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Sparatore F, Sparatore A. 3,3-Disubstituted 3,4-Dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazines: Chemistry, Biological Activity, and Affinity to Sigma Receptors. Molecules 2023; 29:132. [PMID: 38202715 PMCID: PMC10780181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
By reducing the 2-nitrophenylhydrazone of cyclohexanone with sodium dithionite, an unexpected yellow compound was obtained instead of the corresponding colorless amino derivative. Many years later, the structure of this compound, namely, cyclohexane-3-spiro-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine, was demonstrated. From that time, the reduction of 2-nitrophenylhydrazones of different kinds of ketones, followed by air oxidation of the initially formed amino compounds, has represented a general way to synthesize a variety of 3,3-disubstituted 3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazines. Many derivatives have been obtained so far by a single research group, and most of them have demonstrated interesting pharmacological activities, mainly antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic effects and other activities with lower diffusion. Moreover, 3,3-disubstituted 3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazines represent a novel class of ligands for sigma receptors, with nanomolar affinity to the σ1 subtype. This property might promote the development of agents for cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and proliferative pathologies. The present commentary, by collecting compounds and biological results obtained so far, intends to celebrate the centennial of the discovery of the first member of this class of compounds and to promote further investigation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sparatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Sparatore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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Wu W, Fan S, Li T, Fang L, Chu B, Zhu J. Cobalt-Catalyzed, Directed Intermolecular C-H Bond Functionalization for Multiheteroatom Heterocycle Synthesis: The Case of Benzotriazine. Org Lett 2021; 23:5652-5657. [PMID: 34259531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed, directed intermolecular C-H bond functionalization is synthetically useful but heavily underexplored in multiheteroatom heterocycle synthesis. Herein we report a cobalt catalytic method for the formation of a three-nitrogen-bearing benzotriazine scaffold via the coupling of arylhydrazine and oxadiazolone. This synthetic protocol features a low-cost base metal catalyst, a maximum number of heteroatoms built into a heterocycle, a distinct synthetic logic for benzotriazines, a superior step economy, and a broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuaixin Fan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tielei Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lili Fang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Benfa Chu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Improvement of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines pharmacokinetic properties: nanosystem approaches for drug delivery. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21509. [PMID: 26898318 PMCID: PMC4761914 DOI: 10.1038/srep21509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines are a class of compounds with a good activity against several cancer cell lines. Despite the promising anticancer activity, these molecules showed a poor aqueous solubility. This issue could threat the future development of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as clinical drug candidates. With the aim of improving their solubility profile and consequently their pharmacokinetic properties, we have chosen four compounds (1–4) on the base of their anti-neuroblastoma activity and we have developed albumin nanoparticles and liposomes for the selected candidates. Albumin nanoparticles and liposomes were prepared and characterized regarding size and ζ-potential distribution, polidispersity index, entrapment efficiency and activity against SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. The most promising nanosystem, namely LP-2, was chosen to perform further studies: confocal microscopy, stability and drug release in physiological conditions, and biodistribution. Altogether, the obtained data strongly indicate that the encapsulation of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines in liposomes represent an effective method to overcome the poor water solubility.
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Tintori C, Fallacara AL, Radi M, Zamperini C, Dreassi E, Crespan E, Maga G, Schenone S, Musumeci F, Brullo C, Richters A, Gasparrini F, Angelucci A, Festuccia C, Delle Monache S, Rauh D, Botta M. Combining X-ray Crystallography and Molecular Modeling toward the Optimization of Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as Potent c-Src Inhibitors Active in Vivo against Neuroblastoma. J Med Chem 2014; 58:347-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5013159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tintori
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Fallacara
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Radi
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Zamperini
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Crespan
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto
XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Musumeci
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto
XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto
XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - André Richters
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University of Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Francesca Gasparrini
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo
Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Adriano Angelucci
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Simona Delle Monache
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University of Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Sbarro
Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology,
College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science
Building, Suite 333, 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Parrino B, Carbone A, Muscarella M, Spanò V, Montalbano A, Barraja P, Salvador A, Vedaldi D, Cirrincione G, Diana P. 11H-Pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-c]cinnoline and Pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3]benzotriazine: Two New Ring Systems with Antitumor Activity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9495-511. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501244f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Parrino
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Carbone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marina Muscarella
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Virginia Spanò
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Barraja
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Salvador
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via F. Marzolo
5, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Vedaldi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via F. Marzolo
5, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Girolamo Cirrincione
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Toropov AA, Veselinović JB, Veselinović AM, Miljković FN, Toropova AP. QSAR models for 1,2,4-benzotriazines as Src inhibitors based on Monte Carlo method. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mahran AM, Farghaly TA, Nada AA. Hydrazonoyl halides in heterocycles: synthesis and anti-microbial activity of new 1,2,4-benzotriazine and bis-1,2,4-benzotriazine derivatives. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-013-1404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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