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Favarin FR, Forrati ÉM, Bassoto VA, da Silva Gündel S, Velho MC, Ledur CM, Verdi CM, Lemos JG, Sagrillo MR, Fagan SB, Gündel A, Copetti MV, Santos RCV, de Oliveira Fogaça A, Ourique AF. Ascorbic acid and ascorbyl palmitate-loaded liposomes: Development, characterization, stability evaluation, in vitro security profile, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Food Chem 2024; 460:140569. [PMID: 39083967 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to prepare and characterize liposomes containing co-encapsulated ascorbic acid (AA) and ascorbyl palmitate (AP), as well as to evaluate their stability, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity. Through the pre-formulation studies, it was possible to improve the formulation, as leaving it more stable and with a greater antioxidant activity, resulting in a formulation designated LIP-AAP, with 161 nm vesicle size, 0.215 polydispersity index, -31.7 mV zeta potential, and pH of 3.34. Encapsulation efficiencies were 37% for AA and 79% for AP, and the content was 1 mg/mL for each compound. The optimized liposomes demonstrated stability under refrigeration for 60 days, significant antioxidant activity (31.4 μMol of TE/mL), and non-toxicity, but no antimicrobial effects against bacteria and fungi were observed. These findings confirm that the co-encapsulated liposomes are potent, stable antioxidants that maintain their physical and chemical properties under optimal storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Reis Favarin
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Universidade Franciscana, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Éricles Machado Forrati
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Universidade Franciscana, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vitória Almeida Bassoto
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Universidade Franciscana, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Samanta da Silva Gündel
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Universidade Franciscana, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maiara Callegaro Velho
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Universidade Franciscana, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristian Mafra Ledur
- Laboratory of Simulation and Modelling of Nanomaterials, Universidade Franciscana, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Camila Marina Verdi
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Gonçalves Lemos
- Department of Technology and Food Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Solange Binotto Fagan
- Laboratory of Simulation and Modelling of Nanomaterials, Universidade Franciscana, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - André Gündel
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Pampa, Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marina Venturini Copetti
- Department of Technology and Food Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberto Christ Vianna Santos
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Ferreira Ourique
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Universidade Franciscana, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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2
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Behera S, Khan GA, Singh SS, Jena B, Sashank K, Patnaik S, Kumar R, Jeon BH, Chakrabortty S, Tripathy SK, Mishra A. Antibacterial Efficacy of ZnO/Bentonite (Clay) Nanocomposites against Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:2783-2794. [PMID: 38250361 PMCID: PMC10795042 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has spurred the exploration of therapeutic nanomaterials such as ZnO nanoparticles. However, the inherent nonspecific toxicity of ZnO has posed a significant obstacle to their clinical utilization. In this research, we propose a novel approach to improve the selectivity of the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles by impregnating them onto a less toxic clay mineral, Bentonite, resulting in ZB nanocomposites (ZB NCs). We hypothesize that these ZB NCs not only reduce toxicity toward both normal and carcinogenic cell lines but also retain the antibacterial properties of pure ZnO nanoparticles. To test this hypothesis, we synthesized ZB NCs by using a precipitation technique and confirmed their structural characteristics through X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Electron microscopy revealed composite particles in the size range of 20-50 nm. The BET surface area of ZB NCs, within a relative pressure (P/P0) range of 0.407-0.985, was estimated to be 31.182 m2/g. Notably, 50 mg/mL ZB NCs demonstrated biocompatibility with HCT 116 and HEK 293 cell lines, supported by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy analysis. In vitro experiments further confirmed a remarkable five-log reduction in the population of MDR Escherichia coli in the presence of 50 mg/mL of ZB NCs. Antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites was also validated in the HEK293 and HCT 116 cell lines. These findings substantiate our hypothesis and underscore the effectiveness of ZB NCs against MDR E. coli while minimizing nonspecific toxicity toward healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanta
Kumar Behera
- School
of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial
Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
- IMGENEX
India Pvt. Ltd., Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Gausal A. Khan
- Department
of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Al Ahsa 31982, KSA
| | - Swati Sucharita Singh
- School
of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial
Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Bhumika Jena
- School
of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial
Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Kali Sashank
- School
of Chemical Technology, Kalinga Institute
of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Srinivas Patnaik
- School
of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial
Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department
of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic
of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department
of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic
of Korea
| | - Sankha Chakrabortty
- School
of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial
Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
- School
of Chemical Technology, Kalinga Institute
of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Suraj K. Tripathy
- School
of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial
Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
- School
of Chemical Technology, Kalinga Institute
of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Amrita Mishra
- School
of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial
Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
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El-Far M, Essam A, El-Senduny FF, El-Azim AO, Yahia S, El-Sherbiny IM. Novel highly effective combination of naturally-derived quercetin and ascorbyl palmitate and their nanoformulations as an advancement therapy of cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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4
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Javaheri-Ghezeldizaj F, Ghaffari M, Nazhad Dolatabadi JE, Dehghan P. In vitro safety assessment of alkyl lactate esters in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:11-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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5
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El-Far M, Essam A, El-Senduny FF, Abd El-Azim AO, Yahia S, El-Sherbiny IM. Potential use of nanoformulated ascorbyl palmitate as a promising anticancer agent: First comparative assessment between nano and free forms. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Kim HB, Ryu S, Baek JS. The Effect of Hot-Melt Extrusion of Mulberry Leaf on the Number of Active Compounds and Antioxidant Activity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3019. [PMID: 36432749 PMCID: PMC9697546 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare the functions of the physiologically active compounds of three types of mulberry leaf by cultivar, and to confirm the changes using hot-melt extrusion (HME-ML). The active components of mulberry leaf were analyzed using the HPLC system, and total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity were measured. Among the three varieties, the highest contents of rutin and isoquercetin were detected in Cheongil, of TPC in Cheongol, and of TFC in Cheongil. It was confirmed that this bio-accessibility was increased in HME-ML compared with the control. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of Cheongol showed greater antioxidant properties, and HME showed improvement in the antioxidant properties of all mulberry leaves. These results suggest that the application of HME technology can improve the biological activities of mulberry leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Bok Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Suji Ryu
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jong-Suep Baek
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25949, Korea
- BeNatureBioLab, Cuncheon 24206, Korea
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7
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Khezerlou A, Akhlaghi AP, Alizadeh AM, Dehghan P, Maleki P. Alarming impact of the excessive use of tert-butylhydroquinone in food products: A narrative review. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1066-1075. [PMID: 36561954 PMCID: PMC9764193 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) is a food additive commonly used as a more effective protectant in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, the long-term exposure to TBHQ at higher doses (0.7 mg/kg) results in substantial danger to public health and brings a series of side effects, including cytotoxic, genotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects. As a result, the global burden of chronic diseases has fascinated consumers and governments regarding the safety assessment of food additives. Regarding contradictory reports of various research about the application of food additives, the accurate monitoring of food additives is urgent. Notwithstanding, there are reports of the therapeutic effects of TBHQ under pathologic conditions through activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Thus, further investigations are required to investigate the impact of TBHQ on public health and evaluate its mechanism of action on various organs and cells. Therefore, this review aimed to investigate TBHQ safety through an overview of its impacts on different tissues, cells, and biological macromolecules as well as its therapeutic effects under pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezou Khezerlou
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir pouya Akhlaghi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Parvin Dehghan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Corresponding author.
| | - Parham Maleki
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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8
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Zhao Y, Li B, Li C, Xu Y, Luo Y, Liang D, Huang C. Comprehensive Review of Polysaccharide-Based Materials in Edible Packaging: A Sustainable Approach. Foods 2021; 10:1845. [PMID: 34441621 PMCID: PMC8392450 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible packaging is a sustainable product and technology that uses one kind of "food" (an edible material) to package another kind of food (a packaged product), and organically integrates food with packaging through ingenious material design. Polysaccharides are a reliable source of edible packaging materials with excellent renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible properties, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Using polysaccharide-based materials effectively reduces the dependence on petroleum resources, decreases the carbon footprint of the "product-packaging" system, and provides a "zero-emission" scheme. To date, they have been commercialized and developed rapidly in the food (e.g., fruits and vegetables, meat, nuts, confectioneries, and delicatessens, etc.) packaging industry. However, compared with petroleum-based polymers and plastics, polysaccharides still have limitations in film-forming, mechanical, barrier, and protective properties. Therefore, they need to be improved by reasonable material modifications (chemical or physical modification). This article comprehensively reviews recent research advances, hot issues, and trends of polysaccharide-based materials in edible packaging. Emphasis is given to fundamental compositions and properties, functional modifications, food-packaging applications, and safety risk assessment of polysaccharides (including cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, chitosan, and polysaccharide gums). Therefore, to provide a reference for the development of modern edible packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Z.); (B.L.); (C.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (C.H.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Z.); (B.L.); (C.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (C.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Processing Suitability and Quality Control of the Special Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Wanning 571533, China
| | - Cuicui Li
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Z.); (B.L.); (C.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Yangfan Xu
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Z.); (B.L.); (C.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Yi Luo
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Z.); (B.L.); (C.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Dongwu Liang
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Z.); (B.L.); (C.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Chongxing Huang
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Z.); (B.L.); (C.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (C.H.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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9
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Bayat P, Pakravan P, Salouti M, Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi J. Lysine Decorated Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Epirubicin for Cancer Targeting and Therapy. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 11:96-103. [PMID: 33747856 PMCID: PMC7961234 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Cancer is an example of the most important growing diseases in human society and scientists are trying to treat it without considerable side effects on patient’s health. Solid lipids are colloidal nanoparticles that were used in drug delivery due to their several advantages. Methods: In this work, surface modified targeted solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were fabricated by nano-homogenizer using tripalmitin glyceride and stearic acid as lipid constituents. The size of nanoparticles and morphological evaluations were surveyed using particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy; Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results: The particle size of 148.5 and appropriate polydispersity index were achieved for lipid nanoparticles with an entrapment efficiency of 86.1%. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the coupling of lysine to the free functional group of SLNs. DSC proved the conjugation of amino acid to the surface of carriers. The in vitro epirubicin (EPI) release test exhibited the further controlled release phenomenon for the lysine conjugated nanoparticles. The cytotoxicity assay showed lower IC50 of lysine conjugated SLNs of EPI on the investigated cell line. Conclusion: These studies showed that the fabricated targeted carrier has a very remarkable anticancer effect on breast cancer cell lines in comparison with pure drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Bayat
- Department of Chemistry, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Pakravan
- Department of Chemistry, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Salouti
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
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10
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Antioxidant-mediated control of degradation and drug release from surface-eroding poly(ethylene carbonate). Acta Biomater 2020; 113:210-216. [PMID: 32623099 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Surface-eroding polymers are of significant interest for various applications in the field of controlled drug delivery. Poly(ethylene carbonate), as an example, offers little control over the rate of degradation and, thus, drug release, which usually conflicts with the requirements for long-acting medications. Here, we challenged an option to decelerate the degradation of poly(ethylene carbonate) in vitro and in vivo. When polymer films loaded with distinct antioxidants (vitamins) along with the model drugs leuprorelin and risperidone were incubated in superoxide radical solution and phagocyte culture, the mass loss and drug release from the delivery vehicle was a function of the type and dose of the utilized antioxidant. Once the polymer surface was "attacked" by reactive oxygen species, the antioxidants were released on demand quenching the polymer-degrading radicals. Accordingly, specific combinations of polymer and radical scavengers resulted in controlled release medications with an extended "life-time" of one month or longer, which is difficult to achieve for poly(ethylene carbonate) in the absence of antioxidants. A comparable degradation and drug release behavior was observed when antioxidant-loaded poly(ethylene carbonate) films were implanted in rats. Furthermore, linear correlations were obtained between the mass loss of the polymer films and the released fraction of drug (with slopes close to 1), a clear indication for the surface erosion of poly(ethylene carbonate) in vitro and in vivo. Overall, an addition of antioxidants to poly(ethylene carbonate)-based controlled drug delivery vehicles represents a reasonable approach to modify the performance of long-acting medications, especially when a "life time" of weeks to months needs to be achieved. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Surface-eroding poly(ethylene carbonate) (PEC) is of significant interest for long-acting injectable formulations. However, PEC offers only little control over the rate of degradation and, thus, drug release kinetics. We describe an option to decelerate the degradation rate of PEC in vitro and in vivo. When polymer films loaded with distinct antioxidants along with model drugs were incubated in superoxide radical solution, phagocyte culture and implanted in rats, their mass loss and drug release was a function of the type and dose of the utilized antioxidant. Accordingly, specific combinations of polymer and radical scavengers resulted in controlled release medications with an extended "life-time" of one month or longer, which is difficult to achieve for PEC in the absence of antioxidants.
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Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel K, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gürtler R, Husøy T, Manco M, Mennes W, Moldeus P, Passamonti S, Shah R, Waalkens‐Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Wright M, Dusemund B, Mortensen A, Turck D, Barmaz S, Smeraldi C, Tard A, Vianello G, Rincon AM, Gundert‐Remy U. Opinion on the re-evaluation of ascorbyl palmitate (E 304i) as a food additive in foods for infants below 16 weeks of age and the follow-up of its re-evaluation as a food additive for uses in foods for all population groups. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06153. [PMID: 32874329 PMCID: PMC7448004 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbyl palmitate (E 304(i)) was re-evaluated in 2015 by the former EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient sources added to Food (ANS). As a follow-up to this assessment, the Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) was requested to assess the safety of ascorbyl palmitate (E 304(i)) for its uses as food additive in food for infants below 16 weeks of age belonging to food categories 13.1.1 (Infant formulae) and 13.1.5.1 (Dietary foods for infants for special medical purposes and special formulae for infants) and as carry over in line with Annex III, Part 5 Section B to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008. In addition, the FAF Panel was requested to address the issues already identified during the re-evaluation of the food additive when used in food for the general population. The process involved the publication of a call for data to allow the interested business operators to provide the requested information to complete the risk assessment. On the basis of the data submitted by interested business operators and the considerations from the Panel, a revision of the existing EU specifications for ascorbyl palmitate (E 304 (i)) has been recommended. Based on in vitro data, the FAF Panel assumed that ascorbyl palmitate fully hydrolyses pre-systemically to ascorbic acid and palmitate. The Panel concluded that the intake of both metabolites, at the MPLs for ascorbyl palmitate as a food additive in infant formula belonging to FC 13.1.1 or in food for special medical purposes belonging to FC 13.1.5.1, does not raise health concerns.
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12
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Sharawi ZW. Therapeutic effect of Arthrocnemum machrostachyum methanolic extract on Ehrlich solid tumor in mice. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:153. [PMID: 32448237 PMCID: PMC7245743 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The anti-cancer effect of the halophyte Arthrocnemum indicum, a member of Arthrocnemum family of salt-tolerant plants, was evaluated against colorectal cancer cell, CaCo2. However, the anti-cancer effect of another halophyte Arthrocnemum machrostachyum was not investigated yet. Herein, the anticancer effect of A. machrostachyum methanolic extract (AME) was evaluated against Ehrlich solid tumor (EST) in mice and the potential mechanism of action was also studied. Methods Male Swiss albino mice (n = 28) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 7/group). Group 1 (negative control group); group 2 (EST) injected intramuscularly by 0.2 mL Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma (2 × 106 cells); and groups 3 and 4 injected intratumorally with AME (180 and 360 mg/kg body weight, respectively) at D12 trice weekly for 2 weeks. Gene expression, protein expression, DNA damage, and TNFa level in tumors were determined by real-time PCR, western blot, comet assay, and Elisa, respectively. Results Treatment with AME induced anti-tumor effects against EST as indicated by 1) notable reduction in tumor size; 2) elevation in tissue necrosis and apoptosis, as confirmed histologically; 3) increased DNA fragmentation; 4) decreased expression of the apoptotic genes (p53, Bax and caspase 3), and increased expression of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl2; 5) significantly upregulated cell cycle regulatory genes Cdc2 and connexin26, and; 6) decreased TNFa levels in tumor tissues. Interestingly, a high dose of AME exhibited a more potent anti-tumor effect against EST. Conclusion These findings indicate that AME has a potent antitumor effect against EST and could be used as an adjuvant to anticancer drugs to combat tumor, but after application of further confirmatory clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina W Sharawi
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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13
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Nazarparvar-Noshadi M, Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi J, Rasoulzadeh Y, Mohammadian Y, Shanehbandi D. Apoptosis and DNA damage induced by silica nanoparticles and formaldehyde in human lung epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:18592-18601. [PMID: 32198691 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to silica nanoparticles (SNPs) and formaldehyde (FA) is increasing and this has raised some concerns over their possible toxic effects on the exposed working populations. Notwithstanding several studies in this area, the combined toxicological effects of these contaminants have not been yet studied. Therefore, this in vitro study was designed to evaluate the SNPs and FA combined toxicity on human lung epithelial cells (A549 cells). The cells were exposed to SNPs and FA separately and in combined form and the single and combined toxicity of SNPs and FA were evaluated by focusing on cellular viability, DNA damage, and apoptosis via MTT, DAPI staining, DNA ladder, and Annexin V-FITC apoptosis assays. The results showed a significant increase in cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and chromatin fragmentation and late apoptotic\necrotic rates in combined treated cells compared with SNPs and FA-treated cells (P value < 0.05). Two-factorial analysis showed an additive toxic interaction between SNPs and FA. Eventually, this can be deduced that workers exposed simultaneously to SNPs and FA may be at high risk compared with exposure to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Nazarparvar-Noshadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Yahya Rasoulzadeh
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Yousef Mohammadian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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In vitro genotoxicity assessment of monopotassium glutamate and magnesium diglutamate. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104780. [PMID: 31978514 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Food additives are approved chemicals used for various purposes in foods; to provide nutritional safety, increase flavor, extend shelf life, reduce nutrient losses etc. In this study, the in vitro genotoxic effects of flavor enhancers, Monopotassium glutamate (MPG) and Magnesium diglutamate (MDG) were investigated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by using chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-Cyt), and comet assays. Four concentrations of MPG (125, 250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL) and MDG (93.75, 187.5, 375, and 750 μg/mL) were used. Both food additives significantly reduced mitotic index and increased the frequency of CAs at high concentrations. MPG and MDG (except 93.75 μg/mL) significantly increased SCEs/Cell in concentration-dependent manner. In the CBMN-Cyt test, both MPG and MDG increased the formation of micronucleus, nuclear buds, and nucleoplasmic bridges compared to control in a concentration-dependent manner. However, these increases were statistically significant at higher concentrations. MPG (at 500 and 1000 μg/mL) and MDG (except 93.75 μg/mL) significantly increased DNA damages observed by comet assay. It is concluded from these results that MPG and MDG have clastogenic, mutagenic, aneugenic, and cytotoxic effects, particularly at high concentrations in human lymphocytes in vitro.
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Barreto MR, Aleixo NA, Silvestre RB, Fregonezi NF, Barud HDS, Dias DDS, Ribeiro CA, Resende FA. Genotoxicological safety assessment of puree-only edible films from onion bulb (Allium cepa L.) for use in food packaging-related applications. J Food Sci 2019; 85:201-208. [PMID: 31876295 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The production of films and coatings from onion (Allium cepa L.) to be applied as packaging is attractive, due to its high nutritional and therapeutic value. Also, it can collaborate to minimize environmental impacts caused by the improper disposal of products made from plastics. However, despite it being an innovative and novel proposal, onion films for the development of edible packaging should be evaluated before being considered nontoxic and safe for human consumption. Thus, the objective of the present study was to elucidate the cytotoxic and mutagenic profile of eluates of polymer films of Allium cepa L. obtained by the casting process and to verify their safety for commercial purposes. The analysis of cellular viability demonstrated greater cytotoxicity for unwashed hydrothermally treated pulp (HTP) than for films of washed hydrothermally treated pulp (W-HTP). Regarding the mutagenic activity, the HTP and W-HTP films were not able to statistically increase the frequencies of the biomarkers for chromosome damage (micronucleus test) at the tested concentrations. However, the HTP films showed signs of mutagenicity in the Ames test (gene mutations), suggesting caution in their use. The detection of genotoxicity is highly recommended in order to avoid the risk of genotoxic exposure to mutagens and carcinogens. In conclusion, the absence of mutagenicity and cytotoxicity observed in this study is extremely relevant, because it provides support for toxicogenic properties of the Allium cepa films with promising applicability in the food industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The bioplastics made from onion bulbs are multifunctional materials, which requires safety profile assessment. The results of the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity tests suggests that especially the W-HTP films are harmless, supporting at the first level of evidence, its safety potential to be used in the food industry (food films), biodegradable packaging, and biomaterials (substrates for drug delivery system).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rodrigues Barreto
- UNIARA-Univ. of Araraquara, Dept. of Biological Sciences and Health, CEP 14801-340, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nadia Andrade Aleixo
- UNIARA-Univ. of Araraquara, Dept. of Biological Sciences and Health, CEP 14801-340, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Baldassari Silvestre
- UNIARA-Univ. of Araraquara, Dept. of Biological Sciences and Health, CEP 14801-340, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália Ferreira Fregonezi
- UNIARA-Univ. of Araraquara, Dept. of Biological Sciences and Health, CEP 14801-340, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernane da Silva Barud
- UNIARA-Univ. of Araraquara, Dept. of Biological Sciences and Health, CEP 14801-340, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Clovis Augusto Ribeiro
- São Paulo State Univ. (UNESP), Inst. of Chemistry, CEP 14800-060, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Aparecida Resende
- UNIARA-Univ. of Araraquara, Dept. of Biological Sciences and Health, CEP 14801-340, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Karimi Z, Ghaffari M, Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi J, Dehghan P. The protective effect of thymoquinone on tert-butylhydroquinone induced cytotoxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:1050-1056. [PMID: 32968481 PMCID: PMC7488589 DOI: 10.1039/c9tx00235a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
2-tert-Butyl-4-hydroquinone (TBHQ) is used for inhibition of oxidative rancidity in the food industry. However, this antioxidant can stimulate cytotoxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Thus, potential protective effects of thymoquinone (TQ) against TBHQ-induced cytotoxicity were investigated. Cytotoxicity was evaluated via MTT, flow cytometry, DAPI staining and DNA fragmentation methods. The obtained results revealed that treatment of HUVECs with TQ enhanced the cell viability rate and it had potential to reduce the cytotoxicity effect of TBHQ in cells. Also, in a combined regime of TQ and TBHQ, apoptosis was reduced compared to the cells treated with TBHQ (p < 0.05). Similarly, TQ had a protective effect on DNA and chromatin fragmentation of the cells treated with TBHQ. Finally, it can be concluded that TQ could be used as a protective agent against cytotoxicity induced by TBHQ in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Karimi
- Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
- Department of Food Science and Technology , Nutrition Research Center , Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran . ; ; Tel: +98 41 33376229
- Student Research Committee , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Maryam Ghaffari
- Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | | | - Parvin Dehghan
- Department of Food Science and Technology , Nutrition Research Center , Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran . ; ; Tel: +98 41 33376229
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Mohammadzadeh-Aghdash H, Akbari N, Esazadeh K, Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi J. Molecular and technical aspects on the interaction of serum albumin with multifunctional food preservatives. Food Chem 2019; 293:491-498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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