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Ribeiro M, de Sousa T, Sabença C, Poeta P, Bagulho AS, Igrejas G. Advances in quantification and analysis of the celiac-related immunogenic potential of gluten. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4278-4298. [PMID: 34402581 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gluten-free products have emerged in response to the increasing prevalence of gluten-related disorders, namely celiac disease. Therefore, the quantification of gluten in products intended for consumption by individuals who may suffer from these pathologies must be accurate and reproducible, in a way that allows their proper labeling and protects the health of consumers. Immunochemical methods have been the methods of choice for quantifying gluten, and several kits are commercially available. Nevertheless, they still face problems such as the initial extraction of gluten in complex matrices or the use of a standardized reference material to validate the results. Lately, other methodologies relying mostly on mass spectrometry-based techniques have been explored, and that may allow, in addition to quantitative analysis, the characterizationof gluten proteins. On the other hand, although the level of 20 mg/kg of gluten detected by these methods is sufficient for a product to be considered gluten-free, its immunogenic potential for celiac patients has not been clinically validated. In this sense, in vitro and in vivo models, such as the organoid technology applied in gut-on-chip devices and the transgenic humanized mouse models, respectively, are being developed for investigating both the gluten-induced pathogenesis and the treatment of celiac disease. Due to the ubiquitous nature of gluten in the food industry, as well as the increased prevalence of gluten-related disorders, here we intend to summarize the available methods for gluten quantification in food matrices and for the evaluation of its immunogenic potential concerning the development of novel therapies for celiac disease to highlight active research and discuss knowledge gaps and current challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Telma de Sousa
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Sabença
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal.,Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Bagulho
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Elvas, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal
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Moerkens R, Mooiweer J, Withoff S, Wijmenga C. Celiac disease-on-chip: Modeling a multifactorial disease in vitro. United European Gastroenterol J 2019; 7:467-476. [PMID: 31065364 PMCID: PMC6488795 DOI: 10.1177/2050640619836057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional model systems cannot fully recapitulate the multifactorial character of complex diseases like celiac disease (CeD), a common chronic intestinal disorder in which many different genetic risk factors interact with environmental factors such as dietary gluten. However, by combining recently developed human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology and organ-on-chip technology, in vitro intestine-on-chip systems can now be developed that integrate the genetic background of complex diseases, the different interacting cell types involved in disease pathology, and the modulating environmental factors such as gluten and the gut microbiome. The hiPSCs that are the basis of these systems can be generated from both diseased and healthy individuals, which means they can be stratified based on their load of genetic risk factors. A CeD-on-chip model system has great potential to improve our understanding of disease etiology and accelerate the development of novel treatments and preventive therapies in CeD and other complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Moerkens
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joram Mooiweer
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sebo Withoff
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Center, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Norway
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Vijaykrishnaraj M, Mohan Kumar BV, Muthukumar SP, Kurrey NK, Prabhasankar P. Antigen-Specific Gut Inflammation and Systemic Immune Responses Induced by Prolonging Wheat Gluten Sensitization in BALB/c Murine Model. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3514-3528. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Vijaykrishnaraj
- Flour Milling Baking and Confectionery Technology Department, ‡Animal House Facility, §Department of Biochemistry, ∥Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research, CSIR−Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - B. V. Mohan Kumar
- Flour Milling Baking and Confectionery Technology Department, ‡Animal House Facility, §Department of Biochemistry, ∥Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research, CSIR−Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - S. P. Muthukumar
- Flour Milling Baking and Confectionery Technology Department, ‡Animal House Facility, §Department of Biochemistry, ∥Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research, CSIR−Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Nawneet K. Kurrey
- Flour Milling Baking and Confectionery Technology Department, ‡Animal House Facility, §Department of Biochemistry, ∥Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research, CSIR−Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - P. Prabhasankar
- Flour Milling Baking and Confectionery Technology Department, ‡Animal House Facility, §Department of Biochemistry, ∥Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research, CSIR−Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India
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Cooper SEJ, Wilson S, Feighery CF. Twenty-Four Hour Ex Vivo Culture of Celiac Duodenal Biopsies. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1326:47-51. [PMID: 26498611 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2839-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Organ culture is a valuable technique in celiac disease research. It provides the opportunity to examine interactions between different cell types during the disease process without the need for invasive in vivo studies. Biopsies are maintained in an oxygen-rich environment, in contact with, but not submerged in, culture medium. A very straightforward and successful method of organ culture is described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E J Cooper
- Immunology Department, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Sharon Wilson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Conleth F Feighery
- Immunology Department, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Immunology Department, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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Ricaño-Ponce I, Wijmenga C, Gutierrez-Achury J. Genetics of celiac disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 29:399-412. [PMID: 26060105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
New insights into the underlying molecular pathophysiology of celiac disease (CeD) over the last few years have been guided by major advances in the fields of genetics and genomics. The development and use of the Immunochip genotyping platform paved the way for the discovery of 39 non-HLA loci associated to CeD, and for follow-up functional genomics studies that pinpointed new disease genes, biological pathways and regulatory elements. By combining information from genetics with gene expression data, it has become clear that CeD is a disease with a dysregulated immune response, which can probably occur in a variety of immune cells. This type of information is crucial for our understanding of the disease and for providing leads for developing alternative therapies to the current gluten-free diet. In this review, we place these genetic findings in a wider context and suggest how they can assist the clinical care of CeD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis Ricaño-Ponce
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Javier Gutierrez-Achury
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Stoven S, Murray JA, Marietta EV. Latest in vitro and in vivo models of celiac disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:445-57. [PMID: 23293929 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.761203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, the only treatment for celiac disease is a gluten-free diet, and there is an increased desire for alternative therapies. In vitro and in vivo models of celiac disease have been generated in order to better understand the pathogenesis of celiac disease, and this review will discuss these models as well as the testing of alternative therapies using these models. AREAS COVERED The research discussed describes the different in vitro and in vivo models of celiac disease that currently exist and how they have contributed to our understanding of how gluten can stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses in celiac patients. We also provide a summary on the alternative therapies that have been tested with these models and discuss whether subsequent clinical trials were done based on these tests done with these models of celiac disease. EXPERT OPINION Only a few of the alternative therapies that have been tested with animal models have gone on to clinical trials; however, those that did go on to clinical trial have provided promising results from a safety standpoint. Further trials are required to determine if some of these therapies may serve as an effective adjunct to a gluten-free diet to alleviate the adverse affects associated with accidental gluten exposure. A "magic-bullet" approach may not be the answer to celiac disease, but possibly a future cocktail of these different therapeutics may allow celiac patients to consume an unrestricted diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Stoven
- Mayo Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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