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Kaiser TM, Burger PB, Butch CJ, Pelly SC, Liotta DC. A Machine Learning Approach for Predicting HIV Reverse Transcriptase Mutation Susceptibility of Biologically Active Compounds. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 58:1544-1552. [PMID: 29953819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV resistance emerging against antiretroviral drugs represents a great threat to the continued prolongation of the lifespans of HIV-infected patients. Therefore, methods capable of predicting resistance susceptibility in the development of compounds are in great need. By targeting the major reverse transcription residues Y181, K103, and L100, we used the biological activities of compounds against these enzymes and the wild-type reverse transcriptase to create Naïve Bayes Networks. Through this machine learning approach, we could predict, with high accuracy, whether a compound would be susceptible to a loss of potency due to resistance. Also, we could perfectly predict retrospectively whether compounds would be susceptible to both a K103 mutant RT and a Y181 mutant RT. In the study presented here, our method outperformed a traditional molecular mechanics approach. This method should be of broad interest beyond drug discovery efforts, and serves to expand the utility of machine learning for the prediction of physical, chemical, or biological properties using the vast information available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 201 Dowman Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Pieter B Burger
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 201 Dowman Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States.,Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Medical University of South Carolina , 280 Calhoun St., MSC 141 , Charleston , South Carolina 29425-1410 , United States
| | - Christopher J Butch
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 201 Dowman Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States.,Earth-Life Science Institute , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-IE-1 Ookayam , Meguro-ku , Tokyo 152-8550 , Japan
| | - Stephen C Pelly
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 201 Dowman Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Dennis C Liotta
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 201 Dowman Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
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2
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Nomura W, Mizuguchi T, Tamamura H. Multimerized HIV-gp41-derived peptides as fusion inhibitors and vaccines. Biopolymers 2017; 106:622-8. [PMID: 26583370 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To date, several antigens based on the amino-terminal leucine/isoleucine heptad repeat (NHR) region of an HIV-1 envelope protein gp41 and fusion inhibitors based on the carboxy-terminal leucine/isoleucine heptad repeat (CHR) region of gp41 have been reported. We have developed a synthetic antigen targeting the membrane-fusion mechanism of HIV-1. This uses a template designed with C3-symmetric linkers and mimics the trimeric form of the NHR-derived peptide N36. The antiserum obtained by immunization of the N36 trimeric antigen binds preferentially to the N36 trimer and blocks HIV-1 infection effectively, compared with the antiserum obtained by immunization of the N36 monomer. Using another template designed with different C3-symmetric linkers, we have also developed a synthetic peptide mimicking the trimeric form of the CHR-derived peptide C34, with ∼100 times the inhibitory activity against the HIV-1 fusion mechanism than that of the monomer C34 peptide. A dimeric derivative of C34 has potent inhibitory activity at almost the same levels as this C34 trimer mimic, suggesting that presence of a dimeric form of C34 is structurally critical for fusion inhibitors. As examples of rising mid-size drugs, this review describes an effective strategy for the design of HIV vaccines and fusion inhibitors based on a relationship with the native structure of proteins involved in HIV fusion mechanisms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 622-628, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nomura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mizuguchi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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3
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Ohashi N, Harada S, Mizuguchi T, Irahara Y, Yamada Y, Kotani M, Nomura W, Matsushita S, Yoshimura K, Tamamura H. Small-Molecule CD4 Mimics Containing Mono-cyclohexyl Moieties as HIV Entry Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:940-6. [PMID: 26891461 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CD4 mimics are small molecules that inhibit the protein-protein interaction between gp120 and CD4, which is a key interaction for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into host immune cells. In the present study, mono-cyclohexyl-type CD4 mimics were designed to form hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions with Val430 and Asp368 located in the entrance of the Phe43 cavity of gp120, the interaction site of CD4. YIR-329, a novel 1-azaspiro[5.5]undecane derivative with a cyclohexyl ring attached to the piperidine ring, exhibited only slightly weaker anti-HIV activity than a previously described lead HAR-171, and modeling results indicated the formation of advantageous interactions by the para-chlorophenyl moiety of YIR-329. To introduce an electrostatic interaction with Asp368, derivatives with a guanidino group on the piperidine nitrogen atom were synthesized. Mono-cyclohexyl-type CD4 mimics with a guanidino group, such as YIR-819 (N(1) -(4-chlorophenyl)-N(2) -(1-(2-(N-(amidino)glycinamide)ethyl)-2-cyclohexylpiperidin-4-yl)oxalamide) and YIR-821 (1-(2-(5-guanidinovaleramide)ethyl derivative of YIR-819), were identified that exhibit approximately fivefold more potent anti-HIV activity than YIR-329. In combination with a neutralizing antibody, their anti-HIV activities were augmenting. Modeling results suggest that these compounds interact effectively with Val430 and either Asp368 or Asp474 in the gp120 Phe43 cavity. YIR-819 and YIR-821 represent useful lead compounds for the further development of HIV-1 entry inhibitors and could potentially be useful for co-administration with neutralizing antibodies for the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Ohashi
- Institute of Biomaterials & Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Harada
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mizuguchi
- Institute of Biomaterials & Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yu Irahara
- Institute of Biomaterials & Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamada
- Institute of Biomaterials & Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan.,Pharmaceutical Department, Keio University Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Misato Kotani
- Institute of Biomaterials & Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Institute of Biomaterials & Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials & Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan.
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4
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A minimally cytotoxic CD4 mimic as an HIV entry inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:397-400. [PMID: 26706175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several CD4 mimics have been reported as HIV-1 entry inhibitors which can block the interaction between the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the cell surface protein CD4. We previously found a lead compound 2 (YYA-021) with high anti-HIV activity and low cytotoxicity. Pharmacokinetic analysis however showed compound 2 to have wide tissue distribution and relatively high distribution volumes in rats and rhesus macaques. In the present study we searched for more hydrophilic CD4 mimics with a view to reducing tissue distribution. A new compound (5) with a 1,3-benzodioxolyl moiety was found to have relatively high anti-HIV activity and no significant cytotoxicity. Compound 5 is more hydrophilic than compound 2 and the pharmacokinetics of the intravenous administration of compound 5 in a rhesus macaque showed that compound 5 has lower tissue distribution than compound 2, suggesting that compound 5 possesses a better profile.
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5
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Gómez CE, Perdiguero B, García-Arriaza J, Cepeda V, Sánchez-Sorzano CÓ, Mothe B, Jiménez JL, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Gatell JM, López Bernaldo de Quirós JC, Brander C, García F, Esteban M. A Phase I Randomized Therapeutic MVA-B Vaccination Improves the Magnitude and Quality of the T Cell Immune Responses in HIV-1-Infected Subjects on HAART. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141456. [PMID: 26544853 PMCID: PMC4636254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trial Design Previous studies suggested that poxvirus-based vaccines might be instrumental in the therapeutic HIV field. A phase I clinical trial was conducted in HIV-1-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), with CD4 T cell counts above 450 cells/mm3 and undetectable viremia. Thirty participants were randomized (2:1) to receive either 3 intramuscular injections of MVA-B vaccine (coding for clade B HIV-1 Env, Gag, Pol and Nef antigens) or placebo, followed by interruption of HAART. Methods The magnitude, breadth, quality and phenotype of the HIV-1-specific T cell response were assayed by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) in 22 volunteers pre- and post-vaccination. Results MVA-B vaccine induced newly detected HIV-1-specific CD4 T cell responses and expanded pre-existing responses (mostly against Gag, Pol and Nef antigens) that were high in magnitude, broadly directed and showed an enhanced polyfunctionality with a T effector memory (TEM) phenotype, while maintaining the magnitude and quality of the pre-existing HIV-1-specific CD8 T cell responses. In addition, vaccination also triggered preferential CD8+ T cell polyfunctional responses to the MVA vector antigens that increase in magnitude after two and three booster doses. Conclusion MVA-B vaccination represents a feasible strategy to improve T cell responses in individuals with pre-existing HIV-1-specific immunity. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01571466
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Cepeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Óscar Sánchez-Sorzano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Barcelona, and University of Vic and Central Catalonia, Vic, Spain
| | | | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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6
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A CD4 mimic as an HIV entry inhibitor: Pharmacokinetics. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7884-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Hashimoto C, Nomura W, Narumi T, Fujino M, Nakahara T, Yamamoto N, Murakami T, Tamamura H. CXCR4-derived synthetic peptides inducing anti-HIV-1 antibodies. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6878-85. [PMID: 24119449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite almost 30 years since the identification of the human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1), development of effective AIDS vaccines has been hindered by the high mutability of HIV-1. The HIV-1 co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 are genetically stable, but viral proteins may mutate rapidly during the course of infection. CXCR4 is a seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, possessing an N-terminal region (NT) and three extracellular loops (ECL1-3). Previous studies have shown that the CXCR4-ED-derived peptides inhibit the entry of HIV-1 by interacting with gp120, an HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. In the present study, antigenicity of CXCR4-derived peptides has been investigated and the anti-HIV-1 effects of induced antisera have been assessed. It was found that CXCR4-ED-derived antigen molecules immunize mice, showing that the linear peptides have higher antigenicity than the cyclic peptides. The L1- and L2-induced antisera inhibited the HIV-1 entry significantly, while anti-N1 antibodies have no inhibitory activity. This study produced promising examples for the design of AIDS vaccines which target the human protein and can overcome mutability of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hashimoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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8
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Nomura W, Aikawa H, Ohashi N, Urano E, Métifiot M, Fujino M, Maddali K, Ozaki T, Nozue A, Narumi T, Hashimoto C, Tanaka T, Pommier Y, Yamamoto N, Komano JA, Murakami T, Tamamura H. Cell-permeable stapled peptides based on HIV-1 integrase inhibitors derived from HIV-1 gene products. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2235-44. [PMID: 23898787 DOI: 10.1021/cb400495h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an enzyme which is indispensable for the stable infection of host cells because it catalyzes the insertion of viral DNA into the genome and thus is an attractive target for the development of anti-HIV agents. Earlier, we found Vpr-derived peptides with inhibitory activity against HIV-1 IN. These Vpr-derived peptides are originally located in an α-helical region of the parent Vpr protein. Addition of an octa-arginyl group to the inhibitory peptides caused significant inhibition against HIV replication associated with an increase in cell permeability but also relatively high cytotoxicity. In the current study, stapled peptides, a new class of stabilized α-helical peptidomimetics were adopted to enhance the cell permeability of the above lead peptides. A series of stapled peptides, which have a hydrocarbon link formed by a ruthenium-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis reaction between successive turns of α-helix, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for biological activity. In cell-based assays some of the stapled peptides showed potent anti-HIV activity comparable with that of the original octa-arginine-containing peptide (2) but with lower cytotoxicity. Fluorescent imaging experiments revealed that these stapled peptides are significantly cell permeable, and CD analysis showed they form α-helical structures, whereas the unstapled congeners form β-sheet structures. The application of this stapling strategy to Vpr-derived IN inhibitory peptides led to a remarkable increase in their potency in cells and a significant reduction of their cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nomura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Haruo Aikawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Nami Ohashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Emiko Urano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640,
Japan
| | - Mathieu Métifiot
- Laboratory of Molecular
Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640,
Japan
| | - Kasthuraiah Maddali
- Laboratory of Molecular
Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Taro Ozaki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Ami Nozue
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Narumi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Chie Hashimoto
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yves Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular
Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Jun A. Komano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640,
Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69
Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Murakami
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640,
Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Hashimoto C, Nomura W, Narumi T, Fujino M, Tsutsumi H, Haseyama M, Yamamoto N, Murakami T, Tamamura H. Anti-HIV-1 peptide derivatives based on the HIV-1 Co-receptor CXCR4. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1668-72. [PMID: 24039179 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) uses CD4 and the co-receptor CCR5 or CXCR4 in the process of cell entry. The negatively charged extracellular domains of CXCR4 (CXCR4-ED) interact with positive charges on the V3 loop of gp120, facilitating binding via electrostatic interactions. The presence of highly conserved positively charged residues in the V3 loop suggests that CXCR4-ED-derived inhibitors might be broadly effective inhibitors. Synthetic peptide derivatives were evaluated for anti-HIV-1 activity. The 39-mer extracellular N-terminal region (NT) was divided into three fragments with 10-mer overlapping sites (N1-N3), and these linear peptides were synthesized. Peptide N1 contains Met 1-Asp 20 and shows significant anti-HIV-1 activity. Extracellular loops 1 and 2 (ECL1 and 2) were mimicked by cyclic peptides C1 and C2, which were synthesized by chemoselective cyclization. Cyclic peptides C1 and C2 show higher anti-HIV-1 activity than their linear peptide counterparts, L1 and L2. The cytotoxicities of C1 and C2 are lower than those of L1 and L2. These results indicate that Met 1-Asp 20 segments of the NT and cyclic peptides of ECL1 and ECL2 are potent anti-HIV-1 drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hashimoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062 (Japan)
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10
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Nomura W, Hashimoto C, Suzuki T, Ohashi N, Fujino M, Murakami T, Yamamoto N, Tamamura H. Multimerized CHR-derived peptides as HIV-1 fusion inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4452-8. [PMID: 23800723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To date, several HIV-1 fusion inhibitors based on the carboxy-terminal leucine/isoleucine heptad repeat (CHR) region of an HIV-1 envelope protein gp41 have been discovered. We have shown that a synthetic peptide mimetic of a trimer form of the CHR-derived peptide C34 has potent inhibitory activity against the HIV-1 fusion mechanism, compared to a monomer C34 peptide. The present study revealed that a dimeric form of C34 is evidently structurally critical for fusion inhibitors, and that the activity of multimerized CHR-derived peptides in fusion inhibition is affected by the properties of the unit peptides C34, SC34EK, and T20. The fluorescence-based study suggested that the N36-interactive sites of the C34 trimer, including hydrophobic residues, are exposed outside the trimer and that trimerization of C34 caused a remarkable increase in fusion inhibitory activity. The present results could be useful in the design of fusion inhibitors against viral infections which proceed via membrane fusion with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nomura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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11
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Archambault J, Melendy T. Targeting human papillomavirus genome replication for antiviral drug discovery. Antivir Ther 2013; 18:271-83. [PMID: 23615820 DOI: 10.3851/imp2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are a major human health problem; they are the cause of recurrent benign warts and of several cancers of the anogenital tract and head and neck region. Although there are two prophylactic HPV vaccines that could, if used universally, prevent as many as two-thirds of HPV-induced cancers, as well as several cytotoxic and immunomodulatory agents for localized treatment of infections, there are currently no HPV antiviral drugs in our arsenal of therapeutic agents. This review examines the status of past and ongoing research into the development of HPV antivirals, focused primarily upon approaches targeting the replication of the viral genome. The only HPV enzyme, E1, is a DNA helicase that interfaces with the cellular DNA replication machinery to replicate the HPV genome. To date, searches for small molecule inhibitors of E1 for use as antivirals have met with limited success. The lack of other viral enzymes has meant that the search for antivirals has shifted to a large degree to the modulation of protein-protein interactions. There has been some success in identifying small molecule inhibitors targeting interactions between HPV proteins but with activity against a small subset of viral types only. As noted in this review, it is thought that targeting E1 interactions with cellular replication proteins may provide inhibitors with broader activity against multiple HPV types. Herein, we outline the steps in HPV DNA replication and discuss those that appear to provide the most advantageous targets for the development of anti-HPV therapeutics.
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12
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Narumi T, Aikawa H, Tanaka T, Hashimoto C, Ohashi N, Nomura W, Kobayakawa T, Takano H, Hirota Y, Murakami T, Yamamoto N, Tamamura H. Low-Molecular-Weight CXCR4 Ligands with Variable Spacers. ChemMedChem 2012; 8:118-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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13
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Chatel-Chaix L, Germain MA, Götte M, Lamarre D. Direct-acting and host-targeting HCV inhibitors: current and future directions. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:588-98. [PMID: 22959589 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of NS3 protease inhibitors to the interferon-containing standard of care improved sustained viral response rates in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients. However, there is still an unmet medical need as this drug regimen is poorly tolerated and lacks efficacy, especially in difficult-to-treat patients. Intense drug discovery and development efforts have focused on direct-acting antivirals (DAA) that target NS3 protease, NS5B polymerase and the NS5A protein. DAA combinations are currently assessed in clinical trials. Alternative antivirals have emerged that target host machineries co-opted by HCV. Finally, continuous and better understanding of HCV biology allows speculating on the value of novel classes of DAA required in future personalized all-oral interferon-free combination therapy and for supporting global disease eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Chatel-Chaix
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie (IRIC), Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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Narumi T, Tanaka T, Hashimoto C, Nomura W, Aikawa H, Sohma A, Itotani K, Kawamata M, Murakami T, Yamamoto N, Tamamura H. Pharmacophore-based small molecule CXCR4 ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4169-72. [PMID: 22579418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight CXCR4 ligands were developed based on the peptide T140, which has previously been identified as a potent CXCR4 antagonist. Some compounds with naphthyl, fluorobenzyl and pyridyl moieties as pharmacophore groups in the molecule showed significant CXCR4-binding activity and anti-HIV activity. Structure-activity relationships were studied and characteristics of each of these three moieties necessary for CXCR4 binding were defined. In this way, CXCR4 ligands with two types of recognition modes for CXCR4 have been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Narumi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Nomura W, Hashimoto C, Ohya A, Miyauchi K, Urano E, Tanaka T, Narumi T, Nakahara T, Komano JA, Yamamoto N, Tamamura H. A synthetic C34 trimer of HIV-1 gp41 shows significant increase in inhibition potency. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:205-8. [PMID: 22247043 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nomura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
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