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Hulin J, Huddy V, Oliver P, Marshall J, Mohindra A, Delaney B, Mitchell C. Experiences of support for people who access voluntary, community and social enterprise (VCSE) organisations for self-harm: a qualitative study with stakeholder feedback. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1059. [PMID: 38627716 PMCID: PMC11020776 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of self-harm In England is rising, however contact with statutory services remains relatively low. There is growing recognition of the potential role voluntary, community and social enterprise sector (VCSE) organisations have in the provision of self-harm support. We aimed to explore individuals' experiences of using these services and the barriers and facilitators to accessing support. METHODS Qualitative, online interviews with 23 adults (18+) who have accessed support from VCSE organisations for self-harm in the Yorkshire and the Humber region were undertaken. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was undertaken using NVivo software. RESULTS Participants described how a lack of service flexibility and the perception that their individual needs were not being heard often made them less likely to engage with both statutory and VCSE organisations. The complexity of care pathways made it difficult for them to access appropriate support when required, as did a lack of awareness of the types of support available. Participants described how engagement was improved by services that fostered a sense of community. The delivery of peer support played a key role in creating this sense of belonging. Education and workplace settings were also viewed as key sources of support for individuals, with a lack of mental health literacy acting as a barrier to access in these environments. CONCLUSIONS VCSE organisations can play a crucial role in the provision of support for self-harm, however, pathways into these services remain complex and links between statutory and non-statutory services need to be strengthened. The provision of peer support is viewed as a crucial component of effective support in VCSE organisations. Further supervision and training should be offered to those providing peer support to ensure that their own mental health is protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Hulin
- Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research (SCHARR), School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Vyv Huddy
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Phillip Oliver
- Primary Medical Care Research, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jack Marshall
- Primary Medical Care Research, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Aarti Mohindra
- Primary Medical Care Research, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Brigitte Delaney
- Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research (SCHARR), School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Primary Medical Care Research, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Caroline Mitchell
- Primary Medical Care Research, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Sarwahi V, Hasan S, Rao H, Visahan K, Grunfeld M, Dzaugis P, Wendolowski S, Vora R, Galina J, Lo Y, Moguilevitch M, Thornhill B, Amaral T, DiMauro JP. Does a dedicated "Scoliosis Team" and surgical standardization improve outcomes in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery and is it reproducible? Spine Deform 2023; 11:1409-1418. [PMID: 37507585 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-023-00728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to determine if standardization improves adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgery outcomes and whether it is transferrable between institutions. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of AIS patients operated between 2009 and 2021 at two institutions (IA and IB). Each institution consisted of a non-standardized (NST) and standardized group (ST). In 2015, surgeons changed institutions (IA- > IB). Reproducibility was determined between institutions. Median and interquartile ranges (IQR), Kruskal-Wallis, and χ2 tests were used. RESULTS 500 consecutive AIS patients were included. Age (p = 0.06), body mass index (p = 0.74), preoperative Cobb angle (p = 0.53), and levels fused (p = 0.94) were similar between institutions. IA-ST and IB-ST had lower blood loss (p < 0.001) and shorter surgical time (p < 0.001). IB-ST had significantly shorter hospital stay (p < 0.001) and transfusion rate (p = 0.007) than IB-NST. Standardized protocols in IB-ST reduced costs by 18.7%, significantly lowering hospital costs from $74,794.05 in IB-NST to $60,778.60 for IB-ST (p < 0.001). Annual analysis of surgical time revealed while implementation of standardized protocols decreased operative time within IA, when surgeons transitioned to IB, and upon standardization, IB operative time values decreased once again, and continued to decrease annually. Additions to standardized protocol in IB temporarily affected the operative time, before stabilizing. CONCLUSION Surgeon-led standardized AIS approach and streamlined surgical steps improve outcomes and efficiency, is transferrable between institutions, and adjusts to additional protocol changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Sarwahi
- Billie and George Ross Center for Advanced Pediatric Orthopaedics and Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Hofstra School of Medicine, 7 Vermont Drive, Lake Success, New Hyde Park, NY, 11042, USA.
| | - Sayyida Hasan
- Billie and George Ross Center for Advanced Pediatric Orthopaedics and Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Hofstra School of Medicine, 7 Vermont Drive, Lake Success, New Hyde Park, NY, 11042, USA
| | - Himanshu Rao
- New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Keshin Visahan
- Billie and George Ross Center for Advanced Pediatric Orthopaedics and Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Hofstra School of Medicine, 7 Vermont Drive, Lake Success, New Hyde Park, NY, 11042, USA
| | | | - Peter Dzaugis
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Stephen Wendolowski
- Billie and George Ross Center for Advanced Pediatric Orthopaedics and Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Hofstra School of Medicine, 7 Vermont Drive, Lake Success, New Hyde Park, NY, 11042, USA
| | - Rushabh Vora
- Billie and George Ross Center for Advanced Pediatric Orthopaedics and Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Hofstra School of Medicine, 7 Vermont Drive, Lake Success, New Hyde Park, NY, 11042, USA
| | - Jesse Galina
- Billie and George Ross Center for Advanced Pediatric Orthopaedics and Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Hofstra School of Medicine, 7 Vermont Drive, Lake Success, New Hyde Park, NY, 11042, USA
| | - Yungtai Lo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Terry Amaral
- Billie and George Ross Center for Advanced Pediatric Orthopaedics and Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Hofstra School of Medicine, 7 Vermont Drive, Lake Success, New Hyde Park, NY, 11042, USA
| | - Jon-Paul DiMauro
- Billie and George Ross Center for Advanced Pediatric Orthopaedics and Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Hofstra School of Medicine, 7 Vermont Drive, Lake Success, New Hyde Park, NY, 11042, USA
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Wippold GM, Frary SG, Garcia KA, Wilson DK. Implementing barbershop-based health-promotion interventions for Black men: A systematic scoping review. Health Psychol 2023; 42:435-447. [PMID: 37227823 PMCID: PMC10330434 DOI: 10.1037/hea0001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Health-promotion efforts among Black men in the United States have been limited in their ability to recruit, retain, and produce meaningful health-related changes. These difficulties have led to Black men being referred to as a "hard-to-reach" population-a designation that places undue blame on these men as opposed to the dissemination and implementation strategies being used by health-promotion specialists. Gender- and race-based strategies that align with the lived experiences of these men are likely to circumvent these challenges. Barbershops are cultural institutions that are uniquely positioned to promote health among Black men. There is little guidance on how to develop, implement, and evaluate barbershop-based efforts. This scoping review seeks to provide this guidance by applying the RE-AIM framework to analyze existing interventions. METHOD Information was identified by searching the following bibliographic databases: PubMed, EMBASE PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science. A grey literature search was conducted using Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov. Results were uploaded to Rayyan. Each article was independently and blindly assessed by two reviewers. A third reviewer blindly resolved any discrepancies. Data were then independently extracted by the two reviewers. Discrepancies were flagged and resolved collaboratively. RESULTS Results indicate that barbershop-based health-promotion efforts that prioritize community engagement and intentional alignment to the gender- and race-based lived experiences of Black men are likely to result in satisfactory recruitment, retention, and health-related changes among these men. CONCLUSIONS More intervention efforts are needed that target young Black adults, rural Black men, mental health outcomes, and which implement peer-to-peer models. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Wippold GM, Frary SG. The Role of Modifiable, Self-Empowerment-Oriented Variables to Promote Health-Related Quality of Life Among Inadequately Insured Americans. JOURNAL OF PREVENTION (2022) 2022; 43:95-110. [PMID: 34773547 PMCID: PMC8924987 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-021-00652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inadequately insured Americans experience a disproportionately low health-related quality of life (HRQoL)-a multidimensional and subjective indicator of health associated with premature mortality. Although the inadequately insured are a growing and at-risk group of individuals, little research has examined factors associated with HRQoL within this population. Health Self-Empowerment Theory (HSET) and precision prevention influenced the conceptualization of this study. HSET is a health empowerment theory that recognizes the effects of certain cognitive-behavioral variables on health promotion within at-risk groups. Precision prevention advocates for individual or precise group-specific tailored and optimized health promotion approaches based on key sociodemographic variables. We investigated the impact of HSET variables on mental and physical HRQoL among 279 inadequately insured women and men who completed a questionnaire assessing HRQoL, health self-efficacy, health motivation, and active coping. Among the women in our sample, results indicate that exercise and psychological well-being self-efficacy were significantly and positively associated with mental and physical HRQoL. Among men, psychological well-being and responsible health practices self-efficacy, in addition to active coping, were significantly and positively associated with mental HRQoL. Psychological well-being self-efficacy and active coping were significantly and positively associated with physical HRQoL among men. The findings of our study suggest that HSET variables play an important role in the development of tailored HRQoL-promotion interventions for inadequately insured Americans, and that the roles of those variables may differ based on gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo M Wippold
- Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Avenue, Mailbox 38, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Sarah Grace Frary
- Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Avenue, Mailbox 38, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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Bartels EA, Meijboom BR, Venrooij LMWNV, de Vries E. How service modularity can provide the flexibility to support person-centered care and shared decision-making. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1245. [PMID: 34789259 PMCID: PMC8600923 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Today’s healthcare provision is facing several challenges, that cause the level of complexity to increase at a greater rate than the managerial capacity to effectively deal with it. One of these challenges is the demand for person-centered care in an approach that is tuned towards shared decision-making. Flexibility is needed to adequately respond to individual needs. Methods We elaborate on the potential of service modularity as a foundation for person-centered care delivered in a shared decision-making context, and examine to what extent this can improve healthcare. We primarily focused on theory building. To support our effort and gain insight into how service modularity is currently discussed and applied in healthcare, we conducted a scoping review. Results Descriptions of actual implementations of modularity in healthcare are rare. Nevertheless, applying a modular perspective can be beneficial to healthcare service improvement since those service modularity principles that are still missing can often be fulfilled relatively easily to improve healthcare practice. Service modularity offers a way towards flexible configuration of services, facilitating the composition of tailored service packages. Moreover, it can help to provide insight into the possibilities of care for both healthcare professionals and patients. Conclusions We argue that applying a modular frame to healthcare services can contribute to individualized, holistic care provision and can benefit person-centered care. Furthermore, insight into the possibilities of care can help patients express their preferences, increasing their ability to actively participate in a shared decision-making process. Nevertheless, it remains essential that the healthcare professional actively collaborates with the patient in composing the care package, for which we propose a model. Altogether, we posit this can improve healthcare practice, especially for the people receiving care. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-021-07267-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Bartels
- Department of Management, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - B R Meijboom
- Department of Management, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands. .,Tranzo, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands. .,Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organization, Ghent University, Tweekerkenstraat 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - L M W Nahar-van Venrooij
- Jeroen Bosch Academy Research, Jeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis, PO Box 90153, B1.02.014, 5200ME, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - E de Vries
- Tranzo, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands.,Jeroen Bosch Academy Research, Jeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis, PO Box 90153, B1.02.014, 5200ME, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
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Wippold GM, Frary SG, Abshire D, Wilson DK. Peer-to-peer health promotion interventions among African American men: a scoping review protocol. Syst Rev 2021; 10:184. [PMID: 34154638 PMCID: PMC8218504 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01737-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health promotion efforts among African American men have been met with significant challenges and have produced limited results. Interventions that do not align with the values, perspectives, and preferences of African American men often produce less effective results. Research among African American men has provided compelling evidence that these men prefer informal networks of health support. Recent successful health promotion efforts among these men have benefited from peer-to-peer models of implementation. To date, no known scoping or systematic review of peer-to-peer health promotion interventions among African American men has been conducted. The goal of this scoping review is to understand the extent of, design, implementation, and use of peer-to-peer interventions to promote health, improve quality of life, and prevent disease among African American men. METHODS A review of the literature will be performed in PubMED, EMBASE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and Web of Science. The development of this protocol was guided by the work of Arksey and O'Malley and the PICOS statement. Reporting will be guided by the PRISMA-ScR checklist. Eligible studies include those testing the effects of a peer-to-peer health promotion intervention targeting African American men. A comparison group will not be required. For the purposes of the current review, "peers" will be limited to other African American men. An initial screening of the titles and abstracts of potentially eligible studies will be completed by two independent reviewers. The full text of records that appear to meet the eligibility criteria will be accessed and further screened. Data will then be extracted and collected using a custom Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Extracted data will include authors' name and publication year, target health issue(s), design of the intervention, components of the intervention, peer-led components of the intervention, peer role, length and type of training for peer leaders, intervention duration, frequency of the intervention, study design and number of participants, and main outcomes. Finally, results will be presented in table format and summarized in text format. DISCUSSION Results will have implications for the design, implementation, and evaluation of health promotion interventions among African American men. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020198664.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo M. Wippold
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Avenue, Barnwell College, Mailbox 38, Columbia, South Carolina 29208 USA
| | - Sarah Grace Frary
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Avenue, Barnwell College, Mailbox 38, Columbia, South Carolina 29208 USA
| | | | - Dawn K. Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Avenue, Barnwell College, Mailbox 38, Columbia, South Carolina 29208 USA
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Kupcewicz E, Grochans E, Kadučáková H, Mikla M, Bentkowska A, Kupcewicz A, Andruszkiewicz A, Jóźwik M. Personalized Healthcare: The Importance of Patients' Rights in Clinical Practice from the Perspective of Nursing Students in Poland, Spain and Slovakia-A Cross-Sectional Study. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11030191. [PMID: 33799524 PMCID: PMC7999689 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to define the role and importance of patients’ rights in personalized healthcare from the perspective of nursing students in Poland, Spain and Slovakia. Methods: The research was carried out by means of a diagnostic survey, using the survey technique, with the participation of 1002 nursing students attending a full-time undergraduate study program at three European countries. The “Patients’ rights” questionnaire was used as a research tool. The average age of students was 21.6 years (±3.4). The empirical material collected was subjected to a statistical analysis. Results: The study demonstrated that 72.1% of nursing students from Spain, 51.2% from Poland and 38.5% from Slovakia believe that patients’ rights are respected at a good level in their country. Significant intergroup differences (F = 67.43; p < 0.0001) were observed in the self-assessment of students’ knowledge of patients’ rights. The highest average values were obtained by students from Spain (3.54 ± 0.92), while 35.9% of students from Slovakia and 25.5% from Poland were quite critical and pointed to their low level of knowledge of patients’ rights in their self-assessment. When ranking patients’ rights related to respecting dignity, students from Spain obtained much higher average values (4.37 ± 0.92) than students from the other two countries. Conclusions: The level of students’ knowledge of patients’ rights and the respect for patients’ rights by medical personnel is, in the opinion of the respondents, quite diverse and requires in-depth educational activities among nursing students at the university level in respective countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kupcewicz
- Department of Nursing, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 14 C Zolnierska Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-696-076-764
| | - Elżbieta Grochans
- Department of Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 48 Zolnierska Street, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Helena Kadučáková
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Catholic University in Ruzomberok, 48 A. Hlinku Street, 034-01 Ruzomberok, Slovakia;
| | - Marzena Mikla
- Department of Nursing, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, Edificio 23, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
- Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Bentkowska
- Oncological and General Surgery Clinic, University Clinical Hospital in Olsztyn, 30 Warszawska Street, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Adam Kupcewicz
- Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 2 Oczapowskiego Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Anna Andruszkiewicz
- Department of Basic Clinical Skills and Postgraduate Education for Nurses and Midwifes, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Łukasiewicza 1 Street, 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Marcin Jóźwik
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 44 Niepodleglosci Street, 10-045 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Oeser G, Romano P. Exploring risk pooling in hospitals to reduce demand and lead time uncertainty. OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT RESEARCH 2020. [PMCID: PMC7728578 DOI: 10.1007/s12063-020-00171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AbstractNearly every eighth German hospital faces an elevated risk of bankruptcy. An inappropriate use of inventory management practices is among the causes. Hospitals suffer from demand and lead time uncertainty, and the current COVID-19 pandemic worsened the plight. The popular business logistics concept of risk pooling has been shown to reduce these uncertainties in industry and trade, but has been neglected as a variability reduction method in healthcare operations research and practice. Based on a survey with 223 German hospitals, this study explores how ten risk pooling methods can be adapted and applied in the healthcare context to reduce economic losses while maintaining a given service level. The results suggest that in general risk pooling may improve the economic situation of hospitals and, in particular, inventory pooling, transshipments, and product substitution for medications and consumer goods are the most effective methods in the healthcare context, while form postponement may be unsuitable for hospitals due to the required efforts, delay in treatments, and liability issues. The application of risk pooling in healthcare requires willingness to exchange information and to cooperate, adequate IT infrastructure, compatibility, adherence to healthcare laws and regulations, and securing the immediate treatment of emergencies. Compared to manufacturing and trading companies, hospitals seem to currently neglect the variability reducing effect of risk pooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Oeser
- Faculty of Business and Health, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pietro Romano
- Department of Electrical, Management and Mechanical Engineering, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Wippold GM, Tucker CM, Hogan ML, Bellamy PL. Motivators of and Barriers to Drinking Healthy Beverages among a Sample of Diverse Adults in Bronx, NY. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2020.1740118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Mannion R, Exworthy M. Researching the Co-Existence and Continuity of Standardization and Customization in Healthcare: A Response to Recent Commentaries. Int J Health Policy Manag 2018; 7:572-573. [PMID: 29935138 PMCID: PMC6015515 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2018.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Russell Mannion
- Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Exworthy
- Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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