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Chen W, Hu J, Chen J, Guo Y, Hong Y, Xia H. Spatio-temporal analysis of toxigenic genes expression in the growing Bufo gargarizans based on RNA sequencing data. Genomics 2024; 116:110847. [PMID: 38685287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bufo gargarizans Cantor, a widely distributed amphibian species in Asia, produces and releases toxins through its retroauricular and granular glands. Although various tissues have been sequenced, the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxin production remain unclear. To elucidate these mechanisms, abdominal skin (non-toxic secretory glands) and retroauricular gland (toxic secreting glands) samples were collected at different time points (3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months) for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and analysis. RESULTS In comparison to the S group during the same period, a total of 3053, 3026, 1516, 1028, and 2061 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified across five developmental stages. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that DEGs were primarily enriched in biological processes including cellular processes, single-organism processes, metabolic processes, and biological regulation. In terms of cellular components, the DEGs were predominantly localized in the cell and cell parts, whereas molecular function indicated significant enrichment in binding and catalytic activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the metabolism and synthesis of various substances, such as lipid metabolism, cofactor and vitamin metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, and primary bile acid biosynthesis, were accompanied by the development of toads. Additionally, using trend analysis, we discovered candidate genes that were upregulated in the retroauricular glands during development, and the abundance of these genes in the abdominal skin was extremely low. Finally, we identified 26 genes that are likely to be involved in toxin production and that are likely to be involved in toxin anabolism. CONCLUSION Overall, these results provide new insights into the genes involved in toxin production in B. gargarizans, which will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying toxigenic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jinghong Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Control and Construction of the Whole Industrial Chain of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yongjian Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Houkai Xia
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; Shandong Kang Yuan Tang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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Xanthis V, Mantso T, Dimtsi A, Pappa A, Fadouloglou VE. Human Aldehyde Dehydrogenases: A Superfamily of Similar Yet Different Proteins Highly Related to Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4419. [PMID: 37686694 PMCID: PMC10650815 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The superfamily of human aldehyde dehydrogenases (hALDHs) consists of 19 isoenzymes which are critical for several physiological and biosynthetic processes and play a major role in the organism's detoxification via the NAD(P) dependent oxidation of numerous endogenous and exogenous aldehyde substrates to their corresponding carboxylic acids. Over the last decades, ALDHs have been the subject of several studies as it was revealed that their differential expression patterns in various cancer types are associated either with carcinogenesis or promotion of cell survival. Here, we attempt to provide a thorough review of hALDHs' diverse functions and 3D structures with particular emphasis on their role in cancer pathology and resistance to chemotherapy. We are especially interested in findings regarding the association of structural features and their changes with effects on enzymes' functionalities. Moreover, we provide an updated outline of the hALDHs inhibitors utilized in experimental or clinical settings for cancer therapy. Overall, this review aims to provide a better understanding of the impact of ALDHs in cancer pathology and therapy from a structural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vasiliki E. Fadouloglou
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
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ALDH2 deficiency increases susceptibility to binge alcohol-induced gut leakiness, endotoxemia, and acute liver injury in mice through the gut-liver axis. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102577. [PMID: 36528936 PMCID: PMC9792909 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is the major enzyme responsible for metabolizing toxic acetaldehyde to acetate and acts as a protective or defensive protein against various disease states associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD), including alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD). We hypothesized that Aldh2-knockout (KO) mice are more susceptible to binge alcohol-mediated liver injury than wild-type (WT) mice through increased oxidative stress, gut leakiness and endotoxemia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the protective role of ALDH2 in binge alcohol-induced gut permeability, endotoxemia, and acute inflammatory liver injury by exposing Aldh2-KO or WT mice to a single oral dose of binge alcohol 3.5, 4.0, or 5.0 g/kg. Our findings showed for the first time that ALDH2 deficiency in Aldh2-KO mice increases their sensitivity to binge alcohol-induced oxidative and nitrative stress, enterocyte apoptosis, and nitration of gut tight junction (TJ) and adherent junction (AJ) proteins, leading to their degradation. These resulted in gut leakiness and endotoxemia in Aldh2-KO mice after exposure to a single dose of ethanol even at 3.5 g/kg, while no changes were observed in the corresponding WT mice. The elevated serum endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and bacterial translocation contributed to systemic inflammation, hepatocyte apoptosis, and subsequently acute liver injury through the gut-liver axis. Treatment with Daidzin, an ALDH2 inhibitor, exacerbated ethanol-induced cell permeability and reduced TJ/AJ proteins in T84 human colon cells. These changes were reversed by Alda-1, an ALDH2 activator. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ALDH2 in T84 cells increased alcohol-mediated cell damage and paracellular permeability. All these findings demonstrate the critical role of ALDH2 in alcohol-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction and suggest that ALDH2 deficiency or gene mutation in humans is a risk factor for alcohol-mediated gut and liver injury, and that ALDH2 could be an important therapeutic target against alcohol-associated tissue or organ damage.
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Švecová L, Østergaard LH, Skálová T, Schnorr KM, Koval’ T, Kolenko P, Stránský J, Sedlák D, Dušková J, Trundová M, Hašek J, Dohnálek J. Crystallographic fragment screening-based study of a novel FAD-dependent oxidoreductase from Chaetomium thermophilum. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:755-775. [PMID: 34076590 PMCID: PMC8171062 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321003533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The FAD-dependent oxidoreductase from Chaetomium thermophilum (CtFDO) is a novel thermostable glycoprotein from the glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductase superfamily. However, CtFDO shows no activity toward the typical substrates of the family and high-throughput screening with around 1000 compounds did not yield any strongly reacting substrate. Therefore, protein crystallography, including crystallographic fragment screening, with 42 fragments and 37 other compounds was used to describe the ligand-binding sites of CtFDO and to characterize the nature of its substrate. The structure of CtFDO reveals an unusually wide-open solvent-accessible active-site pocket with a unique His-Ser amino-acid pair putatively involved in enzyme catalysis. A series of six crystal structures of CtFDO complexes revealed five different subsites for the binding of aryl moieties inside the active-site pocket and conformational flexibility of the interacting amino acids when adapting to a particular ligand. The protein is capable of binding complex polyaromatic substrates of molecular weight greater than 500 Da.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Švecová
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tereza Skálová
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tomáš Koval’
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kolenko
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Stránský
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedlák
- CZ-OPENSCREEN: National Infrastructure for Chemical Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Dušková
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Trundová
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Hašek
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dohnálek
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
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Rojas-Pirela M, Andrade-Alviárez D, Rojas V, Kemmerling U, Cáceres AJ, Michels PA, Concepción JL, Quiñones W. Phosphoglycerate kinase: structural aspects and functions, with special emphasis on the enzyme from Kinetoplastea. Open Biol 2020; 10:200302. [PMID: 33234025 PMCID: PMC7729029 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is a glycolytic enzyme that is well conserved among the three domains of life. PGK is usually a monomeric enzyme of about 45 kDa that catalyses one of the two ATP-producing reactions in the glycolytic pathway, through the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPGA) to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA). It also participates in gluconeogenesis, catalysing the opposite reaction to produce 1,3BPGA and ADP. Like most other glycolytic enzymes, PGK has also been catalogued as a moonlighting protein, due to its involvement in different functions not associated with energy metabolism, which include pathogenesis, interaction with nucleic acids, tumorigenesis progression, cell death and viral replication. In this review, we have highlighted the overall aspects of this enzyme, such as its structure, reaction kinetics, activity regulation and possible moonlighting functions in different protistan organisms, especially both free-living and parasitic Kinetoplastea. Our analysis of the genomes of different kinetoplastids revealed the presence of open-reading frames (ORFs) for multiple PGK isoforms in several species. Some of these ORFs code for unusually large PGKs. The products appear to contain additional structural domains fused to the PGK domain. A striking aspect is that some of these PGK isoforms are predicted to be catalytically inactive enzymes or ‘dead’ enzymes. The roles of PGKs in kinetoplastid parasites are analysed, and the apparent significance of the PGK gene duplication that gave rise to the different isoforms and their expression in Trypanosoma cruzi is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Rojas-Pirela
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso 2373223, Chile
| | - Diego Andrade-Alviárez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - Verónica Rojas
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso 2373223, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Santigo de Chile
| | - Ana J Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - Paul A Michels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.,Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Juan Luis Concepción
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - Wilfredo Quiñones
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
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Tang Y, Xin G, Zhao LM, Huang LX, Qin YX, Su YQ, Zheng WQ, Wu B, Lin N, Yan QP. Novel insights into host-pathogen interactions of large yellow croakers ( Larimichthys crocea) and pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas plecoglossicida using time-resolved dual RNA-seq of infected spleens. Zool Res 2020; 41:314-327. [PMID: 32242645 PMCID: PMC7231473 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions are highly complex, involving large dynamic changes in gene expression during infection. These interactions are fundamental to understanding anti-infection immunity of hosts, as well as the pathogenesis of pathogens. For bacterial pathogens interacting with animal hosts, time-resolved dual RNA-seq of infected tissue is difficult to perform due to low pathogen load in infected tissue. In this study, an acute infection model of Larimichthys crocea infected by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida was established. The spleens of infected fish exhibited typical symptoms, with a maximum bacterial load at two days post-injection (dpi). Time-resolved dual RNA-seq of infected spleens was successfully applied to study host-pathogen interactions between L. crocea and P. plecoglossicida. The spleens of infected L. crocea were subjected to dual RNA-seq, and transcriptome data were compared with those of noninfected spleens or in vitro cultured bacteria. Results showed that pathogen-host interactions were highly dynamically regulated, with corresponding fluctuations in host and pathogen transcriptomes during infection. The expression levels of many immunogenes involved in cytokine-cytokine receptor, Toll-like receptor signaling, and other immune-related pathways were significantly up-regulated during the infection period. Furthermore, metabolic processes and the use of oxygen in L. crocea were strongly affected by P. plecoglossicida infection. The WGCNA results showed that the metabolic process was strongly related to the entire immune process. For P. plecoglossicida, the expression levels of motility-related genes and flagellum assembly-related genes were significantly up-regulated. The results of this study may help to elucidate the interactions between L. crocea and P. plecoglossicida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Ge Xin
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Ling-Min Zhao
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Li-Xing Huang
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Ying-Xue Qin
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Yong-Quan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Aquatic Products Co., Ltd., Ningde, Fujian 352000, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Aquatic Products Co., Ltd., Ningde, Fujian 352000, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Fujian Provincial Fishery Technical Extention Center, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, China
| | - Nan Lin
- Fujian Provincial Fishery Technical Extention Center, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, China
| | - Qing-Pi Yan
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China.,State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Aquatic Products Co., Ltd., Ningde, Fujian 352000, China. E-mail:
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7
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Etienne J, Joanne P, Catelain C, Riveron S, Bayer AC, Lafable J, Punzon I, Blot S, Agbulut O, Vilquin JT. Aldehyde dehydrogenases contribute to skeletal muscle homeostasis in healthy, aging, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1047-1069. [PMID: 32157826 PMCID: PMC7432589 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are key players in cell survival, protection, and differentiation via the metabolism and detoxification of aldehydes. ALDH activity is also a marker of stem cells. The skeletal muscle contains populations of ALDH-positive cells amenable to use in cell therapy, whose distribution, persistence in aging, and modifications in myopathic context have not been investigated yet. METHODS The Aldefluor® (ALDEF) reagent was used to assess the ALDH activity of muscle cell populations, whose phenotypic characterizations were deepened by flow cytometry. The nature of ALDH isoenzymes expressed by the muscle cell populations was identified in complementary ways by flow cytometry, immunohistology, and real-time PCR ex vivo and in vitro. These populations were compared in healthy, aging, or Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, healthy non-human primates, and Golden Retriever dogs (healthy vs. muscular dystrophic model, Golden retriever muscular dystrophy [GRMD]). RESULTS ALDEF+ cells persisted through muscle aging in humans and were equally represented in several anatomical localizations in healthy non-human primates. ALDEF+ cells were increased in dystrophic individuals in humans (nine patients with DMD vs. five controls: 14.9 ± 1.63% vs. 3.6 ± 0.39%, P = 0.0002) and dogs (three GRMD dogs vs. three controls: 10.9 ± 2.54% vs. 3.7 ± 0.45%, P = 0.049). In DMD patients, such increase was due to the adipogenic ALDEF+ /CD34+ populations (11.74 ± 1.5 vs. 2.8 ± 0.4, P = 0.0003), while in GRMD dogs, it was due to the myogenic ALDEF+ /CD34- cells (3.6 ± 0.6% vs. 1.03 ± 0.23%, P = 0.0165). Phenotypic characterization associated the ALDEF+ /CD34- cells with CD9, CD36, CD49a, CD49c, CD49f, CD106, CD146, and CD184, some being associated with myogenic capacities. Cytological and histological analyses distinguished several ALDH isoenzymes (ALDH1A1, 1A2, 1A3, 1B1, 1L1, 2, 3A1, 3A2, 3B1, 3B2, 4A1, 7A1, 8A1, and 9A1) expressed by different cell populations in the skeletal muscle tissue belonging to multinucleated fibres, or myogenic, endothelial, interstitial, and neural lineages, designing them as potential new markers of cell type or of metabolic activity. Important modifications were noted in isoenzyme expression between healthy and DMD muscle tissues. The level of gene expression of some isoenzymes (ALDH1A1, 1A3, 1B1, 2, 3A2, 7A1, 8A1, and 9A1) suggested their specific involvement in muscle stability or regeneration in situ or in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This study unveils the importance of the ALDH family of isoenzymes in the skeletal muscle physiology and homeostasis, suggesting their roles in tissue remodelling in the context of muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Etienne
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pierre Joanne
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, IBPS, UMR 8256 Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Catelain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Riveron
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Clarissa Bayer
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Lafable
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Isabel Punzon
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, IMRB, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ENVA, U955-E10, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphane Blot
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, IMRB, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ENVA, U955-E10, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, IBPS, UMR 8256 Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Thomas Vilquin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Marshall S, Chen Y, Singh S, Berrios-Carcamo P, Heit C, Apostolopoulos N, Golla JP, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Engineered Animal Models Designed for Investigating Ethanol Metabolism, Toxicity and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1032:203-221. [PMID: 30362100 PMCID: PMC6743736 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98788-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Excessive consumption of alcohol is a leading cause of lifestyle-induced morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although long-term alcohol abuse has been shown to be detrimental to the liver, brain and many other organs, our understanding of the exact molecular mechanisms by which this occurs is still limited. In tissues, ethanol is metabolized to acetaldehyde (mainly by alcohol dehydrogenase and cytochrome p450 2E1) and subsequently to acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenases. Intracellular generation of free radicals and depletion of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) are believed to be key steps involved in the cellular pathogenic events caused by ethanol. With continued excessive alcohol consumption, further tissue damage can result from the production of cellular protein and DNA adducts caused by accumulating ethanol-derived aldehydes. Much of our understanding about the pathophysiological consequences of ethanol metabolism comes from genetically-engineered mouse models of ethanol-induced tissue injury. In this review, we provide an update on the current understanding of important mouse models in which ethanol-metabolizing and GSH-synthesizing enzymes have been manipulated to investigate alcohol-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Marshall
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Surendra Singh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pablo Berrios-Carcamo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claire Heit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas Apostolopoulos
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jaya Prakash Golla
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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9
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Monroe JD, Breault JS, Pope LE, Torres CE, Gebrejesus TB, Berndsen CE, Storm AR. Arabidopsis β-Amylase2 Is a K +-Requiring, Catalytic Tetramer with Sigmoidal Kinetics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1525-1535. [PMID: 29066669 PMCID: PMC5717748 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome contains nine β-amylase (BAM) genes, some of which play important roles in starch hydrolysis. However, little is known about BAM2, a plastid-localized enzyme reported to have extremely low catalytic activity. Using conservation of intron positions, we determined that the nine Arabidopsis BAM genes fall into two distinct subfamilies. A similar pattern was found in each major lineage of land plants, suggesting that these subfamilies diverged prior to the origin of land plants. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis indicated that BAM2 is the ancestral member of one of these subfamilies. This finding, along with the conservation of amino acids in the active site of BAM2, suggested that it might be catalytically active. We then identified KCl as necessary for BAM2 activity. Unlike BAM1, BAM3, and BAM5, three Arabidopsis BAMs that all exhibited hyperbolic kinetics, BAM2 exhibited sigmoidal kinetics with a Hill coefficient of over 3. Using multi-angle light scattering, we determined that BAM2 was a tetramer, whereas BAM5 was a monomer. Conserved residues from a diverse set of BAM2 orthologs were mapped onto a homology model of the protein, revealing a large, conserved surface away from the active site that we hypothesize is a secondary carbohydrate-binding site. Introduction of bulky methionine for glycine at two points on this surface reduced catalytic activity significantly without disrupting the tetrameric structure. Expression analysis indicated that BAM2 is more closely coexpressed with other starch degradation enzymes than any other BAM, suggesting that BAM2 may play an important role in starch degradation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Monroe
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Jillian S Breault
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Lauren E Pope
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Catherine E Torres
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | | | - Christopher E Berndsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Amanda R Storm
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
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Östberg LJ, Persson B, Höög JO. Computational studies of human class V alcohol dehydrogenase - the odd sibling. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 17:16. [PMID: 27455956 PMCID: PMC4960878 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-016-0072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Background All known attempts to isolate and characterize mammalian class V alcohol dehydrogenase (class V ADH), a member of the large ADH protein family, at the protein level have failed. This indicates that the class V ADH protein is not stable in a non-cellular environment, which is in contrast to all other human ADH enzymes. In this report we present evidence, supported with results from computational analyses performed in combination with earlier in vitro studies, why this ADH behaves in an atypical way. Results Using a combination of structural calculations and sequence analyses, we were able to identify local structural differences between human class V ADH and other human ADHs, including an elongated β-strands and a labile α-helix at the subunit interface region of each chain that probably disturb it. Several amino acid residues are strictly conserved in class I–IV, but altered in class V ADH. This includes a for class V ADH unique and conserved Lys51, a position directly involved in the catalytic mechanism in other ADHs, and nine other class V ADH-specific residues. Conclusions In this study we show that there are pronounced structural changes in class V ADH as compared to other ADH enzymes. Furthermore, there is an evolutionary pressure among the mammalian class V ADHs, which for most proteins indicate that they fulfill a physiological function. We assume that class V ADH is expressed, but unable to form active dimers in a non-cellular environment, and is an atypical mammalian ADH. This is compatible with previous experimental characterization and present structural modelling. It can be considered the odd sibling of the ADH protein family and so far seems to be a pseudoenzyme with another hitherto unknown physiological function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12858-016-0072-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus J Östberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Persson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan-Olov Höög
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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