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Geng F, Fan X, Liu Y, Lu W, Wei G. Recent advances in nanocrystal-based technologies applied for ocular drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:211-227. [PMID: 38271023 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2311119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The intricate physiological barriers of the eye and the limited volume of eye drops impede efficient delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. In the last decade, nanocrystals have emerged as versatile drug delivery systems in various administration routes from bench to bedside. The unique superiorities of nanocrystals, mainly embodied in high drug-loading capacity, good mucosal adhesion and penetration, and greatly improved drug solubility, reveal a promising prospect for ocular delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. AREAS COVERED This article focuses on the ophthalmic nanocrystal technologies and products that are in the literature, clinical trials, and even on the market. The recent research progress in the preparation, ocular application, and absorption of nanocrystals are highlighted, and the pros and cons of nanocrystals in overcoming the physiological barriers of the eye are also summarized. EXPERT OPINION Nanocrystals have demonstrated success as glucocorticoid eye drops in the treatment of anterior segment diseases. However, the thermodynamic stability of nanocrystals remains the major challenge in product development. New technologies for efficiently optimizing stabilizers and sterilization processes are still expected. Strategies to confer more diverse functions via surface modification are also worth exploration to improve the potential of nanocrystals in delivering poorly water-soluble drugs to posterior segment of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of ImmunoTherapeutics, Shanghai, China
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Nagy A, Robbins NL. The hurdles of nanotoxicity in transplant nanomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2749-2762. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine has matured significantly in the past 20 years and a number of nanoformulated therapies are cleared by regulatory agencies for use across the globe. Transplant medicine is one area that has significantly benefited from the advancement of nanomedicine in recent times. However, while nanoparticle-based therapies have improved toxicological profiles of some drugs, there are still a number of aspects regarding the biocompatibility and toxicity of nanotherapies that require further research. The goal of this article is to review toxicological profiles of immunosuppressant therapies and their conversion into nanomedicine formulations as well as introduce future challenges associated with current in vitro and in vivo toxicological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Nagy
- 59th Medical Wing, Office of Science & Technology, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX 78236, USA
| | - Nicholas L Robbins
- 59th Medical Wing, Office of Science & Technology, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX 78236, USA
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Wu K, Gore A, Graham R. A New Hydrate of Cyclosporine: Structural and Physicochemical Characterization. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3070-3079. [PMID: 30114405 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This work highlights a new orthorhombic hydrate (Form 2) of cyclosporine (CsA), a widely used immunosuppressant. The uniqueness of this new form was established by powder X-ray diffractometry, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal structure of this form was solved (P212121, a = 12.639 Å, b = 19.758 Å, c = 29.568 Å, Z = 4). In addition, the solid-state properties of Form 2 were compared with other known crystalline forms of CsA by thermal analysis, water vapor sorption analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and so on. These studies suggest that Form 2 is a nonstoichiometric hydrate with distinctive hydrogen bonding modes. More importantly, Form 2 is about an order of magnitude less soluble than the commercially available tetragonal form (Form 1). An interconversion map among various CsA solid forms was built by slurry experiments. Form 2 was the most stable form in aqueous systems, whereas the previously known orthorhombic hydrate (Form 3) was the predominant form in nonaqueous vehicles. While Form 2 as a lower solubility form poses greater challenge in bioavailability enhancement, the solid-state properties of this unique hydrate may provide new drug delivery opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wu
- Pharmaceutical Development Department, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92612.
| | - Anu Gore
- Pharmaceutical Development Department, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92612
| | - Richard Graham
- Pharmaceutical Development Department, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92612
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Al-Lawati H, Aliabadi HM, Makhmalzadeh BS, Lavasanifar A. Nanomedicine for immunosuppressive therapy: achievements in pre-clinical and clinical research. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:397-418. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1420053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Al-Lawati
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Afsaneh Lavasanifar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Schmid O, Jud C, Umehara Y, Mueller D, Bucholski A, Gruber F, Denk O, Egle R, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Biokinetics of Aerosolized Liposomal Ciclosporin A in Human Lung Cells In Vitro Using an Air-Liquid Cell Interface Exposure System. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2017; 30:411-424. [PMID: 28683218 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2016.1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalation of aerosolized drugs is a promising route for noninvasive targeted drug delivery to the lung. Nanocarrier systems such as liposomes have been explored for inhalation therapy opening new avenues, including stabilization of nonsoluble drugs (e.g., Ciclosporin A [CsA]) and controlled release. METHODS The biokinetic behavior of the immunosuppressive drug CsA encapsulated in liposomes (L-CsA) at the lung epithelial barrier was studied in vitro. Human lung epithelial cells (alveolar A549 and bronchial 16HBE14o- epithelial cells) were exposed to aerosolized L-CsA at the air-liquid interface (ALI) using a dose-controlled air-liquid interface cell exposure (ALICE) system and the temporal profile of the L-CsA dose in the apical, basal, and cell compartment was monitored up to 24 hours. RESULTS Aerosolization of different volumes of L-CsA solution with the ALICE resulted in dose-controlled, spatially uniform, and reproducible L-CsA delivery. Cell viability at 24 hours postexposure was not impaired and immunofluorescence staining revealed the typical epithelial cell morphology in control as well as in L-CsA-exposed cells. The (pro-)inflammatory interleukin-8 levels were not elevated under any condition. The biokinetic analysis revealed that both cell types formed a tight, but imperfect, barrier for L-CsA resulting in initially high transbarrier L-CsA transport rates, which ceased after about 4 hours. Although substantial transbarrier L-CsA transport was observed for both cell types, respectively, a 150-fold higher L-CsA concentration was established in the apical and cell compared to the basal compartment. Most importantly, for pulmonary drug targeting, a high cellular L-CsA dose level (20%-25% of the delivered dose) was obtained rapidly (<1 hour) and maintained for at least 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS The ALICE system combined with lung epithelial cells cultured at the ALI offers a reliable and relevant in vitro platform technology to study the effects of inhalable substances such as L-CsA under biomimetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otmar Schmid
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich, Germany .,2 Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Corinne Jud
- 3 BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yuki Umehara
- 3 BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alke Petri-Fink
- 3 BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , Fribourg, Switzerland
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Norine: A powerful resource for novel nonribosomal peptide discovery. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2016; 1:89-94. [PMID: 29082924 PMCID: PMC5640699 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first release in 2008, Norine remains the unique resource completely devoted to nonribosomal peptides (NRPs). They are very attractive microbial secondary metabolites, displaying a remarkable diversity of structure and functions. Norine (http://bioinfo.lifl.fr/NRP) includes a database now containing more than 1160 annotated peptides and user-friendly interfaces enabling the querying of the database, through the annotations or the structure of the peptides. Dedicated tools are associated for structural comparison of the compounds and prediction of their biological activities. In this paper, we start by describing the knowledgebase and the dedicated tools. We then present some user cases to show how useful Norine is for the discovery of novel nonribosomal peptides.
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Yavuz B, Bozdağ Pehlivan S, Kaffashi A, Çalamak S, Ulubayram K, Palaska E, Çakmak HB, Ünlü N. In vivo tissue distribution and efficacy studies for cyclosporin A loaded nano-decorated subconjunctival implants. Drug Deliv 2016; 23:3279-3284. [PMID: 27027148 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2016.1172368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable implants are promising drug delivery systems for sustained release ocular drug delivery with the benefits such as minimum systemic side effects, constant drug concentration at the target site and getting cleared without surgical removal. Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a common disease characterized with the changes in ocular epithelia surface and results in inflammatory reaction that might lead to blindness. Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a cyclic peptide that is frequently employed for the treatment of DES and it needs to be applied several times a day in tear drops form. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo behavior and efficacy of the developed nano-decorated subconjunctival implant systems for sustained release CsA delivery. Biodegradable Poly-ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) implant or micro-fiber implants containing CsA loaded poly-lactide-co-glycolide (85:15) (PLGA) or PCL nanoparticles were prepared in order to achieve sustained release. Two of the formulations PCL-PLGA-NP-F and PCL-PCL-NP-I were selected for in vivo evaluation based on their in vitro characteristics determined in our previous study. In this study, formulations were implanted to Swiss Albino mice with induced dry eye syndrome to investigate the ocular distribution of CsA following subconjunctival implantation and to evaluate the efficacy. Tissue distribution study indicated that CsA was present in ocular tissues such as cornea, sclera and lens even 90 days after the application and blood CsA levels were found lower than ocular tissues. Efficacy studies also showed that application of CsA-loaded fiber implant formulation resulted in faster recovery based on their staining scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burçin Yavuz
- a Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hasan Basri Çakmak
- e Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Nurşen Ünlü
- a Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy
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8
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Park YH, Min KA, Song YK, Ham S, Kim CK. Chemically conjugated novel liposomal formulation for intravenous delivery of cyclosporin A. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yang S, Byun YS, Rho CR, Kim SY, Cho YK, Kim EC, Chung SK, Joo CK. Comparisons for Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Cyclosporin A 0.05% Ophthalmic Emulsion Treatment Groups. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2016.57.12.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soonwon Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Catholic University of Korea Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Byun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Catholic University of Korea Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Rae Rho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Catholic University of Korea Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Su Young Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Catholic University of Korea Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Yang Kyung Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Catholic University of Korea St. Vincent's Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eun Chul Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Catholic University of Korea Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Sung Kun Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Catholic University of Korea St. Paul's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choun-Ki Joo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Catholic University of Korea Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Pehlivan SB, Yavuz B, Çalamak S, Ulubayram K, Kaffashi A, Vural I, Çakmak HB, Durgun ME, Denkbaş EB, Ünlü N. Preparation and In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation of Cyclosporin A-Loaded Nanodecorated Ocular Implants for Subconjunctival Application. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1709-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yuan Y, Che X, Zhao M, Wang Y, Liu Y, Schwendeman A, Li S. Development of cyclosporine A microemulsion for parenteral delivery. J Microencapsul 2015; 32:273-80. [PMID: 25761521 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2015.1010461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop a parenteral microemulsion formulation of cyclosporine A (CyA). The CyA solubility in caprylic capric triglyceride (GTCC), ethyl oleate and soybean oil were determined. The pseudo-ternary diagrams of oil (GTCC), surfactant (Solutol® HS-15), cosurfactants (ethanol/polyethylene glycol 400 [PEG 400] mixture) and water were constructed to identify boundaries for microemulsion existence. The CyA was added at 3, 6 and 9% w/w to the optimal microemulsion composition. Microemulsion particle size, solution viscosity and conductivity were examined. The microemulsion stability and haemolytic potential were examined after dilution in 5% dextrose solution for injection to 1 mg/mL CyA. Microemulsion stability was examined after a three-month storage at 4 and 25 °C. The GTCC was selected as an oil phase for CyA microemulsion based on solubility results. The optimum CyA microemulsion formulation consisted of 2.5% CyA, 9% GTCC, 24% Solutol® HS 15, 8% PEG 400, 4% ethanol and 52.5% water based on weight percent. The average particle sizes of the optimized blank and drug-loaded microemulsions were 68.7 nm and 71.6 nm, respectively and remained unchanged upon 25-fold dextrose dilution. The results of microemulsion physical and CyA chemical were confirmed by a three-month stability study at 4 and 25 °C. In vitro haemolysis studies indicated that CyA microemulsions were well tolerated by erythrocytes. The novel microemulsion formulation of CyA was developed that is suitable for parenteral administration. This new formulation could potentially have less vehicle-associated side effects that current commercial formulation of CyA based on Cremophor® EL and ethanol solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China and
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12
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Carmona-Ribeiro AM, de Melo Carrasco LD. Novel formulations for antimicrobial peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:18040-83. [PMID: 25302615 PMCID: PMC4227203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides in general hold much promise as a major ingredient in novel supramolecular assemblies. They may become essential in vaccine design, antimicrobial chemotherapy, cancer immunotherapy, food preservation, organs transplants, design of novel materials for dentistry, formulations against diabetes and other important strategical applications. This review discusses how novel formulations may improve the therapeutic index of antimicrobial peptides by protecting their activity and improving their bioavailability. The diversity of novel formulations using lipids, liposomes, nanoparticles, polymers, micelles, etc., within the limits of nanotechnology may also provide novel applications going beyond antimicrobial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Carmona-Ribeiro
- Biocolloids Laboratory, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Dias de Melo Carrasco
- Biocolloids Laboratory, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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13
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Ilinskaya AN, Dobrovolskaia MA. Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties of engineered nanomaterials. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:3988-4000. [PMID: 24724793 PMCID: PMC4243973 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle interactions with various components of the immune system are determined by their physicochemical properties such as size, charge, hydrophobicity and shape. Nanoparticles can be engineered to either specifically target the immune system or to avoid immune recognition. Nevertheless, identifying their unintended impacts on the immune system and understanding the mechanisms of such accidental effects are essential for establishing a nanoparticle's safety profile. While immunostimulatory properties have been reviewed before, little attention in the literature has been given to immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this review is to fill this gap. We will discuss intended immunosuppression achieved by either nanoparticle engineering, or the use of nanoparticles to carry immunosuppressive or anti-inflammatory drugs. We will also review unintended immunosuppressive properties of nanoparticles per se and consider how such properties could be either beneficial or adverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Ilinskaya
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research IncFrederick, MD, USA
| | - M A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research IncFrederick, MD, USA
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Skalicky SE, Petsoglou C, Gurbaxani A, Fraser CL, McCluskey P. New agents for treating dry eye syndrome. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 13:322-8. [PMID: 23129303 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-012-0321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye syndrome (DES) is characterized by an inadequate volume and/or quality of tears resulting in chronic ocular surface irritation and inflammation. Affecting up to 30 % of adults, DES has a considerable impact on visual function and quality of life. DES may complicate allergic ocular disease and allergy medication may exacerbate DES. The pathophysiology of DES involves osmotic, mechanical and inflammatory insults to the tear film, epithelium and subepithelial nerve plexus. Various immune-related molecular targets have been the focus of research aimed at developing new therapeutic agents for treating DES. This article provides an overview of established, new and future agents for treating DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E Skalicky
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
Topical ocular drug bioavailability is notoriously poor, in the order of 5% or less. This is a consequence of effective multiple barriers to drug entry, comprising nasolacrimal drainage, epithelial drug transport barriers and clearance from the vasculature in the conjunctiva. While sustained drug delivery to the back of the eye is now feasible with intravitreal implants such as Vitrasert (-6 months), Retisert (-3 years) and Iluvien (-3 years), currently there are no marketed delivery systems for long-term drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye. The purpose of this article is to summarize the resurgence in interest to prolong and improve drug entry from topical administration. These approaches include mucoadhesives, viscous polymer vehicles, transporter-targeted prodrug design, receptor-targeted functionalized nanoparticles, iontophoresis, punctal plug and contact lens delivery systems. A few of these delivery systems might be useful in treating diseases affecting the back of the eye. Their effectiveness will be compared against intravitreal implants (upper bound of effectiveness) and trans-scleral systems (lower bound of effectiveness). Refining the animal model by incorporating the latest advances in microdialysis and imaging technology is key to expanding the knowledge central to the design, testing and evaluation of the next generation of innovative ocular drug delivery systems.
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Yavuz B, Bozdağ Pehlivan S, Ünlü N. An overview on dry eye treatment: approaches for cyclosporin a delivery. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:194848. [PMID: 22619624 PMCID: PMC3349326 DOI: 10.1100/2012/194848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye syndrome (DES, Keratoconjunctivitis sicca) is a common disorder of the tear film caused by decreased tear production or increased evaporation. Changes in tear composition also promote inflammation on the ocular surface by various mechanisms. Artificial tear drops, tear retention treatment, stimulation of tear secretion, or anti-inflammatory drugs may be used for dry eye treatment according to the severity of the disease. For untreated patients, the risk of ocular infection increases at considerable level and clinical course of the disease may proceed up to infection, corneal ulcer, and blindness. Artificial tears and/or punctual occlusions are used for tear replacement or preservation. New treatment approaches are designed to modify the underlying disease process. For the treatment of severe dry eye disease, cyclosporin A (CsA), the first one of the new generation immunomodulatory drugs, which has an anti-inflammatory effect, is frequently used. CsA has immunosuppressive effects following systemic application. Following local administration of CsA, it is expected to obtain effective drug concentration at the target area and to avoid the various side effects associated with systemic delivery. Microspheres, implants, and liposomes have been developed for administration of CsA subconjunctivally in order to enhance its efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burçin Yavuz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Bozdağ Pehlivan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurşen Ünlü
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
In spite of the numerous barriers inherent in the oral delivery of therapeutically active proteins, research into the development of functional protein-delivery systems is still intense. The effectiveness of such oral protein-delivery systems depend on their ability to protect the incorporated protein from proteolytic degradation in the GI tract and enhance its intestinal absorption without significantly compromising the bioactivity of the protein. Among these delivery systems are polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) which are composed of polyelectrolyte polymers complexed with a protein via coulombic and other interactions. This review will focus on the current status of PECs with a particular emphasis on the potential and limitations of multi- or inter-polymer PECs used to facilitate oral protein delivery.
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Mansueto P, Pisciotta G, Tomasello G, Cabibi D, Seidita A, D'Alcamo A, Patti AM, Sprini D, Carroccio A, Rini GB, Fede GD. Malignant tumor-like gastric lesion due to Candida albicans in a diabetic patient treated with cyclosporin: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Exp Med 2011; 12:201-5. [PMID: 21904834 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-011-0158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract of healthy individuals is colonized by hundreds of saprophytes and mycetes, especially the Candida species, are habitual ones. Under certain conditions, the fungal flora may overgrow, resulting in lesions of the digestive mucosa which, rarely, can have a local diffusion and/or spread to the lympho-hematogenous system. Mycotic infections of the stomach can sometimes look like benign gastric ulcers. Here, we present the case report of a woman, aged 64, who presented with type II diabetes mellitus and psoriasis, on chronic treatment with cyclosporin A and with endoscopic evidence of an ulcerated, vegetating gastric lesion secondary to Candida albicans infection. Although strongly suggestive of malignancy, it completely healed after cyclosporin withdrawal and the administration of oral antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Mansueto
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine and Emerging Diseases, University Hospital of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 141-90146, Palermo, Italy.
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Perniconi B, Costa A, Aulino P, Teodori L, Adamo S, Coletti D. The pro-myogenic environment provided by whole organ scale acellular scaffolds from skeletal muscle. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7870-82. [PMID: 21802724 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the pursuit of a transplantable construct for the replacement of large skeletal muscle defects arising from traumatic or pathological conditions, several attempts have been made to obtain a highly oriented, vascularized and functional skeletal muscle. Acellular scaffolds derived from organ decellularization are promising, widely used biomaterials for tissue engineering. However, the acellular skeletal muscle extra cellular matrix (ECM) has been poorly characterized in terms of production, storage and host-donor interactions. We have produced acellular scaffolds at the whole organ scale from various skeletal muscles explanted from mice. The acellular scaffolds conserve chemical and architectural features of the tissue of origin, including the vascular bed. Scaffolds can be sterilely stored for weeks at +4°C or +37°C in tissue culture grade conditions. When transplanted in wt mice, the grafts are stable for several weeks, whilst being colonized by inflammatory and stem cells. We demonstrate that the acellular scaffold per se represents a pro-myogenic environment supporting de novo formation of muscle fibers, likely derived from host cells with myogenic potential. Myogenesis within the implant is enhanced by immunosuppressive treatment. Our work highlights the fundamental role of this niche in tissue engineering application and unveils the clinical potential of allografts based on decellularized tissue for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Perniconi
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopaedic Sciences, Histology & Medical Embryology Section, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Di Tommaso C, Behar-Cohen F, Gurny R, Möller M. Colloidal systems for the delivery of cyclosporin A to the anterior segment of the eye. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2011; 69:116-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Molecular interactions in reverse hexagonal mesophase in the presence of Cyclosporin A. Int J Pharm 2009; 367:115-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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