1
|
|
2
|
Sayed KM, Mostafa EM, Mounir A, Abd Elhaliem NG, Alsmman AH. Analysis of Bimatoprost-Induced changes on Rabbits eyelash Follicle: Clinical and Electron microscopic study. Clin Ophthalmol 2019; 13:2421-2426. [PMID: 31824136 PMCID: PMC6901034 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s229335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze ultrastructural changes of rabbits' eyelash follicles treated with bimatoprost eye drops to increase our knowledge of how this drug works. Methods The study included 15 clinically healthy male rabbits. All rabbits were treated with bimatoprost 0.03% daily for 4 weeks with one drop of the topical eye drops applied to the conjunctival fornix of the right eyes; left eyes were used as controls. Eyelash lengths were measured before and after treatment. The eyelid of each animal was dissected for light and electron microscopic analysis. Results Both control and treated rabbit eyes matched regarding eyelash length before treatment (9.80±0.388mm vs 9.88±0.24mm) (P=0.108). There was a significant increase in eyelash length between control (9.75±0.33 mm) and treated rabbit eyes (11.60±0.46 mm) (P=0.369). Light and electron microscopy revealed, bimatoprost treated eyes had thick epidermis. The dermis contained two hairs growing out of the same hair follicle. Heavily keratinized Henle's layer, the cortical cells (Cx) have prominent nucleolus and cytoplasm is studded with melanin granules. Conclusion Bimatoprost-induced eyelash changes were not restricted to increased eyelash length, thickness, and pigmentation but also showed increased number of eyelashes within the same hair follicle which were stronger and could resist pulling from the skin without any evidence of inflammatory cells within the specimens. These changes occurred as early as 1 month of treatment, giving rise to thoughts about the possibility of using bimatoprost eye drops as a prophylaxis against madarosis associated with chemotherapy if it is started 1 month before chemotherapy and continued afterwards, making eyelashes stronger and resistant to falling out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khulood Muhammad Sayed
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Engy Mohammed Mostafa
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Amr Mounir
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | | | - Alahmady Hamad Alsmman
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lusthaus JA, Goldberg I. Emerging drugs to treat glaucoma: targeting prostaglandin F and E receptors. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2016; 21:117-28. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2016.1151001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
4
|
Kaliaperumal S, Govindaraj I, Kopparapu PK, Ahuja S. Hirsutism following the use of bimatoprost eyedrops for glaucoma. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2014; 5:208-10. [PMID: 25210403 PMCID: PMC4156834 DOI: 10.4103/0976-500x.136110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α) analogues including bimatoprost are often the first line drugs used in the treatment of glaucoma. We present a case of a 62-year-old female patient who was started on bimatoprost in both the eyes for primary open angle glaucoma. The intraocular pressures reached the target level but she developed hair growth over the chin and upper lip after six months of commencing of the treatment. The regional hypertrichosis did not reduce much after stopping the drug. Hirsutism is a potential side effect of prostaglandin analogues which has rarely been reported. Doctors and patients need to be aware of this noticeable and unwanted side effect. The effect seems to occur in patients already having few non-vellus hairs in these areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subashini Kaliaperumal
- Department of Ophthalmology, JawaharIal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Indu Govindaraj
- Department of Ophthalmology, JawaharIal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Kopparapu
- Department of Ophthalmology, JawaharIal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shashi Ahuja
- Department of Ophthalmology, JawaharIal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vadlapudi AD, Patel A, Cholkar K, Mitra AK. Recent Patents on Emerging Therapeutics for the Treatment of Glaucoma, Age Related Macular Degeneration and Uveitis. RECENT PATENTS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2012; 5:83-101. [PMID: 25414810 PMCID: PMC4235159 DOI: 10.2174/1874764711205010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in the field and rising interest among pharmaceutical researchers have led to the development of new molecules with enhanced therapeutic activity. Design of new drugs which can target a particular pathway and/or explore novel targets is of immense interest to ocular pharmacologists worldwide. Delivery of suitable pharmacologically active agents at proper dose (within the therapeutic window) to the target tissues without any toxicity to the healthy ocular tissues still remain an elusive task. Moreover, the presence of static and dynamic barriers to drug absorption including the corneal epithelium (lipophilic), corneal and scleral stroma (hydrophilic), conjunctival lymphatics, choroidal vasculature and the blood-ocular barriers also pose a significant challenge for achieving therapeutic drug concentrations at the target site. Although many agents are currently available, new compounds are being introduced for treating various ocular diseases. Deeper understanding of the etiology and complex mechanisms associated with the disease condition would aid in the development of potential therapeutic candidates. Novel small molecules as well as complex biotechnology derived macromolecules with superior efficacy, safety and tolerability are being developed. Therefore, this review article provides an overview of existing drugs, treatment options, advances in emerging therapeutics and related recent patents for the treatment of ocular disorders such as glaucoma, age related macular degeneration (AMD) and uveitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aswani Dutt Vadlapudi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA
| | - Ashaben Patel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA
| | - Kishore Cholkar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA
| | - Ashim K. Mitra
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pellinen P, Huhtala A, Tolonen A, Lokkila J, Mäenpää J, Uusitalo H. The Cytotoxic Effects of Preserved and Preservative-Free Prostaglandin Analogs on Human Corneal and Conjunctival EpitheliumIn Vitroand the Distribution of Benzalkonium Chloride Homologs in Ocular Surface TissuesIn Vivo. Curr Eye Res 2011; 37:145-54. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2011.626909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
7
|
|
8
|
Faulkner R, Sharif NA, Orr S, Sall K, Dubiner H, Whitson JT, Moster M, Craven ER, Curtis M, Pailliotet C, Martens K, Dahlin D. Aqueous humor concentrations of bimatoprost free acid, bimatoprost and travoprost free acid in cataract surgical patients administered multiple topical ocular doses of LUMIGAN or TRAVATAN. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2010; 26:147-56. [PMID: 20307216 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2009.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the aqueous humor (AH) concentrations of bimatoprost (amide), travoprost (isopropyl ester), and their hydrolysis products, bimatoprost free acid (BFA) and travoprost free acid (TFA), after multiple topical ocular doses of LUMIGAN and TRAVATAN, respectively, in patients awaiting cataract surgery. METHODS In 2 separate open-label, sparse-sampling trials, glaucoma patients with cataracts received LUMIGAN (bimatoprost ophthalmic solution, 0.03%) or TRAVATAN (travoprost ophthalmic solution, 0.004%) bilaterally once daily for at least 21 days prior to cataract surgery. Anterior chamber paracentesis was performed at selected times up to 5 h after the last dose and an AH sample was collected. AH samples were assayed by an independent bioanalytical laboratory using a sensitive and validated tandem LC-MS/MS method. The assay lower limits of quantitation were 0.59 nM for bimatoprost, 0.29 nM for BFA, and 0.44 nM for TFA. RESULTS AH concentrations of BFA (17-phenyl-trinor PGF(2alpha)) were quantifiable in all but one sample at 0.5 h. The maximum concentration achieved (C(max)) of BFA was 30.9 + or - 16.41 nM (n =5), observed at 2 h postdose. AH concentrations of bimatoprost amide were lower than BFA at all time points, with a C(max) of 6.81 + or - 1.36 nM (n = 7) at 1 h postdose. For TFA, measurable AH concentrations were obtained at all time points with a TFA C(max) of 3.91 + or - 2.27 nM (n = 5), which was observed at 3 h after the dose (all data are mean + or - SEM). CONCLUSIONS Once daily topical ocular administration of LUMIGAN or TRAVATAN for 3 weeks resulted in significant concentrations of BFA and TFA in the AH. Quantifiable levels of bimatoprost amide were also measured. Maximum concentrations of BFA (30.9 nM) and TFA (3.91 nM) in the anterior chamber are sufficient to fully activate the FP prostanoid receptors in the target cells of the ciliary muscle and trabecular meshwork. Both bimatoprost in LUMIGAN and travoprost in TRAVATAN are essentially prodrugs that are rapidly hydrolyzed to their respective free acids that induce the IOP-lowering effect observed with both drugs in vivo.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee AJ, McCluskey P. Clinical utility and differential effects of prostaglandin analogs in the management of raised intraocular pressure and ocular hypertension. Clin Ophthalmol 2010; 4:741-64. [PMID: 20689791 PMCID: PMC2915861 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s10441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin analogs (PGA) are powerful topical ocular hypotensive agents available for the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Latanoprost 0.005% and travoprost 0.004% are prodrugs and analogs of prostaglandin F2α. Bimatoprost 0.03% is regarded as a prostamide, and debate continues as to whether it is a prodrug. The free acids of all 3 PGAs reduce IOP by enhancing uveoscleral and trabecular outflow via direct effects on ciliary muscle relaxation and remodeling of extracellular matrix. The vast majority of clinical trials demonstrate IOP-lowering superiority of latanoprost, bimatoprost and travoprost compared with timolol 0.5%, brimonidine 0.2%, or dorzolamide 2% monotherapy. Bimatoprost appears to be more efficacious in IOP-lowering compared with latanoprost, with weighted mean difference in IOP reduction documented in one meta-analysis of 2.59% to 5.60% from 1- to 6-months study duration. PGAs reduce IOP further when used as adjunctive therapy. Fixed combinations of latanoprost, bimatoprost or travoprost formulated with timolol 0.5% and administered once daily are superior to monotherapy of its constituent parts. PGA have near absence of systemic side effects, although do have other commonly encountered ocular adverse effects. The adverse effects of PGA, and also those found more frequently with bimatoprost use include ocular hyperemia, eyelash growth, and peri-ocular pigmentary changes. Iris pigmentary change is unique to PGA treatment. Once daily administration and near absence of systemic side effects enhances tolerance and compliance. PGAs are often prescribed as first-line treatment for ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Lee
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hariharan S, Minocha M, Mishra GP, Pal D, Krishna R, Mitra AK. Interaction of ocular hypotensive agents (PGF2 alpha analogs-bimatoprost, latanoprost, and travoprost) with MDR efflux pumps on the rabbit cornea. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2010; 25:487-98. [PMID: 20028257 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2009.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives of this work were (i) to screen ocular hypotensive prostaglandin (PGF2 alpha) analogs--bimatoprost, latanoprost, and travoprost as well as their free acid forms--for interaction with efflux pumps on the cornea and (ii) to assess the modulation of efflux upon co-administration of these prostaglandin analogs. METHODS Cultured rabbit primary corneal epithelial cells (rPCEC) were employed as an in vitro model for rabbit cornea. Transporter-specific interaction studies were carried out using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells overexpressing MDR1, MRP1, MRP2, MRP5, and BCRP. Freshly excised rabbit cornea was used as an ex vivo model to determine transcorneal permeability. RESULTS Cellular accumulation studies clearly showed that all prostaglandin analogs and their free acid forms are substrates of MRP1, MRP2, and MRP5. Bimatoprost was the only prostaglandin analog in this study to interact with P-gp. In addition, none of these molecules showed any affinity for BCRP. K (i) values of these prostaglandin analogs obtained from dose-dependent inhibition of erythromycin efflux in rPCEC showed bimatoprost (82.54 microM) and travoprost (94.77 microM) to have similar but higher affinity to efflux pumps than latanoprost (163.20 microM). Ex vivo studies showed that the permeation of these molecules across cornea was significantly elevated in the presence of specific efflux modulators. Finally, both in vitro and ex vivo experiments demonstrated that the efflux of these prostaglandin analogs could be modulated by co-administering them together. CONCLUSION Bimatoprost, latanoprost, travoprost, and their free acid forms are substrates of multiple drug efflux pumps on the cornea. Co-administration of these molecules together is a viable strategy to overcome efflux, which could simultaneously elicit a synergistic pharmacological effect, since these molecules have been shown to activate different receptor population for the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudharshan Hariharan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Smid SD. Role of prostaglandins and specific place in therapy of bimatoprost in the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure and ocular hypertension: A closer look at the agonist properties of bimatoprost and the prostamides. Clin Ophthalmol 2009; 3:663-70. [PMID: 20054414 PMCID: PMC2801635 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s6337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bimatoprost is the only representative of a novel class of prostaglandin ethanolamide (prostamide) compounds used therapeutically as an efficacious treatment for glaucoma. The pathways through which bimatoprost works to improve uveoscleral outflow to relieve elevated intraocular pressure are similar to those of the conventional prostaglandins used in glaucoma therapy, with some evidence of a preferential action at the trabecular meshwork. The pharmacology of bimatoprost is however, unclear. Pharmacological evidence supports a specific and distinct receptor-mediated agonist activity of bimatoprost at ‘prostamide’ receptors, which is selective to the prostamides as a class. However, other studies have reported either activity of bimatoprost at additional prostanoid and nonprostanoid receptors, or a conversion of bimatoprost to metabolites with agonist activity at prostaglandin FP receptors in the human eye. The formation of endogenous prostamides has been demonstrated in vivo, by a novel pathway involving the cyclooxygenase-2-mediated conversion of endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) substrates. Irrespective of the pharmacology of bimatoprost and the prostamides in general, further studies are needed to determine the biological role and biochemical pathology of prostamides in the human eye, particularly in glaucoma. Such studies may improve our understanding of uveoscleral flow and may offer new treatments for controlling intraocular pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Smid
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bean GW, Camras CB. Commercially available prostaglandin analogs for the reduction of intraocular pressure: similarities and differences. Surv Ophthalmol 2009; 53 Suppl1:S69-84. [PMID: 19038626 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 12 years, the pharmacological management of glaucoma and ocular hypertension has significantly changed with the introduction of the prostaglandin analogs, specifically, latanoprost, bimatoprost, and travoprost. Their ability to effectively reduce intraocular pressure with once-per-day dosing, their comparable ocular tolerability with timolol, and their general lack of systemic side effects have made them the mainstay of pharmacological therapy for glaucoma and ocular hypertension in most parts of the world. A review of their pharmacology reveals that they are all prodrugs that are converted to their respective free acids within the eye to activate the prostanoid FP receptor and to reduce intraocular pressure by enhancing the uveoscleral and the trabecular meshwork outflow pathways. A review of numerous prospective, randomized comparative studies indicates that no clinically significant differences exist among these agents regarding their ability to lower intraocular pressure.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yeom HY, Hong S, Kim SS, Kim CY, Seong GJ. Influence of topical bimatoprost on macular thickness and volume in glaucoma patients with phakic eyes. Can J Ophthalmol 2008; 43:563-6. [PMID: 18982033 DOI: 10.3129/i08-092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In light of concern about the possible relation between the extensive clinical use of prostaglandin analogues and the development of retinal disorders such as cystoid macular edema, this study investigated the influence of topical application of bimatoprost 0.03% on macular thickness and volume in glaucoma patients with phakic eyes. METHODS A total of 40 eyes in 22 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or normal-tension glaucoma were evaluated in this study. Optical coherence tomography images were taken before initiation of bimatoprost application and after 1, 2, and 3 months of treatment. In addition, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured, and contrast sensitivity tests and fundus examinations were performed. Changes in various parameters, including macular thickness and volume, were analyzed. RESULTS BCVA and contrast sensitivity did not change from baseline over the treatment period. IOP declined by 20% to 25% from baseline for 1 month before stabilizing. Macular thickness and volume did not increase significantly during the 3 months. INTERPRETATION Topical application of bimatoprost does not induce clinical or structural changes in the macula, at least in glaucoma patients with phakic eyes. Moreover, bimatoprost effectively lowered IOP without causing macular disorders such as cystoid macular edema.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ünal M, Yücel I. Effect of bimatoprost on intraocular pressure after cataract surgery. Can J Ophthalmol 2008; 43:712-6. [DOI: 10.3129/i08-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|