Protective effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy and Bone Marrow Stromal Stem Cells Conditioned Media on Pheochromocytoma Cell Line 12 Against Oxidative Stress Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide

Does Tramadol Exposure Have Unfavorable Effects on Hippocampus? A Review Study

Background

Tramadol, one of the most common opioid pain relievers, acts upon the µ-receptor in the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate pain associated with various situations like postoperative pain, arthritis, and muscular pain. Additionally, it has been utilized to address depression and anxiety disorders. Extensive research has shown that tramadol can potentially inflict irreversible harm on different regions of the CNS, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, amygdala, and, notably, the hippocampal formation. However, the precise mechanism behind these effects remains unclear. Within this study, we conducted a comprehensive examination of the impacts of tramadol on the CNS, specifically focusing on hippocampal formation.

Methods

In this study, we collected relevant articles published between 2000 and 2022 by conducting searches using specific keywords, including tramadol, tramadol hydrochloride, central nervous system, hippocampus, and hippocampal formation, in various databases.

Findings

The results of this study proposed several processes by which tramadol may impact the CNS, including the induction of apoptosis, autophagy, excessive production of free radicals, and dysfunction of cellular organelles. These processes ultimately lead to disturbances in neural cell function, particularly within the hippocampus. Furthermore, it is revealed that tramadol administration led to a significant decrease in the neural cell count and the volume of various regions within the brain and spinal cord.

Conclusion

Consequently, neuropsychological impairments, such as memory formation, attention deficits, and cognitive impairment, may happen. This finding highlights the potential impacts of tramadol on neural structures and warrants further investigation.

Topical administration of Juglans regia L. leaf extract accelerates diabetic wound healing

Background

Diabetic wounds are one of the most important issues in diabetic patients. It seems that Juglans regia L. leaf with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials can be profitable for healing of diabetic wounds. The aim of present study was to investigate the topical administration of Juglans regia L. leaf extract in diabetic wound healing.

Methods

Seventy-five diabetic male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 15), including: untreated (Control) group, Eucerin group, 2% Juglans regia L. ointment (JRL 2%) group, 5% Juglans regia L. ointment (JRL 5%) group, and Phenytoin group as a reference drug. Sampling was performed at days 7, 14, and 21 after surgery. Evaluation tests included stereology, immunohistochemistry, molecular, and biomechanical.

Results

Our results showed that the wound closure rate, volumes of newly formed of epidermis and dermis, density of fibroblasts and blood vessels, collagen deposition, density of proliferation cells, expression levels of TGF-β and VEGF genes, and biomechanical characteristics were significantly higher in extract groups compared to control and eucerin groups, however, these changes were considerable in the JRL 5% group (P < 0.05). This is while that the density of neutrophils and expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1β genes in the extract groups, especially in the JRL 5% group, were significantly reduced compared to control and eucerin groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Topical administration of Juglans regia L. leaf extract, especially in 5% concentration, considerably accelerates diabetic wound healing.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03735-6.

The Effect of bisphenol A and Photobiomodulation Therapy on Autophagy-Related Genes Induction in Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells

Introduction: As adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can divide rapidly and be prepared non-invasively, they have extensively been used in regenerative medicine. On the other hand, a new method of therapy, known as photobiomodulation (PHT), has been used to treat many diseases, such as inflammatory conditions, wound healing and pain. Besides, exposure to chemical substances such as bisphenol A (BPA), at low levels, can lead to autophagy. This study investigated the effects of BPA and PHT on the expression of autophagy-related genes, including LC3, NRF2, P62, in rat ADSCs as a model. Methods: ADSCs isolation and purification were confirmed by immunocytochemistry (ICC). The cells were then treated with different concentrations of BPA and also subjected to PHT. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for the evaluation of LC3, NRF2 and P62 gene expressions. Oil red O staining was used for adipogenic vacuole formation. Result: ICC showed that the isolated cells were CD 49-positive but CD 31 and CD 34-negative. The viability test indicated that the number of live cells after 24 hours in the BPA groups at concentrations of 0, 1, 50, 100 and 200 μM was 100%, 93%, 81%, 72%, and 43% respectively. The difference in cell viability between groups 50, 100 and 200 μM was significant as compared with the control groups (P<0.05). Moreover, in the group with 1 μM concentration of BPA, the expressions of LC3, NRF2 and P62 genes were upregulated. However, in the treatment group at the concentration of 200 μM of BPA, the LC3 gene was expressed, but NRF2 and P62 genes were downregulated. Conclusion: BPA and PHT induce autophagy and adiposeness in ADSCs in a dose-dependent manner.

Hydroxy-α-sanshool Possesses Protective Potentials on H2O2-Stimulated PC12 Cells by Suppression of Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis through Regulation of PI3K/Akt Signal Pathway

Zanthoxylum bungeanum pericarp is a commonly used herbal medicine in China with effects of anti-inflammatory and analgesic, improving learning and memory ability, while hydroxy-α-sanshool (HAS) is the most important active ingredient of Z. bungeanum pericarps. The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of HAS and its related possible mechanisms using a H₂O₂-stimulated PC12 cell model. CCK-8 assay results showed that HAS had a significant protective effect on H₂O₂-stimulated PC12 cells without obvious cytotoxicity on normal PC12 cells. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscope (DAPI staining and DCFH-DA staining) indicated that HAS could reduce the H₂O₂-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells via reduction of intracellular ROS and increase of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Subsequently, results of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) determination suggested that HAS could increase the enzyme activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px whereas it could decrease the MDA contents in H₂O₂-stimulated PC12 cells. Furthermore, the western blotting assays showed that HAS could upregulate the expressions of p-PI3k, Akt, p-Akt, and Bcl-2, while it could downregulate the expressions of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax in H₂O₂-stimulated PC12 cells. Collectively, it could be concluded according to our results that HAS possesses protective potentials on H₂O₂-stimulated PC12 cells through suppression of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via regulation of PI3K/Akt signal pathway.

Cyclovirobuxine D protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the principal cause of death in people with diabetes. However, there is currently no effective strategy to prevent the development of DCM. Although cyclovirobuxine D (CVB-D) has been widely used to treat multiple cardiovascular diseases, the possible beneficial effects of CVB-D on DCM remained unknown. The present aim was to explore the potential effects and underlying mechanisms of CVB-D on DCM. We explored the effects of CVB-D in DCM by using high fat high sucrose diet and streptozotocin-induced rat DCM model. Cardiac function and survival in rats with DCM were improved via the amelioration of oxidative damage after CVB-D treatment. Our data also demonstrated that pre-treatment with CVB-D exerted a remarkable cytoprotective effect against high glucose -or H₂O₂ -induced neonatal rat cardiomyocyte damage via the suppression of reactive oxygen species accumulation and restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential; this effect was associated with promotion of Nrf2 nuclear translocation and its downstream antioxidative stress signals (NQO-1, Prdx1). Overall, the present data has provided the first evidence that CVB-D has potential therapeutic in DCM, mainly by activation of the Nrf2 signalling pathway to suppress oxidative stress. Our findings also have positive implications on the novel promising clinical applications of CVB-D.