PMCID: PMC5111365 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01378c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A peptidase-resistant ABL kinase substrate was developed by identifying protease-susceptible bonds on an ABL substrate peptide and replacing flanking amino acids with non-native amino acids. After an iterative design process, the lead, or designed, peptide X-A possesses a six-fold longer life in a cytosolic lysate than that of the starting peptide. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) of purified ABL kinase for the lead peptide (125 s-1 μM-1) is similar to that of the starting peptide (103 s-1 μM-1) demonstrating preservation of the peptide's ability to serve as a kinase substrate. When incubated in cytosolic lysates, the lead peptide is slowly degraded into 4 fragments over time. In contrast, when loaded into intact cells, the peptide is metabolized into 5 fragments, with only 2 of the fragments corresponding to those in the lysate. Thus the two environments possess differing peptidase activities, which must be accounted for when designing peptidase-resistant peptides. In both settings, the substrate is phosphorylated by BCR-ABL providing a readout of BCR-ABL activity. A small panel of tyrosine kinase inhibitors verified the substrate's specificity for BCR-ABL/ABL kinase activity in both lysates and cells in spite of the multitude of other kinases present. The designed peptide X-A acts as a long-lived BCR-ABL kinase reporter in the leukemic cells possessing the BCR-ABL mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Proctor
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Imola G Zigoneanu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Qunzhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Christopher E Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - David S Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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