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Pesaran S, Khalafinezhad A, Mohammad-Karimi V, Tashkhourian J, Shojaeifard Z, Ramzi M, Hemmateenejad B. Miniaturized Sniffing Device based on an Array of Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots and Metallic Nanoclusters Efficiently Identifies Hematologic Malignancy in Adults. Anal Chem 2024; 96:14791-14799. [PMID: 39045783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The study demonstrates the potential of an optical nose made by depositing an array of fluorescent nanomaterials on a paper substrate for the early detection of leukemia in adults. This is based on the fact that blood volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are useful leukemia biomarkers. The integrated design was miniaturized and comprised both sensing zones and a sample holding zone, which were installed on a small sheet of paper within a miniature cubic reaction chamber fabricated by using 3D printing technology. The sensing device, comprising seven fluorescent sensing elements, namely, metal nanoclusters, quantum dots, and carbon dots was capable of detecting VOCs in the blood headspace and providing a colorimetric signature that could discriminate between blood samples from healthy and cancerous individuals. A total of 70 new leukemia cases and 51 healthy controls aged 20-50 years were studied. The device required a 60 μL portion of the blood sample and reacted to blood VOCs after 3 h when kept at 50 °C. The imaging data from the device was processed by linear discriminant analysis, and the results confirmed efficient identification of patient samples from healthy samples with 100% accuracy. Overall, the array system is noninvasive (or minimally invasive), portable, fast, inexpensive, and requires only a small amount of blood sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Pesaran
- Chemistry Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84471, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Khalafinezhad
- Hematology Research Center, Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Vahid Mohammad-Karimi
- Hematology Research Center, Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | | | | | - Mani Ramzi
- Hematology Research Center, Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
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P H, Rangarajan M, Pandya HJ. Breath VOC analysis and machine learning approaches for disease screening: a review. J Breath Res 2023; 17. [PMID: 36634360 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/acb283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Early disease detection is often correlated with a reduction in mortality rate and improved prognosis. Currently, techniques like biopsy and imaging that are used to screen chronic diseases are invasive, costly or inaccessible to a large population. Thus, a non-invasive disease screening technology is the need of the hour. Existing non-invasive methods like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry, and proton transfer reaction-mass-spectrometry are expensive. These techniques necessitate experienced operators, making them unsuitable for a large population. Various non-invasive sources are available for disease detection, of which exhaled breath is preferred as it contains different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that reflect the biochemical reactions in the human body. Disease screening by exhaled breath VOC analysis can revolutionize the healthcare industry. This review focuses on exhaled breath VOC biomarkers for screening various diseases with a particular emphasis on liver diseases and head and neck cancer as examples of diseases related to metabolic disorders and diseases unrelated to metabolic disorders, respectively. Single sensor and sensor array-based (Electronic Nose) approaches for exhaled breath VOC detection are briefly described, along with the machine learning techniques used for pattern recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haripriya P
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Madhavan Rangarajan
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Hardik J Pandya
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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3
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da Costa BRB, De Martinis BS. Analysis of urinary VOCs using mass spectrometric methods to diagnose cancer: A review. CLINICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY (DEL MAR, CALIF.) 2020; 18:27-37. [PMID: 34820523 PMCID: PMC8600992 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinms.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of non-invasive screening techniques for early cancer detection is one of the greatest scientific challenges of the 21st century. One promising emerging method is the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs are low molecular weight substances generated as final products of cellular metabolism and emitted through a variety of biological matrices, such as breath, blood, saliva and urine. Urine stands out for its non-invasive nature, availability in large volumes, and the high concentration of VOCs in the kidneys. This review provides an overview of the available data on urinary VOCs that have been investigated in cancer-focused clinical studies using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques. A literature search was conducted in ScienceDirect, Pubmed and Web of Science, using the keywords "Urinary VOCs", "VOCs biomarkers" and "Volatile cancer biomarkers" in combination with the term "Mass spectrometry". Only studies in English published between January 2011 and May 2020 were selected. The three most evaluated types of cancers in the reviewed studies were lung, breast and prostate, and the most frequently identified urinary VOC biomarkers were hexanal, dimethyl disulfide and phenol; with the latter seeming to be closely related to breast cancer. Additionally, the challenges of analyzing urinary VOCs using MS-based techniques and translation to clinical utility are discussed. The outcome of this review may provide valuable information to future studies regarding cancer urinary VOCs.
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Key Words
- Biomarkers
- CAS, chemical abstracts service
- CYP450, cytochrome P450
- Cancer
- FAIMS, high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry
- GC, gas chromatography
- HS, headspace
- IMS, ion mobility spectrometry
- LC, liquid chromatography
- MS, mass spectrometry or mass spectrometric
- Mass Spectrometry
- Metabolomics
- NT, needle trap
- PSA, prostate-specific antigen
- PTR, proton transfer reaction
- PTV, programed temperature vaporizer
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SBSE, stir bar sorptive extraction
- SIFT, selected ion flow tube
- SPME, solid phase microextraction
- Urine
- VOCs
- VOCs, volatile organic compounds
- eNose, electronic nose
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ruiz Brandão da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto – Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Bruno Spinosa De Martinis
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo. Av., Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
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Díaz de León-Martínez L, Rodríguez-Aguilar M, Gorocica-Rosete P, Domínguez-Reyes CA, Martínez-Bustos V, Tenorio-Torres JA, Ornelas-Rebolledo O, Cruz-Ramos JA, Balderas-Segura B, Flores-Ramírez R. Identification of profiles of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath by means of an electronic nose as a proposal for a screening method for breast cancer: a case-control study. J Breath Res 2020; 14:046009. [PMID: 32698165 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aba83f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to identify volatile prints from exhaled breath, termed breath-print, from breast cancer (BC) patients and healthy women by means of an electronic nose and to evaluate its potential use as a screening method. A cross-sectional study was performed on 443 exhaled breath samples from women, of whom 262 had been diagnosed with BC by biopsy and 181 were healthy women (control group). Breath-print analysis was performed utilizing the Cyranose 320 electronic nose. Group data were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA), canonical discriminant analysis (CDA), and support vector machine (SVM), and the test's diagnostic power was evaluated by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The results obtained using the model generated from the CDA, which best describes the behavior of the assessed groups, indicated that the breath-print of BC patients was different from that of healthy women and that they presented with a variability of up to 98.8% and a correct classification of 98%. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value reached 100% according to the ROC curve. The present study demonstrates the capability of the electronic nose to separate between healthy subjects and BC patients. This research could have a beneficial impact on clinical practice as we consider that this test could probably be used at the first point before the application of established gold tests (mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy) and substantially improve screening tests in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Center for Applied Research in Environment and Health, CIACYT, Medicine Faculty, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
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McFarlanE M, MozdiaK E, Daulton E, Arasaradnam R, Covington J, Nwokolo C. Pre-analytical and analytical variables that influence urinary volatile organic compound measurements. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236591. [PMID: 32735600 PMCID: PMC7394370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been rapidly accelerating interest in the utilization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as non-invasive methods for rapid point-of-care medical diagnostics. There is widespread variation in analytical methods and protocols, with little understanding of the effects of sample storage on VOC profiles. This study aimed to determine the effects on VOC profiles of different storage times, at room temperature, prior to freezing, of sealed urine samples from healthy individuals. Analysis using Field Asymmetric Ion Motility Spectrometry (FAIMS) determined the alterations in VOC and total ion count profiles as a result of increasing room temperature storage times. Results indicated that increasing exposure time to room temperature prior to freezing had a threefold effect. Firstly, increased urinary VOC profile variability, with a plateau phase between 12 and 48 hours, before further degradation. Secondly, an increase in total ion count with time exposed to room temperature. Finally, a deterioration in VOCs with each sample run during the analysis process. This provides new insight into the effect of storage of urine samples for VOC analysis using FAIMS technology. Results of this study provide a recommendation for a 12-hour maximum duration at room temperature prior to storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McFarlanE
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ella MozdiaK
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Daulton
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesh Arasaradnam
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - James Covington
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Chuka Nwokolo
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Norvaiša K, Kielmann M, Senge MO. Porphyrins as Colorimetric and Photometric Biosensors in Modern Bioanalytical Systems. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1793-1807. [PMID: 32187831 PMCID: PMC7383976 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in porphyrin chemistry have provided novel materials and exciting technologies for bioanalysis such as colorimetric sensor array (CSA), photo-electrochemical (PEC) biosensing, and nanocomposites as peroxidase mimetics for glucose detection. This review highlights selected recent advances in the construction of supramolecular assemblies based on the porphyrin macrocycle that provide recognition of various biologically important entities through the unique porphyrin properties associated with colorimetry, spectrophotometry, and photo-electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolis Norvaiša
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole LaboratoryTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin The University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Marc Kielmann
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole LaboratoryTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin The University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole LaboratoryTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin The University of DublinDublin2Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS)Lichtenberg-Strasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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Evolution of Electronic Noses from Research Objects to Engineered Environmental Odour Monitoring Systems: A Review of Standardization Approaches. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2019; 9:bios9020075. [PMID: 31159226 PMCID: PMC6627819 DOI: 10.3390/bios9020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Since electronic noses are used more and more for air quality monitoring purposes, and in some countries are starting to have a legal value, there is a need for standardization and programs for the quality verification of instruments. Such quality programs have the aim to guarantee the main characteristics of the instrument for both the final user and local authorities, let the user establish a suitable maintenance procedure and give information on measurement uncertainty. One critical aspect when dealing with electronic noses for environmental odour monitoring is that environmental odours are complex mixtures that are not repeatable nor reproducible, giving that they are not suitable for quality verifications. This paper aims to review and discuss the different approaches that can be adopted in order to perform quality checks on electronic noses (e-noses) used for environmental odour monitoring, thereby referring to existing technical standards, such as the Dutch NTA 9055:2012, the new German VDI 3518-3:2018, and the Italian UNI 1605848 project, which directly refer to electronic noses. Moreover, also the European technical standards that are prescriptive for automatic measuring systems (AMSs) are taken into consideration (i.e., EN 14181:2014 and EN 15267:2009), and their possible applicability to electronic noses is investigated. Finally, the pros and cons of the different approaches are presented and discussed in the conclusions section.
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8
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Kort S, Tiggeloven MM, Brusse-Keizer M, Gerritsen JW, Schouwink JH, Citgez E, de Jongh FHC, Samii S, van der Maten J, van den Bogart M, van der Palen J. Multi-centre prospective study on diagnosing subtypes of lung cancer by exhaled-breath analysis. Lung Cancer 2018; 125:223-229. [PMID: 30429025 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lung cancer is a leading cause of mortality. Exhaled-breath analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) might detect lung cancer early in the course of the disease, which may improve outcomes. Subtyping lung cancers could be helpful in further clinical decisions. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a prospective, multi-centre study, using 10 electronic nose devices, 144 subjects diagnosed with NSCLC and 146 healthy subjects, including subjects considered negative for NSCLC after investigation, breathed into the Aeonose™ (The eNose Company, Zutphen, Netherlands). Also, analyses into subtypes of NSCLC, such as adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and analyses of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) were performed. RESULTS Choosing a cut-off point to predominantly rule out cancer resulted for NSCLC in a sensitivity of 94.4%, a specificity of 32.9%, a positive predictive value of 58.1%, a negative predictive value (NPV) of 85.7%, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.76. For AC sensitivity, PPV, NPV, and AUC were 81.5%, 56.4%, 79.5%, and 0.74, respectively, while for SCC these numbers were 80.8%, 45.7%, 93.0%, and 0.77, respectively. SCLC could be ruled out with a sensitivity of 88.9% and an NPV of 96.8% with an AUC of 0.86. CONCLUSION Electronic nose technology with the Aeonose™ can play an important role in rapidly excluding lung cancer due to the high negative predictive value for various, but not all types of lung cancer. Patients showing positive breath tests should still be subjected to further diagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kort
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - M M Tiggeloven
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - M Brusse-Keizer
- Medical School Twente, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | | | - J H Schouwink
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - E Citgez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - F H C de Jongh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - S Samii
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - J van der Maten
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - M van den Bogart
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Bernhoven Uden, Uden, the Netherlands
| | - J van der Palen
- Medical School Twente, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; Department of Research Methodology, Measurement, and Data Analysis, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
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U-BIOPRED: evaluation of the value of a public-private partnership to industry. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1622-1634. [PMID: 29936248 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unbiased Biomarkers for the Prediction of Respiratory Disease Outcomes (U-BIOPRED) was initiated in the first year of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI). It was an ambitious plan to tackle the understanding of asthma through an integration of clinical and multi-'omics approaches that necessitated the bringing together of industry, academic, and patient representatives because it was too large to be managed by any one of the partners in isolation. It was a novel experience for all concerned. In this review, we describe the main features of the U-BIOPRED experience from the industry perspective. We list some of the key advantages and learnings from the perspective of the authors, and also improvements that we feel could be made in future projects.
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10
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Every breath you take: The value of the electronic nose (e-nose) technology in the early detection of lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 155:2622-2625. [PMID: 29602425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.12.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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He P, Jia P, Qiao S, Duan S. Self-Taught Learning Based on Sparse Autoencoder for E-Nose in Wound Infection Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E2279. [PMID: 28991154 PMCID: PMC5677371 DOI: 10.3390/s17102279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For an electronic nose (E-nose) in wound infection distinguishing, traditional learning methods have always needed large quantities of labeled wound infection samples, which are both limited and expensive; thus, we introduce self-taught learning combined with sparse autoencoder and radial basis function (RBF) into the field. Self-taught learning is a kind of transfer learning that can transfer knowledge from other fields to target fields, can solve such problems that labeled data (target fields) and unlabeled data (other fields) do not share the same class labels, even if they are from entirely different distribution. In our paper, we obtain numerous cheap unlabeled pollutant gas samples (benzene, formaldehyde, acetone and ethylalcohol); however, labeled wound infection samples are hard to gain. Thus, we pose self-taught learning to utilize these gas samples, obtaining a basis vector θ. Then, using the basis vector θ, we reconstruct the new representation of wound infection samples under sparsity constraint, which is the input of classifiers. We compare RBF with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), and reach a conclusion that the performance of RBF is superior to others. We also change the dimension of our data set and the quantity of unlabeled data to search the input matrix that produces the highest accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin He
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Pengfei Jia
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Siqi Qiao
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Shukai Duan
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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12
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Liang Z, Tian F, Zhang C, Sun H, Liu X, Yang SX. A correlated information removing based interference suppression technique in electronic nose for detection of bacteria. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 986:145-152. [PMID: 28870320 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A sensor array with 30 gas sensors is used in the electronic nose (e-nose) for bacteria detection in wound infection. However, the interference is an urgent problem in e-nose, since it would impact on the detection of target due to the cross-sensitivity of gas sensors, especially the background interference caused by carrier gas. The related methods to suppress the background interference are independent component analysis and orthogonal signal correction algorithm which are unreasonable, because it is difficult to obtain the so-called reference vector in complex real-world scenario. Consider that the sampling process of pump suction is divided into three parts: baseline collecting, sample collecting and system purging. In the case of stabilized carrier gas, the information in baseline can be fully used to suppress the interference in sampling stage. Thus a novel and effective correlated information removing based interference suppression (CIRIS) method is proposed. Specifically, the principle of this method is to suppress the interference of the sampling stage by removing the information correlated with baseline samples. Experimental results show that the proposed method (CIRIS with principal component analysis used to calculate the projection matrix) is significantly effective for interference suppression in e-nose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Liang
- College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 ShaZheng Street, ShaPingBa District, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Fengchun Tian
- College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 ShaZheng Street, ShaPingBa District, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Ci Zhang
- College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 ShaZheng Street, ShaPingBa District, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 ShaZheng Street, ShaPingBa District, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xiangmin Liu
- College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 ShaZheng Street, ShaPingBa District, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Simon X Yang
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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13
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Campos R, Reuther JF, Mammoottil NR, Novak BM. Solid State Sensing of Nonpolar VOCs Using the Bistable Expansion and Contraction of Helical Polycarbodiimides. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Campos
- Department
of Chemistry and Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
- ERC, Inc., The
Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards AFB, California 93524-7680, United States
| | - James F. Reuther
- Department
of Chemistry and Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nimmy R. Mammoottil
- Department
of Chemistry and Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Bruce M. Novak
- Department
of Chemistry and Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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Horváth I, Barnes PJ, Loukides S, Sterk PJ, Högman M, Olin AC, Amann A, Antus B, Baraldi E, Bikov A, Boots AW, Bos LD, Brinkman P, Bucca C, Carpagnano GE, Corradi M, Cristescu S, de Jongste JC, Dinh-Xuan AT, Dompeling E, Fens N, Fowler S, Hohlfeld JM, Holz O, Jöbsis Q, Van De Kant K, Knobel HH, Kostikas K, Lehtimäki L, Lundberg J, Montuschi P, Van Muylem A, Pennazza G, Reinhold P, Ricciardolo FLM, Rosias P, Santonico M, van der Schee MP, van Schooten FJ, Spanevello A, Tonia T, Vink TJ. A European Respiratory Society technical standard: exhaled biomarkers in lung disease. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/4/1600965. [PMID: 28446552 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00965-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breath tests cover the fraction of nitric oxide in expired gas (FeNO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), variables in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and other measurements. For EBC and for FeNO, official recommendations for standardised procedures are more than 10 years old and there is none for exhaled VOCs and particles. The aim of this document is to provide technical standards and recommendations for sample collection and analytic approaches and to highlight future research priorities in the field. For EBC and FeNO, new developments and advances in technology have been evaluated in the current document. This report is not intended to provide clinical guidance on disease diagnosis and management.Clinicians and researchers with expertise in exhaled biomarkers were invited to participate. Published studies regarding methodology of breath tests were selected, discussed and evaluated in a consensus-based manner by the Task Force members.Recommendations for standardisation of sampling, analysing and reporting of data and suggestions for research to cover gaps in the evidence have been created and summarised.Application of breath biomarker measurement in a standardised manner will provide comparable results, thereby facilitating the potential use of these biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Horváth
- Dept of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Peter J Sterk
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieann Högman
- Centre for Research & Development, Uppsala University/Gävleborg County Council, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Anna-Carin Olin
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Anton Amann
- Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Balazs Antus
- Dept of Pathophysiology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Andras Bikov
- Dept of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agnes W Boots
- Dept of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe D Bos
- Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caterina Bucca
- Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Universita' di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Cristescu
- Dept of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan C de Jongste
- Dept of Pediatrics/Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC-Sophia Childrens' Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Edward Dompeling
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Niki Fens
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Respiratory Research Group, University of Manchester Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany.,Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olaf Holz
- Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Quirijn Jöbsis
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Van De Kant
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo H Knobel
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus 11, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jon Lundberg
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Montuschi
- Pharmacology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Alain Van Muylem
- Hopital Erasme Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giorgio Pennazza
- Faculty of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Fabio L M Ricciardolo
- Clinic of Respiratory Disease, Dept of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Philippe Rosias
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Dept of Pediatrics, Maasland Hospital, Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Santonico
- Faculty of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marc P van der Schee
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thomy Tonia
- European Respiratory Society, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Teunis J Vink
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus 11, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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15
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A Novel Semi-Supervised Method of Electronic Nose for Indoor Pollution Detection Trained by M-S4VMs. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16091462. [PMID: 27626420 PMCID: PMC5038740 DOI: 10.3390/s16091462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Electronic nose (E-nose), as a device intended to detect odors or flavors, has been widely used in many fields. Many labeled samples are needed to gain an ideal E-nose classification model. However, the labeled samples are not easy to obtain and there are some cases where the gas samples in the real world are complex and unlabeled. As a result, it is necessary to make an E-nose that cannot only classify unlabeled samples, but also use these samples to modify its classification model. In this paper, we first introduce a semi-supervised learning algorithm called S4VMs and improve its use within a multi-classification algorithm to classify the samples for an E-nose. Then, we enhance its performance by adding the unlabeled samples that it has classified to modify its model and by using an optimization algorithm called quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) to find the optimal parameters for classification. The results of comparing this with other semi-supervised learning algorithms show that our multi-classification algorithm performs well in the classification system of an E-nose after learning from unlabeled samples.
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16
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Wang L, Jia P, Huang T, Duan S, Yan J, Wang L. A Novel Optimization Technique to Improve Gas Recognition by Electronic Noses Based on the Enhanced Krill Herd Algorithm. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16081275. [PMID: 27529247 PMCID: PMC5017440 DOI: 10.3390/s16081275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An electronic nose (E-nose) is an intelligent system that we will use in this paper to distinguish three indoor pollutant gases (benzene (C6H6), toluene (C7H8), formaldehyde (CH2O)) and carbon monoxide (CO). The algorithm is a key part of an E-nose system mainly composed of data processing and pattern recognition. In this paper, we employ support vector machine (SVM) to distinguish indoor pollutant gases and two of its parameters need to be optimized, so in order to improve the performance of SVM, in other words, to get a higher gas recognition rate, an effective enhanced krill herd algorithm (EKH) based on a novel decision weighting factor computing method is proposed to optimize the two SVM parameters. Krill herd (KH) is an effective method in practice, however, on occasion, it cannot avoid the influence of some local best solutions so it cannot always find the global optimization value. In addition its search ability relies fully on randomness, so it cannot always converge rapidly. To address these issues we propose an enhanced KH (EKH) to improve the global searching and convergence speed performance of KH. To obtain a more accurate model of the krill behavior, an updated crossover operator is added to the approach. We can guarantee the krill group are diversiform at the early stage of iterations, and have a good performance in local searching ability at the later stage of iterations. The recognition results of EKH are compared with those of other optimization algorithms (including KH, chaotic KH (CKH), quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA)), and we can find that EKH is better than the other considered methods. The research results verify that EKH not only significantly improves the performance of our E-nose system, but also provides a good beginning and theoretical basis for further study about other improved krill algorithms’ applications in all E-nose application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Pengfei Jia
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Tailai Huang
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Shukai Duan
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jia Yan
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Lidan Wang
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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17
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A Novel Semi-Supervised Electronic Nose Learning Technique: M-Training. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16030370. [PMID: 26985898 PMCID: PMC4813945 DOI: 10.3390/s16030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
When an electronic nose (E-nose) is used to distinguish different kinds of gases, the label information of the target gas could be lost due to some fault of the operators or some other reason, although this is not expected. Another fact is that the cost of getting the labeled samples is usually higher than for unlabeled ones. In most cases, the classification accuracy of an E-nose trained using labeled samples is higher than that of the E-nose trained by unlabeled ones, so gases without label information should not be used to train an E-nose, however, this wastes resources and can even delay the progress of research. In this work a novel multi-class semi-supervised learning technique called M-training is proposed to train E-noses with both labeled and unlabeled samples. We employ M-training to train the E-nose which is used to distinguish three indoor pollutant gases (benzene, toluene and formaldehyde). Data processing results prove that the classification accuracy of E-nose trained by semi-supervised techniques (tri-training and M-training) is higher than that of an E-nose trained only with labeled samples, and the performance of M-training is better than that of tri-training because more base classifiers can be employed by M-training.
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18
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Esfahani S, Sagar NM, Kyrou I, Mozdiak E, O'Connell N, Nwokolo C, Bardhan KD, Arasaradnam RP, Covington JA. Variation in Gas and Volatile Compound Emissions from Human Urine as It Ages, Measured by an Electronic Nose. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2016; 6:bios6010004. [PMID: 26821055 PMCID: PMC4810396 DOI: 10.3390/bios6010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The medical profession is becoming ever more interested in the use of gas-phase biomarkers for disease identification and monitoring. This is due in part to its rapid analysis time and low test cost, which makes it attractive for many different clinical arenas. One technology that is showing promise for analyzing these gas-phase biomarkers is the electronic nose—an instrument designed to replicate the biological olfactory system. Of the possible biological media available to “sniff”, urine is becoming ever more important as it is easy to collect and to store for batch testing. However, this raises the question of sample storage shelf-life, even at −80 °C. Here we investigated the effect of storage time (years) on stability and reproducibility of total gas/vapour emissions from urine samples. Urine samples from 87 patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were collected over a four-year period and stored at −80 °C. These samples were then analyzed using FAIMS (field-asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry—a type of electronic nose). It was discovered that gas emissions (concentration and diversity) reduced over time. However, there was less variation in the initial nine months of storage with greater uniformity and stability of concentrations together with tighter clustering of the total number of chemicals released. This suggests that nine months could be considered a general guide to a sample shelf-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Esfahani
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Nidhi M Sagar
- School of Medicine, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK.
| | - Ella Mozdiak
- School of Medicine, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Nicola O'Connell
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
| | - Chuka Nwokolo
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
| | - Karna D Bardhan
- Rotherham General Hospital, Rotherham, S60 2UD, UK.
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
| | - Ramesh P Arasaradnam
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
| | - James A Covington
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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19
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Huang Y, Li Y, Luo Z, Duan Y. Investigation of biomarkers for discriminating breast cancer cell lines from normal mammary cell lines based on VOCs analysis and metabolomics. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate the volatile organic components of human breast cancer/normal cell lines for fingerprinting and exploring potential VOCs biomarkers for noninvasive diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Huang
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation
| | - Yu Li
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment
- Ministry of Education
- College of Life Science
- Sichuan University
| | - Zewei Luo
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment
- Ministry of Education
- College of Life Science
- Sichuan University
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment
- Ministry of Education
- College of Life Science
- Sichuan University
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20
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Rocco R, Incalzi RA, Pennazza G, Santonico M, Pedone C, Bartoli IR, Vernile C, Mangiameli G, La Rocca A, De Luca G, Rocco G, Crucitti P. BIONOTE e-nose technology may reduce false positives in lung cancer screening programmes†. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2015; 49:1112-7; discussion 1117. [PMID: 26385981 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezv328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Breath composition may be suggestive of different conditions. E-nose technology has been used to profile volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pattern in the breath of patients compared with that of healthy individuals. BIOsensor-based multisensorial system for mimicking NOse, Tongue and Eyes (BIONOTE) technology differs from Cyranose® based on a set of separate transduction features. On the basis of our previously published experience, we investigated the discriminating ability of BIONOTE in a high-risk population enrolled in a lung cancer screening programme. METHODS One hundred individuals were selected for BIONOTE based on the attribution to the high-risk category (i.e. age, smoking status, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease status) of the University Campus Bio-Medico lung screening programme. We used a measure chain consisting of (i) a device named Pneumopipe (EU patent: EP2641537 (A1):2013-09-25) able to catch exhaled breath by an individual normally breathing into it and collect the exhalate onto an adsorbing cartridge; (ii) an apparatus for thermal desorption of the cartridge into the sensors chamber and (iii) a gas sensor array which is part of a sensorial platform named BIONOTE for the VOCs mixture analysis. Partial least square (PLS) has been used to build up the model, with Leave-One-Out cross-validation criterion. Each breath fingerprint analysis costs €10. RESULTS The overall sensitivity and specificity were 86 and 95%, respectively, delineating a substantial difference between patients and healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary data show that BIONOTE technology may be used to reduce false-positive rates resulting from lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography in a cost-effective fashion. The model will be tested on a larger number of patients to confirm the reliability of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Rocco
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Pennazza
- Center for Integrated Research, Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Santonico
- Center for Integrated Research, Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Pedone
- Division of Geriatry, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Vernile
- Center for Integrated Research, Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonello La Rocca
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione Pascale, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Luca
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione Pascale, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Rocco
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione Pascale, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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21
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Hirotsu T, Sonoda H, Uozumi T, Shinden Y, Mimori K, Maehara Y, Ueda N, Hamakawa M. A highly accurate inclusive cancer screening test using Caenorhabditis elegans scent detection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118699. [PMID: 25760772 PMCID: PMC4356513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection and treatment are of vital importance to the successful eradication of various cancers, and development of economical and non-invasive novel cancer screening systems is critical. Previous reports using canine scent detection demonstrated the existence of cancer-specific odours. However, it is difficult to introduce canine scent recognition into clinical practice because of the need to maintain accuracy. In this study, we developed a Nematode Scent Detection Test (NSDT) using Caenorhabditis elegans to provide a novel highly accurate cancer detection system that is economical, painless, rapid and convenient. We demonstrated wild-type C. elegans displayed attractive chemotaxis towards human cancer cell secretions, cancer tissues and urine from cancer patients but avoided control urine; in parallel, the response of the olfactory neurons of C. elegans to the urine from cancer patients was significantly stronger than to control urine. In contrast, G protein α mutants and olfactory neurons-ablated animals were not attracted to cancer patient urine, suggesting that C. elegans senses odours in urine. We tested 242 samples to measure the performance of the NSDT, and found the sensitivity was 95.8%; this is markedly higher than that of other existing tumour markers. Furthermore, the specificity was 95.0%. Importantly, this test was able to diagnose various cancer types tested at the early stage (stage 0 or 1). To conclude, C. elegans scent-based analyses might provide a new strategy to detect and study disease-associated scents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Hirotsu
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Applied Medical Sensing, Research and Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TH); (HS)
| | - Hideto Sonoda
- Division of Applied Medical Sensing, Research and Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of General Surgery, Imari-Arita Kyoritsu Hospital, Saga, Japan
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TH); (HS)
| | - Takayuki Uozumi
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Shinden
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoko Ueda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hamakawa
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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22
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Hellmich MR, Coletta C, Chao C, Szabo C. The therapeutic potential of cystathionine β-synthetase/hydrogen sulfide inhibition in cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:424-48. [PMID: 24730679 PMCID: PMC4307161 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cancer represents a major socioeconomic problem; there is a significant need for novel therapeutic approaches targeting tumor-specific pathways. RECENT ADVANCES In colorectal and ovarian cancers, an increase in the intratumor production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) plays an important role in promoting the cellular bioenergetics, proliferation, and migration of cancer cells. It also stimulates peritumor angiogenesis inhibition or genetic silencing of CBS exerts antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo, and potentiates the antitumor efficacy of anticancer therapeutics. CRITICAL ISSUES Recently published studies are reviewed, implicating CBS overexpression and H2S overproduction in tumor cells as a tumor-growth promoting "bioenergetic fuel" and "survival factor," followed by an overview of the experimental evidence demonstrating the anticancer effect of CBS inhibition. Next, the current state of the art of pharmacological CBS inhibitors is reviewed, with special reference to the complex pharmacological actions of aminooxyacetic acid. Finally, new experimental evidence is presented to reconcile a controversy in the literature regarding the effects of H2S donor on cancer cell proliferation and survival. FUTURE DIRECTIONS From a basic science standpoint, future directions in the field include the delineation of the molecular mechanism of CBS up-regulation of cancer cells and the delineation of the interactions of H2S with other intracellular pathways of cancer cell metabolism and proliferation. From the translational science standpoint, future directions include the translation of the recently emerging roles of H2S in cancer into human diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Hellmich
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Ciro Coletta
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Celia Chao
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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23
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Hubers AJ, Brinkman P, Boksem RJ, Rhodius RJ, Witte BI, Zwinderman AH, Heideman DAM, Duin S, Koning R, Steenbergen RDM, Snijders PJF, Smit EF, Sterk PJ, Thunnissen E. Combined sputum hypermethylation and eNose analysis for lung cancer diagnosis. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:707-11. [PMID: 24915850 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study is to explore DNA hypermethylation analysis in sputum and exhaled breath analysis for their complementary, non-invasive diagnostic capacity in lung cancer. METHODS Sputum samples and exhaled breath were prospectively collected from 20 lung cancer patients and 31 COPD controls (Set 1). An additional 18 lung cancer patients and 8 controls only collected exhaled breath as validation set (Set 2). DNA hypermethylation of biomarkers RASSF1A, cytoglobin, APC, FAM19A4, PHACTR3, 3OST2 and PRDM14 was considered, and breathprints from exhaled breath samples were created using an electronic nose (eNose). RESULTS Both DNA hypermethylation markers in sputum and eNose were independently able to distinguish lung cancer patients from controls. The combination of RASSF1A and 3OST2 hypermethylation had a sensitivity of 85% with a specificity of 74%. eNose had a sensitivity of 80% with a specificity of 48%. Sensitivity for lung cancer diagnosis increased to 100%, when RASSF1A hypermethylation was combined with eNose, with specificity of 42%. Both methods showed to be complementary to each other (p≤0.011). eNose results were reproducible in Set 2. CONCLUSIONS When used in concert, RASSF1A hypermethylation in sputum and exhaled breath analysis are complementary for lung cancer diagnosis, with 100% sensitivity in this series. This finding should be further validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jasmijn Hubers
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco J Boksem
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Rhodius
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit I Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvia Duin
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Koning
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J F Snijders
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert F Smit
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Sterk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Thunnissen
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Phillips M, Beatty JD, Cataneo RN, Huston J, Kaplan PD, Lalisang RI, Lambin P, Lobbes MBI, Mundada M, Pappas N, Patel U. Rapid point-of-care breath test for biomarkers of breast cancer and abnormal mammograms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90226. [PMID: 24599224 PMCID: PMC3943910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have reported volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath as biomarkers of breast cancer and abnormal mammograms, apparently resulting from increased oxidative stress and cytochrome p450 induction. We evaluated a six-minute point-of-care breath test for VOC biomarkers in women screened for breast cancer at centers in the USA and the Netherlands. Methods 244 women had a screening mammogram (93/37 normal/abnormal) or a breast biopsy (cancer/no cancer 35/79). A mobile point-of-care system collected and concentrated breath and air VOCs for analysis with gas chromatography and surface acoustic wave detection. Chromatograms were segmented into a time series of alveolar gradients (breath minus room air). Segmental alveolar gradients were ranked as candidate biomarkers by C-statistic value (area under curve [AUC] of receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve). Multivariate predictive algorithms were constructed employing significant biomarkers identified with multiple Monte Carlo simulations and cross validated with a leave-one-out (LOO) procedure. Results Performance of breath biomarker algorithms was determined in three groups: breast cancer on biopsy versus normal screening mammograms (81.8% sensitivity, 70.0% specificity, accuracy 79% (73% on LOO) [C-statistic value], negative predictive value 99.9%); normal versus abnormal screening mammograms (86.5% sensitivity, 66.7% specificity, accuracy 83%, 62% on LOO); and cancer versus no cancer on breast biopsy (75.8% sensitivity, 74.0% specificity, accuracy 78%, 67% on LOO). Conclusions A pilot study of a six-minute point-of-care breath test for volatile biomarkers accurately identified women with breast cancer and with abnormal mammograms. Breath testing could potentially reduce the number of needless mammograms without loss of diagnostic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Phillips
- Breath Research Laboratory, Menssana Research Inc., Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - J. David Beatty
- Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Renee N. Cataneo
- Breath Research Laboratory, Menssana Research Inc., Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jan Huston
- HackensackUMC Mountainside, Montclair, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kaplan
- Breath Research Laboratory, Menssana Research Inc., Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Roy I. Lalisang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lambin
- Department of Radiotherapy (MAASTRO), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc B. I. Lobbes
- Department of Radiology, GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mayur Mundada
- Breath Research Laboratory, Menssana Research Inc., Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Nadine Pappas
- Saint Michael's Medical Center, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Urvish Patel
- Breath Research Laboratory, Menssana Research Inc., Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
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Fung AO, Mykhaylova N. Analysis of Airborne Biomarkers for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:225-47. [PMID: 24464813 DOI: 10.1177/2211068213517119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Treatable diseases continue to exact a heavy burden worldwide despite powerful advances in treatment. Diagnostics play crucial roles in the detection, management, and ultimate prevention of these diseases by guiding the allocation of precious medical resources. Motivated by globalization and evolving disease, and enabled by advances in molecular pathology, the scientific community has produced an explosion of research on miniaturized integrated biosensor platforms for disease detection. Low-cost, automated tests promise accessibility in low-resource settings by loosening constraints around infrastructure and usability. To address the challenges raised by invasive and intrusive sample collection, researchers are exploring alternative biomarkers in various specimens. Specifically, patient-generated airborne biomarkers suit minimally invasive collection and automated analysis. Disease biomarkers are known to exist in aerosols and volatile compounds in breath, odor, and headspace, media that can be exploited for field-ready diagnostics. This article reviews global disease priorities and the characteristics of low-resource settings. It surveys existing technologies for the analysis of bioaerosols and volatile organic compounds, and emerging technologies that could enable their translation to the point of care. Engineering advances promise to enable appropriate diagnostics by detecting chemical and microbial markers. Nonetheless, further innovation and cost reduction are needed for these technologies to broadly affect global health.
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Design and test of a biosensor-based multisensorial system: a proof of concept study. SENSORS 2013; 13:16625-40. [PMID: 24304640 PMCID: PMC3892864 DOI: 10.3390/s131216625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sensors are often organized in multidimensional systems or networks for particular applications. This is facilitated by the large improvements in the miniaturization process, power consumption reduction and data analysis techniques nowadays possible. Such sensors are frequently organized in multidimensional arrays oriented to the realization of artificial sensorial systems mimicking the mechanisms of human senses. Instruments that make use of these sensors are frequently employed in the fields of medicine and food science. Among them, the so-called electronic nose and tongue are becoming more and more popular. In this paper an innovative multisensorial system based on sensing materials of biological origin is illustrated. Anthocyanins are exploited here as chemical interactive materials for both quartz microbalance (QMB) transducers used as gas sensors and for electrodes used as liquid electrochemical sensors. The optical properties of anthocyanins are well established and widely used, but they have never been exploited as sensing materials for both gas and liquid sensors in non-optical applications. By using the same set of selected anthocyanins an integrated system has been realized, which includes a gas sensor array based on QMB and a sensor array for liquids made up of suitable Ion Sensitive Electrodes (ISEs). The arrays are also monitored from an optical point of view. This embedded system, is intended to mimic the working principles of the nose, tongue and eyes. We call this setup BIONOTE (for BIOsensor-based multisensorial system for mimicking NOse, Tongue and Eyes). The complete design, fabrication and calibration processes of the BIONOTE system are described herein, and a number of preliminary results are discussed. These results are relative to: (a) the characterization of the optical properties of the tested materials; (b) the performance of the whole system as gas sensor array with respect to ethanol, hexane and isopropyl alcohol detection (concentration range 0.1–7 ppm) and as a liquid sensor array (concentration range 73–98 μM).
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