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Sun L, Nie P, Luan L, Herdewijn P, Wang YT. Synthetic approaches and application of clinically approved small-molecule Anti-HIV drugs: An update. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115847. [PMID: 37801826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Application of chemotherapeutic agents to inhibit the HIV replication process has brought about a significant metamorphosis in the landscape of AIDS. Substantial declines in morbidity and mortality rates have been attained, accompanied by notable decreases in healthcare resource utilization. However, treatment modalities do not uniformly inhibit HIV replication in every patient, while the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains poses a substantial obstacle to subsequent therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, chronic administration of therapy may lead to the manifestation of toxicities. These challenges necessitate the exploration of novel pharmacological agents and innovative therapeutic approaches aimed at effectively managing the persistent viral replication characteristic of chronic infection. This review examines the role of clinically approved small-molecule drugs in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, which provides an in-depth analysis of the major classes of small-molecule drugs, including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, and pharmacokinetic enhancers. The review mainly discusses the application, synthetic routes, and mechanisms of action of small-molecule drugs employed in the treatment of HIV, as well as their use in combination with antiretroviral therapy, presenting viewpoints on forthcoming avenues in the development of novel anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Peng Nie
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Li Luan
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Henan Province, Shangqiu, 476100, China; Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Medicinal chemistry strategies in the discovery and optimization of HBV core protein allosteric modulators (2018–2022 update). CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
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Hou L, Zhang Y, Ju H, Cherukupalli S, Jia R, Zhang J, Huang B, Loregian A, Liu X, Zhan P. Contemporary medicinal chemistry strategies for the discovery and optimization of influenza inhibitors targeting vRNP constituent proteins. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1805-1824. [PMID: 35847499 PMCID: PMC9279641 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the influenza virus, affecting people globally and causing significant social and economic losses. Due to the inevitable limitations of vaccines and approved drugs, there is an urgent need to discover new anti-influenza drugs with different mechanisms. The viral ribonucleoprotein complex (vRNP) plays an essential role in the life cycle of influenza viruses, representing an attractive target for drug design. In recent years, the functional area of constituent proteins in vRNP are widely used as targets for drug discovery, especially the PA endonuclease active site, the RNA-binding site of PB1, the cap-binding site of PB2 and the nuclear export signal of NP protein. Encouragingly, the PA inhibitor baloxavir has been marketed in Japan and the United States, and several drug candidates have also entered clinical trials, such as favipiravir. This article reviews the compositions and functions of the influenza virus vRNP and the research progress on vRNP inhibitors, and discusses the representative drug discovery and optimization strategies pursued.
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Wu G, Zhao T, Kang D, Zhang J, Song Y, Namasivayam V, Kongsted J, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Poongavanam V, Liu X, Zhan P. Overview of Recent Strategic Advances in Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9375-9414. [PMID: 31050421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introducing novel strategies, concepts, and technologies that speed up drug discovery and the drug development cycle is of great importance both in the highly competitive pharmaceutical industry as well as in academia. This Perspective aims to present a "big-picture" overview of recent strategic innovations in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaochan Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Yuning Song
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , 250012 Ji'nan , China
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry II , University of Bonn , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , K.U. Leuven , Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097) , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , K.U. Leuven , Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097) , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Vasanthanathan Poongavanam
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
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Jin K, Sang Y, Han S, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Meng G, Chen F. Synthesis and biological evaluation of dihydroquinazoline-2-amines as potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of wild-type and mutant HIV-1 strains. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:11-20. [PMID: 31091477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of dihydroquinazolin-2-amine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HIV-1 activity in MT-4 cell cultures. All of the molecules were active against wild-type HIV-1 with EC50 values ranging from 0.61 μM to 0.84 nM. The most potent inhibitor, compound 4b, had an EC50 value of 0.84 nM against HIV-1 strain IIIB, and thus was more active than the reference drugs efavirenz and etravirine. Moreover, most of the compounds maintained high activity (low-micromolar EC50 values) against strains bearing the reverse transcriptase (RT) E138K mutation. Compound 4b had EC50 values of 3.5 nM and 66 nM against non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant strains bearing the RT E138K and RES056 mutations. In enzyme activity assays, compound 4b exhibited an IC50 value of 10 nM against HIV-1 RT. Preliminary SARs and molecular docking studies provide valuable insights for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- KaiJun Jin
- Engineering Center ofCatalysis and SynthesisforChiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - YaLi Sang
- Engineering Center ofCatalysis and SynthesisforChiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Sheng Han
- Engineering Center ofCatalysis and SynthesisforChiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ge Meng
- Engineering Center ofCatalysis and SynthesisforChiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - FenEr Chen
- Engineering Center ofCatalysis and SynthesisforChiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, 200433, PR China.
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Zuo X, Huo Z, Kang D, Wu G, Zhou Z, Liu X, Zhan P. Current insights into anti-HIV drug discovery and development: a review of recent patent literature (2014-2017). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:299-316. [PMID: 29411697 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1438410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To deal with the rapid emergence of drug resistance challenges, together with the difficulty to eradicate the virus, off-target effects and significant cumulative drug toxicities, it is still imperative to develop next-generation anti-HIV agents with novel chemical classes or new mechanisms of action. AREAS COVERED We primarily focused on current strategies to discover novel anti-HIV agents. Moreover, examples of anti-HIV lead compounds were mainly selected from recently patented publications (reported between 2014 and 2017). In particular, 'privileged structure'-focused substituents decorating approach, scaffold hopping, natural-product diversification and prodrug are focused on. Furthermore, exploitation of new compounds with unexplored mechanisms of action and medicinal chemistry strategies to deplete the HIV reservoir were also described. Perspectives that could inspire future anti-HIV drug discovery are delineated. EXPERT OPINION Even if a large number of patents have been disclosed recently, additional HIV inhibitors are still required, especially novel chemical skeletons displaying a unexploited mechanism of action. Current medicinal chemistry strategies are inadequate, and appropriate and new methodologies and technologies should be exploited to identify novel anti-HIV drug candidates in a time- and cost- effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zuo
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Zhipeng Huo
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Gaochan Wu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
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Huang B, Wang X, Liu X, Chen Z, Li W, Sun S, Liu H, Daelemans D, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Zhan P, Liu X. Discovery of novel DAPY-IAS hybrid derivatives as potential HIV-1 inhibitors using molecular hybridization based on crystallographic overlays. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4397-4406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ju H, Zhang J, Huang B, Kang D, Huang B, Liu X, Zhan P. Inhibitors of Influenza Virus Polymerase Acidic (PA) Endonuclease: Contemporary Developments and Perspectives. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3533-3551. [PMID: 28118010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus (IFV) causes periodic global influenza pandemics, resulting in substantial socioeconomic loss and burden on medical facilities. Yearly variation in the effectiveness of vaccines, slow responsiveness to vaccination in cases of pandemic IFV, and emerging resistance to available drugs highlight the need to develop additional small-molecular inhibitors that act on IFV proteins. One promising target is polymerase acidic (PA) endonuclease, which is a bridged dinuclear metalloenzyme that plays a crucial role in initiating IFV replication. During the past decade, intensive efforts have been made to develop small-molecular inhibitors of this endonuclease as candidate agents for treatment of IFV infection. Here, we review the current status of development of PA endonuclease inhibitors and we discuss the applicability of newer medicinal-chemistry strategies for the discovery more potent, selective, and safer inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Bing Huang
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 1, Jiaoxiao Road, 250023, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
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Huang B, Zhou Z, Kang D, Li W, Chen Z, Zhan P, Liu X. Novel diaryltriazines with a picolinonitrile moiety as potent HIV-1 RT inhibitors: a patent evaluation of WO2016059647(A2). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:9-15. [PMID: 27855563 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1262349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Diaryltriazine derivatives, which are structurally related to diarylpyrimidines, are a representative class of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors with remarkable antiviral activities against wild-type and several mutant strains of HIV-1. A series of novel diaryltriazines with a picolinonitrile moiety was reported as potent HIV-1 RT inhibitors in the patent WO2016059647(A2). Two representative compounds 5e (hydrochloride) and 6e (hydrochloride) exhibited outstanding activities against various HIV-1 strains in cell-based assays, which were superior to those of AZT. Moreover, modeling simulation study is performed and discussed in details, providing deep insights and valuable information to explain the excellent antiviral potency of 6e. Finally, several cases to improve anti-drug-resistance profiles by targeting highly conserved residues in HIV-1 RT are herein preliminarily summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boshi Huang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Wanzhuo Li
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Zihui Chen
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhan
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
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