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Mohammed S, Favaloro EJ. Laboratory Testing for von Willebrand Factor Ristocetin Cofactor (VWF:RCo). Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1646:435-451. [PMID: 28804846 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7196-1_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
von Willebrand disease (VWD) is reportedly the most common inherited bleeding disorder and can also arise as an acquired syndrome (AVWS). These disorders develop due to defects and/or deficiency of the plasma protein von Willebrand factor (VWF). Laboratory testing for these VWF-related disorders requires assessment of both VWF level and VWF activity, the latter requiring multiple assays because of the many functions carried out by VWF to help prevent bleeding. The current paper describes several protocols for assessment of VWF activity by means of VWF ristocetin cofactor (VWF:RCo). These assays identify VWF activity by quantitative assessment of VWF protein adhesion to platelets or other particles and subsequent detection of the adhered VWF as facilitated by inclusion of ristocetin. The most commonly performed assays for VWF:RCo comprise platelet agglutination assays, latex agglutination assays, and chemiluminescent assay (CLIA), with three of these described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Mohammed
- Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, Westmead, 2145 NSW, Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, 2145 NSW, Australia
| | - Emmanuel J Favaloro
- Haematology Department, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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Mohammed S, Favaloro EJ. Laboratory Testing for von Willebrand Factor: Factor VIII Binding (for 2N VWD). Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1646:461-472. [PMID: 28804848 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7196-1_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is reportedly the most common inherited bleeding disorder and can also arise as an acquired syndrome (AVWS). These disorders develop due to defects and/or deficiency of the plasma protein von Willebrand factor (VWF). Laboratory testing for the VWF-related disorders requires assessment of both VWF level and VWF activity, the latter requiring multiple assays because of the many functions carried out by VWF to help prevent bleeding. The current paper describes a protocol for assessment of VWF activity by means of VWF: factor VIII binding (VWF:FVIIIB). Such assays identify VWF activity by quantitative assessment of VWF protein adhesion to FVIII, which is the activity lost in type 2N VWD. This assay is therefore a critical assay for identification or exclusion of 2N VWD. The most commonly performed assays for VWF:FVIIIB comprise enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and such an assay is described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Mohammed
- Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Emmanuel J Favaloro
- Haematology Department, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
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Abstract
von Willebrand disease (VWD) is reportedly the most common inherited bleeding disorder and can also arise as an acquired syndrome (AVWS). These disorders arise due to defects and/or deficiency of the plasma protein von Willebrand factor (VWF). Laboratory testing for the VWF-related disorders requires assessment of both VWF level and VWF activity, the latter requiring multiple assays because of the many functions carried out by VWF to help prevent bleeding. The current paper describes protocols for assessment of VWF level by means of VWF antigen (VWF:Ag). These assays identify VWF levels by quantitative assessment of VWF protein by means of immunological assays. The most commonly performed assays for VWF:Ag comprise enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and latex-enhanced immunoassays (LIA), as described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel J Favaloro
- Haematology Department, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Soma Mohammed
- Haematology Department, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Jürgen Patzke
- Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH, Assay Development, Marburg, Germany
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Patzke J, Favaloro EJ. Laboratory Testing for von Willebrand Factor Activity by Glycoprotein Ib Binding Assays (VWF:GPIb). Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1646:453-460. [PMID: 28804847 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7196-1_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to assessment of von Willebrand factor (VWF) antigen (VWF:Ag), the first-line laboratory investigation of possible von Willebrand disease (VWD) often includes an assay to measure GPIb (glycoprotein Ib) binding activity of VWF. A decreased GPIb binding activity is characteristic for most of the VWD types. For many years, the most frequently used assay for measuring GPIb binding activity was the ristocetin cofactor assay (VWF:RCo), which measures the agglutination of fixed human platelets by VWF in the presence of ristocetin. Because of performance issues, including high assay variability and a lack of VWF sensitivity, this assay is currently being replaced or supplemented by assays based on the binding of VWF to recombinant GPIb. One published method (now abbreviated VWF:GPIbR) uses wild-type GPIb for triggering the binding reaction in the presence of ristocetin. Another more widely used method (now abbreviated VWF:GPIbM) uses gain-of-function GPIb without ristocetin; this permits spontaneous binding of VWF to GPIb and avoids problems associated with the nonphysiological substance ristocetin. The binding of VWF to GPIb can be quantified by using different principles, e.g., ELISA, particle agglutination, or chemiluminescence. The following chapter describes a ristocetin-free method based on particle agglutination in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Patzke
- Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH, Assay Development, Emil-von-Behring-Str. 76, 35041, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Emmanuel J Favaloro
- Haematology Department, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
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Abstract
Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is reportedly the most common inherited bleeding disorder and can also arise as an acquired syndrome (AVWS). These disorders develop due to defects and/or deficiency of the plasma protein von Willebrand factor (VWF). Laboratory testing for the VWF-related disorders requires assessment of both VWF level and VWF activity, the latter requiring multiple assays because of the many functions carried out by VWF to help prevent bleeding. This chapter describes several protocols for assessment of VWF activity by means of VWF collagen binding (VWF:CB). These assays identify VWF activity by quantitative assessment of VWF protein adhesion to collagen or collagen peptides and subsequent immunological detection of the adhered VWF. The most commonly performed assays for VWF:CB comprise enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and chemiluminescent assay (CLIA), as described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel J Favaloro
- Haematology Department, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Soma Mohammed
- Haematology Department, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
- Haematology Department, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
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Oliver S, Lau KKE, Chapman K, Favaloro EJ. Laboratory Testing for Von Willebrand Factor Multimers. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1646:495-511. [PMID: 28804850 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7196-1_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is reportedly the most common inherited bleeding disorder and can also arise as an acquired syndrome (AVWS). These disorders develop due to defects and/or deficiency of the plasma protein von Willebrand factor (VWF). Laboratory testing for the VWF-related disorders requires assessment of both VWF level and VWF activity, the latter requiring multiple assays because of the many functions carried out by VWF to help prevent bleeding. As an additional step, an evaluation of VWF structural features by multimer analysis is useful in selective investigations. The current paper therefore describes a protocol for assessment of VWF multimers by gel electrophoresis, thus enabling identification of protein bands that represent differently sized multimers. The sample protocol described in this chapter is the methodology developed by Sebia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Oliver
- Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Kun Kan Edwin Lau
- Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Kent Chapman
- Department of Haematology, Pathology North, John Hunter Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, New Lambton Hts, NSW, Australia
| | - Emmanuel J Favaloro
- Haematology Department, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
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Favaloro EJ, Pasalic L, Curnow J. Laboratory tests used to help diagnose von Willebrand disease: an update. Pathology 2016; 48:303-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Evaluation of a von Willebrand factor three test panel and chemiluminescent-based assay system for identification of, and therapy monitoring in, von Willebrand disease. Thromb Res 2016; 141:202-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Favaloro EJ, Bonar RA, Mohammed S, Arbelaez A, Niemann J, Freney R, Meiring M, Sioufi J, Marsden K. Type 2M von Willebrand disease – more often misidentified than correctly identified. Haemophilia 2016; 22:e145-55. [PMID: 27029718 DOI: 10.1111/hae.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Favaloro
- Department of Haematology, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR) Pathology West NSW Health Pathology Westmead Hospital Westmead NSW Australia
| | - R. A. Bonar
- RCPAQAP Haematology St Leonards NSW Australia
| | - S. Mohammed
- Department of Haematology, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR) Pathology West NSW Health Pathology Westmead Hospital Westmead NSW Australia
| | - A. Arbelaez
- Mater Pathology Mater Health Services Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - J. Niemann
- Mater Pathology Mater Health Services Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - R. Freney
- Mater Pathology Mater Health Services Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - M. Meiring
- Department of Haematology and Cell Biology Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - J. Sioufi
- RCPAQAP Haematology St Leonards NSW Australia
| | - K. Marsden
- RCPAQAP Haematology St Leonards NSW Australia
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