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Shatokhin SS, Tuskaev VA, Gagieva SC, Markova AA, Pozdnyakov DI, Denisov GL, Melnikova EK, Bulychev BM, Oganesyan ET. Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of new 1,3-dimethyl-8-(chromon-3-yl)-xanthine derivatives containing 2,6-di- tert-butylphenol fragments. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
New xanthine analogs of isoflavone were synthesized and exhibited promising anticancer and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav S. Shatokhin
- Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute - a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Medical Education VolgSMU of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 11, Kalinin Ave., 357532, Pyatigorsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vladislav A. Tuskaev
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992, Moscow, Russian Federation
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana Ch. Gagieva
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alina A. Markova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street 4, 119334, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry I. Pozdnyakov
- Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute - a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Medical Education VolgSMU of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 11, Kalinin Ave., 357532, Pyatigorsk, Russian Federation
| | - Gleb L. Denisov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elizaveta K. Melnikova
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992, Moscow, Russian Federation
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Boris M. Bulychev
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Eduard T. Oganesyan
- Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute - a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Medical Education VolgSMU of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 11, Kalinin Ave., 357532, Pyatigorsk, Russian Federation
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Sanchez-Martin C, Serapian SA, Colombo G, Rasola A. Dynamically Shaping Chaperones. Allosteric Modulators of HSP90 Family as Regulatory Tools of Cell Metabolism in Neoplastic Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1177. [PMID: 32766157 PMCID: PMC7378685 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones have recently emerged as fundamental regulators of salient biological routines, including metabolic adaptations to environmental changes. Yet, many of the molecular mechanisms at the basis of their functions are still unknown or at least uncertain. This is in part due to the lack of chemical tools that can interact with the chaperones to induce measurable functional perturbations. In this context, the use of small molecules as modulators of protein functions has proven relevant for the investigation of a number of biomolecular systems. Herein, we focus on the functions, interactions and signaling pathways of the HSP90 family of molecular chaperones as possible targets for the discovery of new molecular entities aimed at tuning their activity and interactions. HSP90 and its mitochondrial paralog, TRAP1, regulate the activity of crucial metabolic circuitries, making cells capable of efficiently using available energy sources, with relevant implications both in healthy conditions and in a variety of disease states and especially cancer. The design of small-molecules targeting the chaperone cycle of HSP90 and able to inhibit or stimulate the activity of the protein can provide opportunities to finely dissect their biochemical activities and to obtain lead compounds to develop novel, mechanism-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giorgio Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
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Berei J, Eckburg A, Miliavski E, Anderson AD, Miller RJ, Dein J, Giuffre AM, Tang D, Deb S, Racherla KS, Patel M, Vela MS, Puri N. Potential Telomere-Related Pharmacological Targets. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:458-484. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200109114339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres function as protective caps at the terminal portion of chromosomes, containing
non-coding nucleotide sequence repeats. As part of their protective function, telomeres preserve genomic
integrity and minimize chromosomal exposure, thus limiting DNA damage responses. With
continued mitotic divisions in normal cells, telomeres progressively shorten until they reach a threshold
at a point where they activate senescence or cell death pathways. However, the presence of the enzyme
telomerase can provide functional immortality to the cells that have reached or progressed past
senescence. In senescent cells that amass several oncogenic mutations, cancer formation can occur due
to genomic instability and the induction of telomerase activity. Telomerase has been found to be expressed
in over 85% of human tumors and is labeled as a near-universal marker for cancer. Due to this
feature being present in a majority of tumors but absent in most somatic cells, telomerase and telomeres
have become promising targets for the development of new and effective anticancer therapeutics.
In this review, we evaluate novel anticancer targets in development which aim to alter telomerase
or telomere function. Additionally, we analyze the progress that has been made, including preclinical
studies and clinical trials, with therapeutics directed at telomere-related targets. Furthermore, we review
the potential telomere-related therapeutics that are used in combination therapy with more traditional
cancer treatments. Throughout the review, topics related to medicinal chemistry are discussed,
including drug bioavailability and delivery, chemical structure-activity relationships of select therapies,
and the development of a unique telomere assay to analyze compounds affecting telomere elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Berei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Adam Eckburg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Edward Miliavski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Austin D. Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Rachel J. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Joshua Dein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Allison M. Giuffre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Diana Tang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Shreya Deb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Kavya Sri Racherla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Meet Patel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Monica Saravana Vela
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Neelu Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
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Bickel D, Gohlke H. C-terminal modulators of heat shock protein of 90 kDa (HSP90): State of development and modes of action. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Speranza G, Anderson L, Chen AP, Do K, Eugeni M, Weil M, Rubinstein L, Majerova E, Collins J, Horneffer Y, Juwara L, Zlott J, Bishop R, Conley BA, Streicher H, Tomaszewski J, Doroshow JH, Kummar S. First-in-human study of the epichaperome inhibitor PU-H71: clinical results and metabolic profile. Invest New Drugs 2018; 36:230-239. [PMID: 28808818 PMCID: PMC6126370 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Molecular chaperone targeting has shown promise as a therapeutic approach in human cancers of various histologies and genetic backgrounds. The purine-scaffold inhibitor PU-H71 (NSC 750424), selective for Hsp90 in epichaperome networks, has demonstrated antitumor activity in multiple preclinical cancer models. The present study was a first in-human trial of PU-H71 aimed at establishing its safety and tolerability and characterizing its pharmacokinetic (PK) profile on a weekly administration schedule in human subjects with solid tumors refractory to standard treatments. Methods PU-H71 was administered intravenously over 1 h on days 1 and 8 of 21-day cycles in patients with refractory solid tumors. Dose escalation followed a modified accelerated design. Blood and urine were collected during cycles 1 and 2 for pharmacokinetics analysis. Results Seventeen patients were enrolled in this trial. Grade 2 and 3 adverse events were observed but no dose limiting toxicities occurred, thus the human maximum tolerated dose was not determined. The mean terminal half-life (T1/2) was 8.4 ± 3.6 h, with no dependency to dose level. A pathway for the metabolic disposal of PU-H71 in humans was derived from microsome studies. Fourteen patients were also evaluable for clinical response; 6 (35%) achieved a best response of stable disease for >2 cycles, with 2 patients remaining on study for 6 cycles. The study closed prematurely due to discontinuation of drug supply. Conclusions PU-H71 was well tolerated at the doses administered during this study (10 to 470 mg/m2/day), with no dose limiting toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Speranza
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Larry Anderson
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alice P Chen
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Khanh Do
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Eugeni
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marcie Weil
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Larry Rubinstein
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eva Majerova
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jerry Collins
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yvonne Horneffer
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lamin Juwara
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Zlott
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Bishop
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara A Conley
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Howard Streicher
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Tomaszewski
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 780 Welch Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
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Yan L, Zhang W, Zhang B, Xuan C, Wang D. BIIB021: A novel inhibitor to heat shock protein 90–addicted oncology. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317698355. [PMID: 28443462 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317698355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 is induced in response to the cell stress. Its overexpression has been reported in many cancers with poor prognosis. It acts as a chaperone to the client proteins, especially the activated oncoproteins in malignancies to protect them from degradation. Heat shock protein 90 inhibition represented anti-cancer effects in many studies. Previous natural product–based compounds are limited by their association with target toxicities. BIIB021 is an orally available, fully synthetic novel small-molecule heat shock protein 90 inhibitor that has shown strong antitumor activities in a large number of preclinical models and is now under clinical investigation. This review will summarize its therapeutic effects and highlight the prospect of targeting heat shock protein 90 in the cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yan
- Department of Oncology, Binzhou People’s Hospital, Binzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiming Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chao Xuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daogang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
We sought to evaluate the expression of HSP27 and HSP90 chaperones in renal cell carcinomas as a target for cancer therapeutics.A total of 127 clear cell renal cell carcinomas stratified according to the Mayo Clinic SSIGN (size, staging, grading, and necrosis) risk groups (good, 1; poor, 5) and 20 cases with metastases, were available. Immunostaining for both HSP27 and HSP90 was performed on tissue microarrays. Results were detailed per scorable arrays per SSIGN risk groups.Immunolabelling for HSP90 and HSP27 was seen in 109 of 127 (86%) and 114 of 127 (89%) cases, respectively. HSP90 scored 4.9 in 32 cases risked SSIGN 1, 3.5 in 41 cases SSIGN 2, 4.8 in 11 cases SSIGN 3, 4.2 in 22 cases SSIGN 4, and 5.0 in three cases SSIGN 5. HSP27 scored 4.6 in 33 risked SSIGN 1, 3.1 in 43 SSIGN 2, 2.6 in 11 SSIGN 3, 3.6 in 24 SSIGN 4, and 2.7 in three SSIGN 5. Metastases ranged from 2.9-5.0. A trend of increasing value for HSP90 was observed when comparing SSIGN 1-2 versus SSIGN 3-5 risk groups (4.2 versus 4.6 mean values; p = 0.06); no difference has been observed for HSP27 (3.8 to 3.9; p = 0.08).A score modulation of HSPs is observed in renal cell carcinoma and may affect the efficacy of targeted therapy.
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Lee Y, Li HK, Masaoka A, Sunada S, Hirakawa H, Fujimori A, Nickoloff JA, Okayasu R. The purine scaffold Hsp90 inhibitor PU-H71 sensitizes cancer cells to heavy ion radiation by inhibiting DNA repair by homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining. Radiother Oncol 2016; 121:162-168. [PMID: 27666928 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE PU-H71 is a purine-scaffold Hsp90 inhibitor developed to overcome limitations of conventional Hsp90 inhibitors. This study was designed to investigate the combined effect of PU-H71 and heavy ion irradiation on human tumor and normal cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of PU-H71 were determined by monitoring cell survival by colony formation, and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by γ-H2AX foci and immuno-blotting DSB repair proteins. The mode of cell death was evaluated by sub-G1 DNA content (as an indicator for apoptosis), and mitotic catastrophe. RESULTS PU-H71 enhanced heavy ion irradiation-induced cell death in three human cancer cell lines, but the drug did not radiosensitize normal human fibroblasts. In irradiated tumor cells, PU-H71 increased the persistence of γ-H2AX foci, and it reduced RAD51 foci and phosphorylated DNA-PKcs, key DSB repair proteins involved in homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In some tumor cell lines, PU-H71 altered the sub-G1 cell fraction and mitotic catastrophe following carbon ion irradiation. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that PU-H71 sensitizes human cancer cells to heavy ion irradiation by inhibiting both HR and NHEJ DSB repair pathways. PU-H71 holds promise as a radiosensitizer for enhancing the efficacy of heavy ion radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghyun Lee
- Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Huizi Keiko Li
- Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Aya Masaoka
- Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Sunada
- Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan; Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirakawa
- Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimori
- Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, USA
| | - Ryuichi Okayasu
- Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
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Li D, Li C, Li L, Chen S, Wang L, Li Q, Wang X, Lei X, Shen Z. Natural Product Kongensin A is a Non-Canonical HSP90 Inhibitor that Blocks RIP3-dependent Necroptosis. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:257-266. [PMID: 27028885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RIP3-dependent necroptosis has recently garnered significant interest because of the unique signaling mechanisms and pathologic functions involved in this process. Accordingly, a number of chemical screens have identified several effective small-molecule inhibitors that specifically block necroptosis. Here, we report the discovery that kongensin A (KA), a natural product isolated from Croton kongensis, is a potent inhibitor of necroptosis and an inducer of apoptosis. Using a new bioorthogonal ligation method (TQ ligation), we reveal that the direct cellular target of KA is heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). Further studies demonstrate that KA covalently binds to a previously uncharacterized cysteine 420 in the middle domain of HSP90 and dissociates HSP90 from its cochaperone CDC37, which leads to inhibition of RIP3-dependent necroptosis and promotion of apoptosis in multiple cancer cell lines. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that KA is an effective HSP90 inhibitor that has potential anti-necroptosis and anti-inflammation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianrong Li
- Graduate Program, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qiang Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zhirong Shen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Shams N, Mosslemin MH, Anaraki-Ardakani H. An Efficient Synthesis of Bis-Purine Derivatives by a PPh3-catalysed Double Addition of Dialkylated Xanthine Derivatives to Alkyl Propiolates. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3184/174751915x14396278385301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reaction between 5,7-dialkylated xanthine derivatives (2 equiv.) and an alkyl propiolate in the presence of catalytic amounts of triphenyl phosphine yields alkyl 2,3-bis(1,3-dialkyl-2,6-dioxo/oxothio-2,3-dihydro-1H-purin-7(6H)-yl)propanoates in excellent yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Shams
- Department of Chemistry, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 89195-155, Yazd, Iran
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Flavaglines target primitive leukemia cells and enhance anti-leukemia drug activity. Leukemia 2014; 28:1960-8. [PMID: 24577530 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Identification of agents that target human leukemia stem cells is an important consideration for the development of new therapies. The present study demonstrates that rocaglamide and silvestrol, closely related natural products from the flavagline class of compounds, are able to preferentially kill functionally defined leukemia stem cells, while sparing normal stem and progenitor cells. In addition to efficacy as single agents, flavaglines sensitize leukemia cells to several anticancer compounds, including front-line chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat leukemia patients. Mechanistic studies indicate that flavaglines strongly inhibit protein synthesis, leading to the reduction of short-lived antiapoptotic proteins. Notably though, treatment with flavaglines, alone or in combination with other drugs, yields a much stronger cytotoxic activity toward leukemia cells than the translational inhibitor temsirolimus. These results indicate that the underlying cell death mechanism of flavaglines is more complex than simply inhibiting general protein translation. Global gene expression profiling and cell biological assays identified Myc inhibition and the disruption of mitochondrial integrity to be features of flavaglines, which we propose contribute to their efficacy in targeting leukemia cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that rocaglamide and silvestrol are distinct from clinically available translational inhibitors and represent promising candidates for the treatment of leukemia.
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Segawa T, Fujii Y, Tanaka A, Bando SI, Okayasu R, Ohnishi K, Kubota N. Radiosensitization of human lung cancer cells by the novel purine-scaffold Hsp90 inhibitor, PU-H71. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:559-64. [PMID: 24366006 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is involved in the maturation and stabilization of a wide range of oncogenic client proteins for oncogenesis and malignant cell proliferation, which renders this protein a promising target in the development of cancer therapeutics. PU-H71 is a purine-scaffold Hsp90 inhibitor with less toxicity in normal cells than in cancer cells. In this study, we examined the in vitro radiosensitizing activity and molecular mechanisms of action of PU-H71 in human lung cancer cell lines. PU-H71 enhanced the sensitivity of the SQ-5 and A549 cancer cells to radiation. When the cancer cells were pre-treated with PU-H71, the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) was markedly inhibited after irradiation compared with the cells that were not pre-treated with PU-H71, as evaluated by counting the foci of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX). We further demonstrated that post-irradiation, PU-H71 inhibited Rad51 foci formation, a critical protein for the homologous recombination pathway of DNA DSB repair. These data indicate that targeting Hsp90 with PU-H71 may be novel therapeutic strategy for radioresistant carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Segawa
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Center for Humanity and Arts, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fujii
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Center for Humanity and Arts, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan
| | - Aya Tanaka
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Center for Humanity and Arts, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Bando
- Department of Biology, Center for Humanity and Arts, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okayasu
- Heavy-ion Radiobiology Group, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ken Ohnishi
- Department of Biology, Center for Humanity and Arts, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kubota
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Center for Humanity and Arts, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan
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Patel PD, Yan P, Seidler PM, Patel HJ, Sun W, Yang C, Que NS, Taldone T, Finotti P, Stephani RA, Gewirth DT, Chiosis G. Paralog-selective Hsp90 inhibitors define tumor-specific regulation of HER2. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:677-84. [PMID: 23995768 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the Hsp90 chaperone family, comprised in humans of four paralogs, Hsp90α, Hsp90β, Grp94 and Trap-1, has important roles in malignancy, the contribution of each paralog to the cancer phenotype is poorly understood. This is in large part because reagents to study paralog-specific functions in cancer cells have been unavailable. Here we combine compound library screening with structural and computational analyses to identify purine-based chemical tools that are specific for Hsp90 paralogs. We show that Grp94 selectivity is due to the insertion of these compounds into a new allosteric pocket. We use these tools to demonstrate that cancer cells use individual Hsp90 paralogs to regulate a client protein in a tumor-specific manner and in response to proteome alterations. Finally, we provide new mechanistic evidence explaining why selective Grp94 inhibition is particularly efficacious in certain breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallav D Patel
- 1] Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York, USA. [3]
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14
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15
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Zagouri F, Bournakis E, Koutsoukos K, Papadimitriou CA. Heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) expression and breast cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:1008-20. [PMID: 24280702 PMCID: PMC3816649 DOI: 10.3390/ph5091008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 is an abundant protein in mammalian cells. It forms several discrete complexes, each containing distinct groups of co-chaperones that assist protein folding and refolding during stress, protein transport and degradation. It interacts with a variety of proteins that play key roles in breast neoplasia including estrogen receptors, tumor suppressor p53 protein, angiogenesis transcription factor HIF-1alpha, antiapoptotic kinase Akt, Raf-1 MAP kinase and a variety of receptor tyrosine kinases of the erbB family. Elevated Hsp90 expression has been documented in breast ductal carcinomas contributing to the proliferative activity of breast cancer cells; whilst a significantly decreased Hsp90 expression has been shown in infiltrative lobular carcinomas and lobular neoplasia. Hsp90 overexpression has been proposed as a component of a mechanism through which breast cancer cells become resistant to various stress stimuli. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of HSPs can provide therapeutic opportunities in the field of cancer treatment. 17-allylamino,17-demethoxygeldanamycin is the first Hsp90 inhibitor that has clinically been investigated in phase II trial, yielding promising results in patients with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer, whilst other Hsp90 inhibitors (retaspimycin HCL, NVP-AUY922, NVP-BEP800, CNF2024/BIIB021, SNX-5422, STA-9090, etc.) are currently under evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Zagouri
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 80 Vas. Sofias Ave, 11528 Athens, Greece.
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16
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Al-Sha'er MA, Taha MO. Application of docking-based comparative intermolecular contacts analysis to validate Hsp90α docking studies and subsequent in silico screening for inhibitors. J Mol Model 2012; 18:4843-63. [PMID: 22707278 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein (Hsp90α) has been recently implicated in cancer, prompting several attempts to discover and optimize new Hsp90α inhibitors. Towards this end, we docked 83 diverse Hsp90α inhibitors into the ATP-binding site of this chaperone using several docking-scoring settings. Subsequently, we applied our newly developed computational tool--docking-based comparative intramolecular contacts analysis (dbCICA)--to assess the different docking conditions and select the best settings. dbCICA is based on the number and quality of contacts between docked ligands and amino acid residues within the binding pocket. It assesses a particular docking configuration based on its ability to align a set of ligands within a corresponding binding pocket in such a way that potent ligands come into contact with binding site spots distinct from those approached by low-affinity ligands, and vice versa. The optimal dbCICA models were translated into valid pharmacophore models that were used as 3D search queries to mine the National Cancer Institute's structural database for new inhibitors of Hsp90α that could potentially be used as anticancer agents. The process culminated in 15 micromolar Hsp90α ATPase inhibitors.
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17
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Abstract
Hsp90 is a highly abundant and ubiquitous molecular chaperone which plays an essential role in many cellular processes including cell cycle control, cell survival, hormone and other signalling pathways. It is important for the cell's response to stress and is a key player in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In the last ten years, it has become a major therapeutic target for cancer, and there has also been increasing interest in it as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disorders, and in the development of anti-virals and anti-protozoan infections. The focus of this review is the structural and mechanistic studies which have been performed in order to understand how this important chaperone acts on a wide variety of different proteins (its client proteins) and cellular processes. As with many of the other classes of molecular chaperone, Hsp90 has a critical ATPase activity, and ATP binding and hydrolysis known to modulate the conformational dynamics of the protein. It also uses a host of cochaperones which not only regulate the ATPase activity and conformational dynamics but which also mediate interactions with Hsp90 client proteins. The system is also regulated by post-translational modifications including phosphorylation and acetylation. This review discusses all these aspects of Hsp90 structure and function.
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18
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Sheikha GA, Al-Sha'er MA, Taha MO. Some sulfonamide drugs inhibit ATPase activity of heat shock protein 90: investigation by docking simulation and experimental validation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 26:603-9. [PMID: 21190426 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.541394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight selected sulfonamide drugs were investigated as inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). The investigation included simulated docking experiments to fit the selected compounds within the binding pocket of Hsp90. The selected molecules were found to readily fit within the ATP-binding pocket of Hsp90 in low-energy poses. The sulfonamides torsemide, sulfathiazole, and sulfadiazine were found to inhibit the ATPase activity of Hsp90 with IC(50) values of 1.0, 2.6, and 1.5 μM, respectively. Our results suggest that these well-established sulfonamides can be good leads for subsequent optimization into potent Hsp90 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Abu Sheikha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah Private University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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19
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Combined pharmacophore and structure-guided studies to identify diverse HSP90 inhibitors. J Mol Graph Model 2010; 28:472-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Barluenga S, Fontaine JG, Wang C, Aouadi K, Chen R, Beebe K, Neckers L, Winssinger N. Inhibition of HSP90 with pochoximes: SAR and structure-based insights. Chembiochem 2010; 10:2753-9. [PMID: 19856365 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The pochoximes, based on the radicicol pharmacophore, are potent inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) that retain their activity in vivo. Herein we report an extended library that broadly explores the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the pochoximes with four points of diversity. Several modifications were identified that afford improved cellular efficacy, new opportunities for conjugation, and further diversifications. Cocrystal structures of pochoximes A and B with HSP90 show that pochoximes bind to a different conformation of HSP90 than radicicol and provide a rationale for the enhanced affinity of the pochoximes relative to radicicol and the pochonins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Barluenga
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoleculaires, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS (UMR7006), 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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21
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Hsp90 inhibitor PU-H71, a multimodal inhibitor of malignancy, induces complete responses in triple-negative breast cancer models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:8368-73. [PMID: 19416831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0903392106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are defined by a lack of expression of estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. Because of the absence of identified targets and targeted therapies, and due to a heterogeneous molecular presentation, treatment guidelines for patients with TNBC include only conventional chemotherapy. Such treatment, while effective for some, leaves others with high rates of early relapse and is not curative for any patient with metastatic disease. Here, we demonstrate that these tumors are sensitive to the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor PU-H71. Potent and durable anti-tumor effects in TNBC xenografts, including complete response and tumor regression, without toxicity to the host are achieved with this agent. Notably, TNBC tumors respond to retreatment with PU-H71 for several cycles extending for over 5 months without evidence of resistance or toxicity. Through a proteomics approach, we show that multiple oncoproteins involved in tumor proliferation, survival, and invasive potential are in complex with PU-H71-bound Hsp90 in TNBC. PU-H71 induces efficient and sustained downregulation and inactivation, both in vitro and in vivo, of these proteins. Among them, we identify downregulation of components of the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway and G(2)-M phase to contribute to its anti-proliferative effect, degradation of activated Akt and Bcl-xL to induce apoptosis, and inhibition of activated NF-kappaB, Akt, ERK2, Tyk2, and PKC to reduce TNBC invasive potential. The results identify Hsp90 as a critical and multimodal target in this most difficult to treat breast cancer subtype and support the use of the Hsp90 inhibitor PU-H71 for clinical trials involving patients with TNBC.
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Wang C, Barluenga S, Koripelly GK, Fontaine JG, Chen R, Yu JC, Shen X, Chabala JC, Heck JV, Rubenstein A, Winssinger N. Synthesis of pochoxime prodrugs as potent HSP90 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3836-40. [PMID: 19410458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pochoximes are potent inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) based on the radicicol pharmacophores. Herein we present a pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics evaluation of this compound series as well as a phosphate prodrug strategy to facilitate formulation and improve oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihua Wang
- Institute de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoleculaires, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Tao H, Kang Y, Taldone T, Chiosis G. Microwave-assisted one step synthesis of 8-arylmethyl-9H-purin-6-amines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:415-7. [PMID: 19058963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an important target in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and has rapidly become the focus of several drug discovery efforts. Among small molecule Hsp90 inhibitors with clinical applicability are derivatives of 8-arylmethyl-9H-purin-6-amine class. Here we report the use of microwave-assisted chemistry for the successful one-pot delivery of 8-arylmethyl-9H-purin-6-amines. We discuss the applicability as well as the limitations of this method towards the creation of a large chemical diversity in the 8-arylmethyl-9H-purin-6-amine series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 482, New York, NY 10021, USA
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24
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Kim YS, Alarcon SV, Lee S, Lee MJ, Giaccone G, Neckers L, Trepel JB. Update on Hsp90 inhibitors in clinical trial. Curr Top Med Chem 2009; 9:1479-92. [PMID: 19860730 PMCID: PMC7241864 DOI: 10.2174/156802609789895728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five years ago the first small molecule inhibitors of Hsp90 were identified. In the intervening years there has been dramatic progress in basic scientific understanding of the Hsp90 chaperone machinery and in the role of Hsp90 in malignancy. The first-in-class Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG entered into Phase I clinical trials in 1999. There are now 13 Hsp90 inhibitors in clinical trial, representing multiple drug classes, and hundreds of patients have been treated in adult oncology and pediatric oncology trials. This review will provide an overview of the clinical trial results thus far. In addition, pivotal issues in further development of Hsp90 inhibitors as anticancer drugs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. S. Kim
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - S. V. Alarcon
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - S. Lee
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - M.-J. Lee
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - G. Giaccone
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - L. Neckers
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - J. B. Trepel
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Semeraro T, Mugnaini C, Manetti F, Pasquini S, Corelli F. Practical synthesis of novel purine analogues as Hsp90 inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Preparation of a set of 4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-ones as potential Hsp90 ligands. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.07.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Taldone T, Gozman A, Maharaj R, Chiosis G. Targeting Hsp90: small-molecule inhibitors and their clinical development. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008; 8:370-4. [PMID: 18644253 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Hsp90 multichaperone complex has important roles in the development and progression of malignant transformation. Several small-molecule inhibitors of Hsp90 of diverse chemotypes have shown potent antitumor activity in a wide-range of malignancies, and are currently in clinical or late-stage preclinical investigation. This review intends to update the reader on advances made over the past two years in the clinical development of Hsp90 inhibitors in advanced cancers. It will refer to the two 17-AAG formulations, tanespimycin and IPI-504, and to synthetic small molecules, among which are the purine-scaffold Hsp90 inhibitor CNF2024/BIIB021, the isoxazole derivative VER-52296/NVP-AUY922, and the carbazol-4-one benzamide derivative SNX-5422, and will present our current knowledge on their clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Taldone
- Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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