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Bhide AR, Surve DH, Jindal AB. Nanocarrier based active targeting strategies against erythrocytic stage of malaria. J Control Release 2023; 362:297-308. [PMID: 37625598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030 aims to achieve a 90% reduction in malaria cases, and strategic planning and execution are crucial for accomplishing this target. This review aims to understand the complex interaction between erythrocytic receptors and parasites and to use this knowledge to actively target the erythrocytic stage of malaria. The review provides insight into the malaria life cycle, which involves various receptors such as glycophorin A, B, C, and D (GPA/B/C/D), complement receptor 1, basigin, semaphorin 7a, Band 3/ GPA, Kx, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan for parasite cellular binding and ingress in the erythrocytic and exo-erythrocytic stages. Synthetic peptides mimicking P. falciparum receptor binding ligands, human serum albumin, chondroitin sulfate, synthetic polymers, and lipids have been utilized as ligands and decorated onto nanocarriers for specific targeting to parasite-infected erythrocytes. The need of the hour for treatment and prophylaxis against malaria is a broadened horizon that includes multiple targeting strategies against the entry, proliferation, and transmission stages of the parasite. Platform technologies with established pre-clinical safety and efficacy should be translated into clinical evaluation and formulation scale-up. Future development should be directed towards nanovaccines as proactive tools against malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atharva R Bhide
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Dhanashree H Surve
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Anil B Jindal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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Review of the Current Landscape of the Potential of Nanotechnology for Future Malaria Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccination Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122189. [PMID: 34959470 PMCID: PMC8706932 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria eradication has for decades been on the global health agenda, but the causative agents of the disease, several species of the protist parasite Plasmodium, have evolved mechanisms to evade vaccine-induced immunity and to rapidly acquire resistance against all drugs entering clinical use. Because classical antimalarial approaches have consistently failed, new strategies must be explored. One of these is nanomedicine, the application of manipulation and fabrication technology in the range of molecular dimensions between 1 and 100 nm, to the development of new medical solutions. Here we review the current state of the art in malaria diagnosis, prevention, and therapy and how nanotechnology is already having an incipient impact in improving them. In the second half of this review, the next generation of antimalarial drugs currently in the clinical pipeline is presented, with a definition of these drugs' target product profiles and an assessment of the potential role of nanotechnology in their development. Opinions extracted from interviews with experts in the fields of nanomedicine, clinical malaria, and the economic landscape of the disease are included to offer a wider scope of the current requirements to win the fight against malaria and of how nanoscience can contribute to achieve them.
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Interactions of primaquine and chloroquine with PEGylated phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12420. [PMID: 34127730 PMCID: PMC8203617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91866-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the interaction of primaquine (PQ), chloroquine (CQ), and liposomes to support the design of optimal liposomal delivery for hepatic stage malaria infectious disease. The liposomes were composed of hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(methoxy[polyethyleneglycol]-2000), prepared by thin film method, then evaluated for physicochemical and spectrospic characteristics. The calcein release was further evaluated to determine the effect of drug co-loading on liposomal membrane integrity. The results showed that loading PQ and CQ into liposomes produced changes in the infrared spectra of the diester phosphate and carbonyl ester located in the polar part of the phospholipid, in addition to the alkyl group (CH2) in the nonpolar portion. Moreover, the thermogram revealed the loss of the endothermic peak of liposomes dually loaded with PQ and CQ at 186.6 °C, which is identical to that of the phospholipid. However, no crystallinity changes were detected through powder X-ray diffraction analysis. Moreover, PQ, with either single or dual loading, produced the higher calcein release profiles from the liposomes than that of CQ. The dual loading of PQ and CQ tends to interact with the polar head group of the phosphatidylcholine bilayer membrane resulted in an increase in water permeability of the liposomes.
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Borgheti-Cardoso LN, Kooijmans SAA, Chamorro LG, Biosca A, Lantero E, Ramírez M, Avalos-Padilla Y, Crespo I, Fernández I, Fernandez-Becerra C, Del Portillo HA, Fernàndez-Busquets X. Extracellular vesicles derived from Plasmodium-infected and non-infected red blood cells as targeted drug delivery vehicles. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119627. [PMID: 32653596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Among several factors behind drug resistance evolution in malaria is the challenge of administering overall doses that are not toxic for the patient but that, locally, are sufficiently high to rapidly kill the parasites. Thus, a crucial antimalarial strategy is the development of drug delivery systems capable of targeting antimalarial compounds to Plasmodium with high specificity. In the present study, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been evaluated as a drug delivery system for the treatment of malaria. EVs derived from naive red blood cells (RBCs) and from Plasmodium falciparum-infected RBCs (pRBCs) were isolated by ultrafiltration followed by size exclusion chromatography. Lipidomic characterization showed that there were no significant qualitative differences between the lipidomic profiles of pRBC-derived EVs (pRBC-EVs) and RBC-derived EVs (RBC-EVs). Both EVs were taken up by RBCs and pRBCs, although pRBC-EVs were more efficiently internalized than RBC-EVs, which suggested their potential use as drug delivery vehicles for these cells. When loaded into pRBC-EVs, the antimalarial drugs atovaquone and tafenoquine inhibited in vitro P. falciparum growth more efficiently than their free drug counterparts, indicating that pRBC-EVs can potentially increase the efficacy of several small hydrophobic drugs used for the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Neves Borgheti-Cardoso
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Lucía Gutiérrez Chamorro
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Biosca
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Lantero
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Ramírez
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yunuen Avalos-Padilla
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Crespo
- Plataforma de Citometria, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Fernández
- Unitat d'Espectrometria de Masses de Caracterització Molecular, CCiTUB, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Fernandez-Becerra
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Hernando A Del Portillo
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain; Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB, UB), Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Heparin is one of the oldest drugs, which nevertheless remains in widespread clinical use as an inhibitor of blood coagulation. The history of its identification a century ago unfolded amid one of the most fascinating scientific controversies turning around the distribution of credit for its discovery. The composition, purification and structure-function relationship of this naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan regarding its classical role as anticoagulant will be dealt with before proceeding to discuss its therapeutic potential in, among other, inflammatory and infectious disease, cancer treatment, cystic fibrosis and Alzheimer's disease. The first bibliographic reference hit using the words 'nanomedicine' and 'heparin' is as recent as 2008. Since then, nanomedical applications of heparin have experienced an exponential growth that will be discussed in detail, with particular emphasis on its antimalarial activity. Some of the most intriguing potential applications of heparin nanomedicines will be exposed, such as those contemplating the delivery of drugs to the mosquito stages of malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Lantero
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, ES-08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, ES-08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, ES-08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, ES-08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, ES-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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