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Konrath EL, Strauch I, Boeff DD, Arbo MD. The potential of Brazilian native plant species used in the therapy for snakebites: A literature review. Toxicon 2022; 217:17-40. [PMID: 35952835 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a potentially fatal disease categorized as a neglected public health issue for not receiving the appropriate attention from national and international health authorities. The most affected people by this problem usually live in poor rural communities, where medical resources are often sparse and, in some instances, there is even a scarcity of serum therapy. The administration of the appropriate antivenom is the only specific treatment available, however it has limited efficacy against venom-induced local effects. In this scenario, various plant species are used as local first aid for the treatment of snakebite accidents in Brazil, and some of them can effectively inhibit lethality, neurotoxicity, hemorrhage, and venom enzymes activities. This review compiles a list of plants used in the treatment of snakebites in Brazil, focusing on the native Brazilian species registered in the databases Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus and Google Scholar. All these searches were limited to peer-reviewed journals written in English, with the exception of a few articles written in Portuguese. The most cited native plant species were Casearia sylvestris Sw., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Mikania glomerata Spreng., Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F.Blake and Dipteryx alata Vogel, all used to decrease the severity of toxic signs, inhibit proteolytic and hemorrhagic activities, thus increasing survival time and neutralizing myotoxicity effects. Different active compounds showing important activity against the snake venoms and their toxins include flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. Although some limitations to the experimental studies with medicinal plants were observed, including lack of comparison with control drugs and unknown active extracts compounds, species with anti-venom characteristics are effective and considered as candidates for the development of adjuvants in the treatment of snake envenomation. Further studies on the chemistry and pharmacology of traditionally used plant species will help to understand the role that snakebite herbal remedies may display in local medical health systems. It might also contribute to the development of alternative or complementary treatments to reduce the number of severe disabilities and deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Luis Konrath
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Iara Strauch
- Laboratório de Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiana Daniele Boeff
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dutra Arbo
- Laboratório de Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Liaqat A, Mallhi TH, Khan YH, Khokhar A, Chaman S, Ali M. Anti-Snake Venom Property of Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Review of Literature. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e191124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sadia Chaman
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
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Cordia salicifolia and Lafoensia pacari plant extracts against the local effects of Bothrops jararacussu and Philodryas olfersii snake venoms. JOURNAL OF VENOM RESEARCH 2020; 10:32-37. [PMID: 33024546 PMCID: PMC7512476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Philodryas olfersii produces similar local effects to Bothrops jararacussu snakebite, which can induce misidentification and bothropic antivenom administration. Antivenom therapy is effective, but has its limitations regarding local damage. Since plants are used in folk medicine to treat snakebite victims, we evaluated the protective properties of Cordia salicifolia and Lafoensia pacari extracts against Philodryas olfersii and Bothrops jararacussu venoms. Preparations pretreated with both extracts inhibited > 90% the B. jararacussu venom-induced neuromuscular blockade, and 52% to 81% the P. olfersii venom-induced blockade. C. salicifolia inhibited the myonecrosis promoted by both venoms; however, L. pacari prevented only the myofilaments hypercontraction. Regarding haemorrhagic activity, C. salicifolia was more effective against B. jararacussu venom, while L. pacari was more effective against P. olfersii venom. On the other hand, for oedema-forming activity the results were the opposite. Considering that both extracts prevented (to different levels) the main manifestations of both snakebites (local symptoms), we endorse further studies involving these plants as coadjuvant in snakebite therapeutics.
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Alves N, Ximenes R, Jorge R, Silveira J, Santos J, Rodrigues F, Costa P, Xavier F, Evangelista J, Havt A, Soares V, Toyama M, Oliveira A, Araújo R, Alves R, Monteiro H. Anti-ophidian activity of Bredemeyera floribunda Willd. (Polygalaceae) root extract on the local effects induced by Bothrops jararacussu venom. Braz J Med Biol Res 2018; 52:e7581. [PMID: 30517287 PMCID: PMC6293447 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20187581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bredemeyera floribunda roots are popularly used to treat snakebites in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil, and previous studies indicate the anti-ophidian actions of triterpenoid saponins found in its roots. To assess B. floribunda root extract (BFRE) activity against the effects of Bothrops jararacussu venom (BjuV), antiphospholipasic, antiproteolytic, antihemorrhagic, antinecrotic, and anti-edematogenic activities were investigated in mice. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, and sugars, with rutin and saccharose being the major constituents of BFRE. Acute toxicity was determined and BFRE was nontoxic to mice. Phospholipase A2 and proteolytic activities induced by BjuV were inhibited in vitro by BFRE at all concentrations tested herein. BFRE (150 mg/kg) inhibited paw edema induced by BjuV (50 µg/animal), reducing total edema calculated by area under the curve, but carrageenan-induced paw edema was unchanged. Hemorrhagic and necrotizing actions of BjuV (50 µg/animal) were considerably decreased by BFRE treatment. Thus, BFRE blocked the toxic actions of B. jararacussu venom despite having no anti-inflammatory activity, which points to a direct inhibition of venom's toxins, as demonstrated in the in vitro assays. The larger amounts of rutin found in BFRE may play a role in this inhibition, since 3',4'-OH flavonoids are known inhibitors of phospholipases A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.T.Q. Alves
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - R.M. Ximenes
- Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - R.J.B. Jorge
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil
| | - J.A.M. Silveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - J.V.A. Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - F.A.P. Rodrigues
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - P.H.S. Costa
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - F.A.F. Xavier
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | | | - A. Havt
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - V.C.G. Soares
- Universidade Paulista, Campus Jundiaí, Jundiaí, SP, Brasil
| | - M.H. Toyama
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Vicente, SP, Brasil
| | - A.N.A. Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - R.M. Araújo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - R.S. Alves
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - H.S.A. Monteiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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Silva LMG, Zamuner LF, David AC, dos Santos SA, de Carvalho PDTC, Zamuner SR. Photobiomodulation therapy on bothrops snake venom-induced local pathological effects: A systematic review. Toxicon 2018; 152:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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