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Hills SP, Izri E, Howells D, Lonergan B, Kilduff LP, Waldron M. Assessing the locomotor demands of international men's and women's rugby sevens match-play according to passage of play. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304186. [PMID: 38875265 PMCID: PMC11178175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of discrete passages of play on locomotor demands of international men's and women's rugby sevens matches and their relationship with winning or losing. Thirteen men's and thirteen women's international rugby sevens players wore 10 Hz Global Positioning Systems during twelve Tokyo Olympic games matches (966 observations; 507 for men, 459 for women). Discrete ball-in-play periods were categorised as: 'Single-phase defence', 'single-phase attack', 'multi-phase defence', 'multi-phase attack', 'multi-phase defence to attack', or 'multi-phase attack to defence'. Relative total distance, alongside high-speed (>5.0 m∙s-1), acceleration (>3 m∙s-2), and deceleration (>3 m∙s-2) distances were recorded for each passage. Separately for men and women, linear mixed models examined the effect of passage type and match outcome (win or loss) on locomotor demands, whilst controlling for opposition ranking. In men, relative total distance ranged from 137 m∙min-1 to 174 m∙min-1 for 'multi-phase defence to attack' and 'multi-phase attack', respectively. In women, 'multi-phase attack' elicited the lowest relative total distance (118 m∙min-1), whereas the greatest values (186 m∙min-1) were recorded for 'single-phase defence'. For men, there were significant interactions between match outcome and passage type for relative total (p<0.001) and high-speed (p = 0.006) distance. During 'multi-phase attack', relative total distance was greater for wins versus losses (174 vs 138 m.min-1, p = 0.024). However, for 'single-phase defence', relative total distance was lower for wins (128 vs 164 m.min-1, p<0.001). For women, there were significant interactions between match outcome and passage type for relative total (p = 0.036), high-speed (p = 0.003), and deceleration (p = 0.015) distances. Locomotor responses were influenced by passage type and match result for men and women. Knowing the demands of each passage type may inform training drills targeted at developing match-play-specific physical, technical, and tactical adaptations. Understanding how passages differ between matches won and lost could also inform team technical/tactical preparation including selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Hills
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Erwan Izri
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Howells
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Lonergan
- Chelsea Football Club, Cobham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Waldron
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Brosnan RJ, Visentin D, Watson G, Twentyman C, Stuart W, Schmidt M. Match-play movement demands of international and domestic women's rugby sevens players in an elite dual-level tournament. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024; 8:84-93. [PMID: 36449350 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2153157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize and compare match-play movement demands via Global Positioning Systems (GPS) between international and domestic women's rugby sevens players performing in a novel elite dual-level tournament, with consideration to position and tournament characteristics. DESIGN Fifty-four rugby sevens players; twenty-one international(5 speed edges, 8 backs, 8 forwards), and thirty-three domestic(10 speed edges, 11 backs, 12 forwards) wore GPS devices during an elite dual-level tournament covering 2 seasons, with 367 full match-play data files analysed. Internationaland domestic players were distributed evenly between competing teams. METHODS Match-play movement demands were characterized by distance, speed, and acceleration-based indices from 5 to 10 Hz GPS devices. RESULTS International players recorded significantly higher high-intensity match-play movement demands compared to domestic players in distance in high and very high-speed zones (P = 0.01, P = 0.03, P = 0.01, P = 0.03), maximal acceleration (P = 0.001), maximal velocity (P < .001), speed exertion (P = 0.01), , and acceleration load density (P = 0.03) . Positional analysis demonstrated forwards displayed the largest significant differences between international and domestic players. . Total and relative match-play movement demands of the dual-leveltournament also showed comparable demands to previous international tournament research . CONCLUSIONS Results identify key points of difference in match-play movement demands between player levels in women's rugby sevens, and provides important information on the characteristics of playing positions, and of a dual-level tournament of this nature. This will improve the design and implementation of structures from domestic to international level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Brosnan
- Sports and Performance Optimisation Research Team; University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Denis Visentin
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Greig Watson
- Sports and Performance Optimisation Research Team; University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Craig Twentyman
- New Zealand Warriors, National Rugby League, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Will Stuart
- Australian Rugby Football Union, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew Schmidt
- Sports and Performance Optimisation Research Team; University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
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James C, Rees J, Chong H, Taylor L, Beaven CM, Henderson M, Baker JS. Blood Lactate Responses of Male and Female Players Across an International Rugby Sevens Tournament. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:927-936. [PMID: 37597843 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated within- and between-matches blood lactate (La-) responses across an international Rugby Sevens tournament (5 matches over 2 d) in male and female players. METHODS Earlobe blood samples were taken from 25 professional players around matches: before warm-up (PRE), immediately upon finishing match participation (POST), and 30 minutes postmatch (30 min). RESULTS POST [La-] (mean [SD], range) for males was 10.3 (3.2; 2.9-20.2) mmol·L-1 and for females was 9.1 (2.3; 3.4-14.6) mmol·L-1. Linear mixed-effects models revealed a decrease in POST [La-] after match 5, compared to match 1. Increased PRE [La-] was found before match 2 (+0.8 [0.6-1.1] mmol·L-1), match 3 (+0.8 [0.5-1.1] mmol·L-1), and match 5 (+0.6 [0.4-0.9] mmol·L-1) compared to match 1 (all P < .001). The [La-] remained elevated at 30 min, compared to PRE (+1.7 [1.4-2.0] mmol·L-1, P < .001), with ∼20% of values persisting >4 mmol·L-1. Higher POST was observed in males compared to females (+1.6 [0.1-3.2] mmol·L-1, P = .042); however, no differences between sexes were found across 30 min or PRE [La-]. No [La-] differences between positions (backs and forwards) were identified. CONCLUSIONS Lactate concentrations above 10 mmol·L-1 are required to effectively simulate the anaerobic demands of international Rugby Sevens matches. Practitioners are advised to individualize anaerobic training prescription due to the substantial variability observed within positional groups. Additionally, improving athletes' metabolic recovery capacity through training, nutrition, and recovery interventions may enhance physical preparation for subsequent matches within a day, where incomplete lactate clearance was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl James
- Hong Kong Sports Institute (HKSI), Hong Kong,Hong Kong
| | - James Rees
- Hong Kong Rugby Union (HKRU), Hong Kong,China
| | - Henry Chong
- Hong Kong Sports Institute (HKSI), Hong Kong,Hong Kong
| | - Lee Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough,United Kingdom
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Broadway, NSW,Australia
| | | | - Mitch Henderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Broadway, NSW,Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Broadway, NSW,Australia
| | - Julien S Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong,China
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Heyward O, Emmonds S, Roe G, Scantlebury S, Stokes K, Jones B. Applied sports science and sports medicine in women’s rugby: systematic scoping review and Delphi study to establish future research priorities. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001287. [PMID: 35979431 PMCID: PMC9310180 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesIn part 1, the objective was to undertake a systematic scoping review of applied sports science and sports medicine in women’s rugby, and in part 2 to develop a consensus statement on future research priorities.DesignIn part 1, a systematic search of PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus and SPORTDiscus (EBSCOhost) was undertaken from the earliest records to January 2021. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020, the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews, and the PRISMA extension protocols were followed. In part 2, 31 international experts in women’s rugby (ie, elite players, sports scientists, medical clinicians, sports administrators) participated in a three-round Delphi consensus method. These experts reviewed the findings from part 1 and subsequently provided a list of priority research topics in women’s rugby. Research topics were grouped into expert-based themes and expert-based subthemes via content analysis. Expert-based themes and expert-based subthemes were ranked from very low to very high research priority on a 1–5 Likert scale. Consensus was defined by ≥70% agreement. The median research priority agreement and IQR were calculated for each expert-based theme and subtheme.Data sourcesPubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus and SPORTDiscus (EBSCOhost).Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesStudies were eligible for inclusion if they investigated applied sports science or sports medicine in women’s rugby.ResultsIn part 1, the systematic scoping review identified 123 studies, which were categorised into six sports science and sports medicine evidence-based themes: injury (n=48), physical performance (n=32), match characteristics (n=26), fatigue and recovery (n=6), nutrition (n=6), and psychology (n=5). In part 2, the Delphi method resulted in three expert-based themes achieving consensus on future research priority in women’s rugby: injury (5.0 (1.0)), female health (4.0 (1.0)) and physical performance (4.0 (1.0)).Summary/ConclusionThis two-part systematic scoping review and Delphi consensus is the first study to summarise the applied sports science and sports medicine evidence base in women’s rugby and establish future research priorities. The summary tables from part 1 provide valuable reference information for researchers and practitioners. The three expert-based themes that achieved consensus in part 2 (injury, female health and physical performance) provide clear direction and guidance on future research priorities in women’s rugby. The findings of this two-part study facilitate efficient and coordinated use of scientific resources towards high-priority research themes relevant to a wide range of stakeholders in women’s rugby.
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Ellens S, Middleton K, Gastin PB, Varley MC. Techniques to derive and clean acceleration and deceleration data of athlete tracking technologies in team sports: A scoping review. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1772-1800. [PMID: 35446231 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2054535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The application of acceleration and deceleration data as a measure of an athlete's physical performance is common practice in team sports. Acceleration and deceleration are monitored with athlete tracking technologies during training and games to quantify training load, prevent injury and enhance performance. However, inconsistencies exist throughout the literature in the reported methodological procedures used to quantify acceleration and deceleration. The object of this review was to systematically map and provide a summary of the methodological procedures being used on acceleration and deceleration data obtained from athlete tracking technologies in team sports and describe the applications of the data. Systematic searches of multiple databases were undertaken. To be included, studies must have investigated full body acceleration and/or deceleration data of athlete tracking technologies. The search identified 276 eligible studies. Most studies (60%) did not provide information on how the data was derived and what sequence of steps were taken to clean the data. Acceleration and deceleration data were commonly applied to quantify and describe movement demands using effort metrics. This scoping review identified research gaps in the methodological procedures and deriving and cleaning techniques that warrant future research focussing on their effect on acceleration and deceleration data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ellens
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kane Middleton
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul B Gastin
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Assessing the Relationship Between External and Internal Match Loads in Elite Women's Rugby Sevens. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:634-639. [PMID: 35168199 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the relationship between external and internal load during official women's rugby seven matches. METHODS Six backs (age = 24.2 [3.2] y; height = 161.5 [7.3] cm; body mass = 59.5 [5.0] kg; playing experience = 5.3 [1.5] y) and 8 forwards (age = 22.4 [2.7] y; height = 167.0 [4.8] cm; body mass = 70.6 [5.6] kg; playing experience = 5.0 [1.5] y) belonging to the women's rugby seven Brazilian national team were monitored across 3 international tournaments during the 2019-20 season, with 2 players excluded from the analysis since they did not participate in any investigated match. Total distance (TD), distance during high-intensity running 18.1 to 20.0 km·h-1 and >20 km·h-1 (sprinting), number of accelerations >1.8 m·s-2 (ACC), and of decelerations <1.8 m·s-2 were used as match load volume measures, while their relative values (TD per minute, high-intensity running per minute, sprinting per minute, ACC per minute, and decelerations per minute) were used as external load match intensity measures. Internal load intensity and volume were assessed using the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and its value multiplied by match duration (sRPE-ML), respectively. Spearman correlations and linear mixed models were used to assess the relationships between internal and external load measures. RESULTS A very large relationship (ρ = .830, P < .001) was found between sRPE-ML and TD, with linear mixed models showing that TD statistically affected sRPE-ML (P < .001). Linear mixed models analysis showed that ACC per minute was also affecting the sRPE-ML (P = .017), while sprinting (P = .007) and ACC per minute (P = .005) were the only 2 measures statistically affecting sRPE. However, weak relationships (trivial to large) were found for these and all other measures. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight that TD is the main external load measure able to anticipate the internal load responses measured via sRPE-ML in elite women's rugby sevens.
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Influence of Congested Match Schedules, Pre-Match Well-Being and Level of Opponents on Match Loads during World Rugby Women's Sevens Series. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212132. [PMID: 34831889 PMCID: PMC8623102 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at assessing (1) the effect of congested match schedules on match loads and well-being as well as (2) pre-match well-being and level of opponents on match loads in elite women’s rugby sevens. Eleven players of the Brazilian women’s rugby sevens national team were investigated across three 2019-20 HSVC World Rugby Women’s Seven Series tournaments to assess: (1) within-tournament match-to-match changes in various external and internal match load measures; (2) daily changes in players’ well-being collected before the commencement of a tournament (day one) and during or post-tournament (day two to day four); and (3) the effect of pre-match well-being and level of opponents (high vs. low level) on match loads. Results revealed no between-match significant differences (p > 0.05) in most of the investigated match load measures. A congested match schedule negatively affected perceived fatigue (p < 0.001), muscle soreness (p = 0.004) and overall wellness (p < 0.001), with post hoc analyses showing decreased values on day four compared to previous days (small-to-moderate effect sizes). Finally, pre-match well-being and level of opponents did not affect match loads (p > 0.05). These results highlighted the necessity to embrace a multidimensional approach when adopting monitoring systems in elite women’s rugby sevens during tournaments and to consider various contextual factors possibly affecting match loads, besides those investigated.
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Loturco I, Pereira LA, Arruda AF, Reis VP, Robineau J, Couderc A, Guerriero A, Freitas TT. Differences in physical performance between Olympic and non-Olympic female rugby sevens players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1091-1097. [PMID: 34264043 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compared the physical performance of National female rugby sevens players selected or not selected to form the Brazilian National Olympic team. METHODS Thirty women rugby sevens players from the Brazilian National team (15 Olympic and 15 non-Olympic athletes) participated in this study. Tests were performed on consecutive days, in the following order: day 1) standing long jump (SLJ); squat and countermovement jumps (SJ and CMJ); and one-repetition maximum test in the bench-press, prone-row, and parallel squat exercises; day 2) 40-m linear sprint; Pro-agility and L-drill change of direction tests; and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (IR1). The differences between groups in all variables examined were analyzed using the independent t test and effect sizes (ES). RESULTS Greater jump performances were noticed for the Olympic players in all jump tests compared to the non-Olympics (ES=0.95, ES=1.05, and ES=0.93, for SLJ, SJ, and CMJ, respectively; P<0.05). Olympics revealed shorter sprint times than non-Olympics in 40-m distance (ES=0.88; P<0.05). Higher one-repetition maximum in the bench-press and Yo-Yo IR1 distance were also observed for the Olympics in comparison to non-Olympic players (ES=0.65 and 0.93, respectively; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Lower-body power, upper-body strength, maximal sprint velocity and aerobic fitness were found to be important for distinguishing between Olympic and non-Olympic female rugby sevens players. Coaches and practitioners should prioritize the development of these physical qualities in these team-sport athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport (NAR), São Paulo, Brazil - .,Department of Human Movement Science, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil - .,University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK -
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport (NAR), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Science, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Valter P Reis
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport (NAR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julien Robineau
- Research and Performance Department, French Federation of Rugby, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Couderc
- Research and Performance Department, French Federation of Rugby, Paris, France
| | | | - Tomás T Freitas
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport (NAR), São Paulo, Brazil.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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9
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Delves RIM, Aughey RJ, Ball K, Duthie GM. The Quantification of Acceleration Events in Elite Team Sport: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:45. [PMID: 34191142 PMCID: PMC8245618 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Wearable tracking devices are commonly utilised to quantify the external acceleration load of team sport athletes during training and competition. The ability to accelerate is an important attribute for athletes in many team sports. However, there are many different acceleration metrics that exist in team sport research. This review aimed to provide researchers and practitioners with a clear reporting framework on acceleration variables by outlining the different metrics and calculation processes that have been adopted to quantify acceleration loads in team sport research. Methods A systematic review of three electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus), was performed to identify peer-reviewed studies that published external acceleration load in elite team sports during training and/or competition. Articles published between January 2010 and April 2020 were identified using Boolean search phrases in relation to team sports (population), acceleration/deceleration (comparators), and competition and/or training (outcome). The included studies were required to present external acceleration and/or deceleration load (of any magnitude) from able-bodied athletes (mean age ≥ 18 years) via wearable technologies. Results A total of 124 research articles qualified for inclusion. In total, 113/124 studies utilised GPS/GNSS technology to outline the external acceleration load of athletes. Count-based metrics of acceleration were predominant of all metrics in this review (72%). There was a lack of information surrounding the calculation process of acceleration with 13% of studies specifying the filter used in the processing of athlete data, whilst 32% outlined the minimum effort duration (MED). Markers of GPS/GNSS data quality, including horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) and the average number of satellites connected, were outlined in 24% and 27% of studies respectively. Conclusions Team sport research has predominantly quantified external acceleration load in training and competition with count-based metrics. Despite the influence of data filtering processes and MEDs upon acceleration, this information is largely omitted from team sport research. Future research that outlines acceleration load should present filtering processes, MEDs, HDOP, and the number of connected satellites. For GPS/GNSS systems, satellite planning tools should document evidence of available satellites for data collection to analyse tracking device performance. The development of a consistent acceleration filtering method should be established to promote consistency in the research of external athlete acceleration loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I M Delves
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Robert J Aughey
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia.
| | - Kevin Ball
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Grant M Duthie
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
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Duggan JD, Moody JA, Byrne PJ, Cooper SM, Ryan L. Training Load Monitoring Considerations for Female Gaelic Team Sports: From Theory to Practice. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:84. [PMID: 34198880 PMCID: PMC8229966 DOI: 10.3390/sports9060084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Athlete monitoring enables sports science practitioners to collect information to determine how athletes respond to training loads (TL) and the demands of competition. To date, recommendations for females are often adapted from their male counterparts. There is currently limited information available on TL monitoring in female Gaelic team sports in Ireland. The collection and analysis of female athlete monitoring data can provide valuable information to support the development of female team sports. Athletic monitoring can also support practitioners to help minimize risk of excessive TL and optimize potential athletic performance. The aims of this narrative review are to provide: (i) an overview of TL athlete monitoring in female team sports, (ii) a discussion of the potential metrics and tools used to monitor external TL and internal TL, (iii) the advantages and disadvantages of TL modalities for use in Gaelic team sports, and (iv) practical considerations on how to monitor TL to aid in the determination of meaningful change with female Gaelic team sports athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Duggan
- Department of Sports, Exercise & Nutrition, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway Campus, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland;
- School of Sport and Health Sciences (Sport), Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.A.M.); (P.J.B.); (S.-M.C.)
| | - Jeremy A. Moody
- School of Sport and Health Sciences (Sport), Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.A.M.); (P.J.B.); (S.-M.C.)
| | - Paul J. Byrne
- School of Sport and Health Sciences (Sport), Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.A.M.); (P.J.B.); (S.-M.C.)
- Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland
| | - Stephen-Mark Cooper
- School of Sport and Health Sciences (Sport), Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.A.M.); (P.J.B.); (S.-M.C.)
| | - Lisa Ryan
- Department of Sports, Exercise & Nutrition, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway Campus, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland;
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Sánchez-Sáez JA, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Felipe JL, García-Unanue J, Lara-Cobos D. Global Positioning System Analysis of Physical Demands in Elite Women's Beach Handball Players in an Official Spanish Championship. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030850. [PMID: 33513973 PMCID: PMC7866123 DOI: 10.3390/s21030850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aims to analyze the physical demands of elite beach handball players during an official competition. Nine elite female (mean age: 24.6 ± 4.0 years; body weight: 62.4 ± 4.6 kg; body height: 1.68 ± 0.059 m; training experience: 5 years; training: 6 h/week) beach handball players of the Spanish National Team were recruited for this study. A Global Positioning System was incorporated on each player’s back to analyze their movement patterns. Speed and distance were recorded at a sampling frequency of 15 Hz, whereas acceleration was recorded at 100 Hz by means of a built-in triaxial accelerometer. The main finding of the study is that 53% of the distance travelled is done at speeds between 1.5 and 5 km/h and 30% of the distance is between 9 and 13 km/h (83% of the total distance covered), which shows the intermittent efforts that beach handball involves at high intensity, as reflected in the analysis of the internal load with 62.82 ± 14.73% of the game time above 80% of the maximum heart rate. These data help to orientate training objectives to the physical demands required by the competition in order to optimize the players’ performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - José Luis Felipe
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jorge García-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain;
| | - Daniel Lara-Cobos
- Italian Handball Federation, Stadio Olimpico (Curva Nord), 00135 Roma, Italy;
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12
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Misseldine, ND, Blagrove, RC, and Goodwin, JE. Speed demands of women's rugby sevens match play. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 183-189, 2021-The purpose of this study was to quantify the running speed demands of elite female rugby sevens match play, both absolute and relative to maximal ability, and determine the importance of maximal velocity running to performance. Individual maximal running velocity (Vmax) was established for 12 professional female rugby sevens athletes before the collection of global positioning system data during all 6 games of an international tournament. The subjective importance of each maximal velocity running effort was established using visual analogue scale ratings of video clips by coaches. Differences in velocity demands between backs and forwards were analyzed using a one-way multivariate analysis of variance, and differences in "sprint" distance using the typical-standard and female-adjusted sprint thresholds were compared using a paired-samples t-test. The mean peak velocity reached per game by all players was 90.6 ± 7.9% Vmax. Players covered 1,556 ± 233 m per game, with "sprinting" representing 6 ± 4% of this total distance using the typical-standard "sprint" threshold (5.6 m·s-1), but a significantly (p < 0.001) greater 12 ± 4% using the female-adjusted threshold (4.7 m·s-1). Despite similar total distances, backs reached significantly (p < 0.05) greater peak running velocity and covered more distance at sprint, >75% Vmax and >90% Vmax speeds when compared to forwards. More than half of the running efforts peaking at ≥90% Vmax were considered very influential to game outcomes. These findings suggest that maximal velocity running is important to female rugby sevens performance, and that high-speed demands are different for backs and forwards. Furthermore, the typical-standard sprint thresholds significantly underestimate the true running demands of female rugby sevens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Misseldine
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C Blagrove
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom ; and
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jon E Goodwin
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
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13
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Emmonds S, Weaving D, Dalton-Barron N, Rennie G, Hunwicks R, Tee J, Owen C, Jones B. Locomotor characteristics of the women's inaugural super league competition and the rugby league world cup. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2454-2461. [PMID: 32701387 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1790815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the locomotor characteristics of competition can help rugby league (RL) coaches optimise training prescription. To date, no research exists on the locomotor characteristics of women's RL. The aim was to compare whole match and peak locomotor characteristics of women's RL competition at international (RL World Cup [WRLWC]) and domestic level (Super League [WSL]). Microtechnology data were collected from 58 players from 3-WSL clubs and 1-WRLWC team. Participants were classified into forwards (n = 30) and backs (n = 28). Partial least squares correlation analysis established which variables were important to discriminate between the level of competition (international vs. domestic) and positional group (forwards vs. backs). Linear mixed-effects models estimated the differences between standards of competition and positional group for those variables. International forwards were most likely exposed to greater peak 1-min average acceleration (standardised mean difference = 1.23 [0.42 to 2.04]) and peak 3-min average acceleration (1.13 [0.41 to 1.85]) than domestic forwards. International backs likely completed greater peak 1-min average acceleration (0.83 [0.08 to 1.58]) than domestic backs and possibly greater high-speed-distances (0.45 [-0.17 to 1.07]). Findings highlight the need for positional specific training across levels to prepare representative players for the increased match characteristics of international competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Emmonds
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League , Leeds, UK
| | - Dan Weaving
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds, UK
| | - Nicholas Dalton-Barron
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League , Leeds, UK.,Catapult Sports , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gordon Rennie
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Catapult Sports , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard Hunwicks
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Catalans Dragons , Perpignan, France
| | - Jason Tee
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology , Durban, South Africa
| | - Cameron Owen
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League , Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England , Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa , Cape Town, South Africa
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14
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Malone S, Earls M, Shovlin A, Eddy A, Winkelman N. Match-Play Running Performance and Exercise Intensity in Elite International Women's Rugby Sevens. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1741-1749. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Till K, Weakley J, Read DB, Phibbs P, Darrall-Jones J, Roe G, Chantler S, Mellalieu S, Hislop M, Stokes K, Rock A, Jones B. Applied Sport Science for Male Age-Grade Rugby Union in England. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:14. [PMID: 32086645 PMCID: PMC7035403 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-0236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rugby union (RU) is a skill-collision team sport played at junior and senior levels worldwide. Within England, age-grade rugby governs the participation and talent development of youth players. The RU player development pathway has recently been questioned, regarding player performance and well-being, which sport science research can address. The purpose of this review was to summarise and critically appraise the literature in relation to the applied sport science of male age-grade RU players in England focussing upon (1) match-play characteristics, (2) training exposures, (3) physical qualities, (4) fatigue and recovery, (5) nutrition, (6) psychological challenges and development, and (7) injury. Current research evidence suggests that age, playing level and position influence the match-play characteristics of age-grade RU. Training exposures of players are described as 'organised chaos' due to the multiple environments and stakeholders involved in coordinating training schedules. Fatigue is apparent up to 72 h post match-play. Well-developed physical qualities are important for player development and injury risk reduction. The nutritional requirements are high due to the energetic costs of collisions. Concerns around the psychological characteristics have also been identified (e.g. perfectionism). Injury risk is an important consideration with prevention strategies available. This review highlights the important multi-disciplinary aspects of sport science for developing age-grade RU players for continued participation and player development. The review describes where some current practices may not be optimal, provides a framework to assist practitioners to effectively prepare age-grade players for the holistic demands of youth RU and considers areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK. .,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK. .,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK.
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dale B Read
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Padraic Phibbs
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Leinster Rugby, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Josh Darrall-Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Bath RUFC, Bath, UK
| | - Greg Roe
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Bath RUFC, Bath, UK
| | - Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Keith Stokes
- University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Rugby Football Union, London, UK
| | | | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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McGuinness A, Malone S, Petrakos G, Collins K. Physical and Physiological Demands of Elite International Female Field Hockey Players During Competitive Match Play. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 33:3105-3113. [PMID: 28746245 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
McGuinness, A, Malone, S, Petrakos, G, and Collins, K. The physical and physiological demands of elite international female field hockey players during competitive match play. J Strength Cond Res 33(11): 3105-3113, 2019-The aim of the current investigation was to quantify the physical and physiological demands of elite international female field hockey match play across halves of play. Thirty-eight participants (24 ± 5 years; 173 ± 5 cm; 72 ± 5 kg) took part in 19 competitive matches during the 2014-2015 season. Participants were monitored with global positioning system technology and heart rate monitors. Players were categorized based on 3 different playing positions. Activity was categorized into total (m), high-speed running distance (m; >16 km·h), and relative distance (RD) (m·min) due to the use of rolling substitutions. Heart rate was classified based on the percentage of players' individual peak heart rate (HRpeak) determined by a Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test. Players spent on average 44 ± 7 minutes in match play. The total distance (TD) covered was 5,558 ± 527 m (125 ± 23 m·min) with 589 ± 160 m (13 ± 4 m·min) completed at high speed. Defenders covered a greater TD compared with other positions of play (p ≤ 0.001). Midfield players covered a greater distance at high speed (p ≤ 0.001) with the forwards having a higher relative distance (p ≤ 0.001). The HRpeak of the players was 199 ± 1 b·min with a mean exercise intensity of 86 ± 7.8% of HRpeak. The time spent >85% HRpeak decreased significantly across the halves (p = 0.04, η = 0.09, small). Defenders were found to spend more time >85% HRpeak when compared with forwards (p ≤ 0.001). The current investigation provides normative data that coaches should consider when constructing training regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane Malone
- Institute of Technology Tallaght, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kieran Collins
- Institute of Technology Tallaght, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
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17
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Sella FS, McMaster DT, Beaven CM, Gill ND, Hébert-Losier K. Match Demands, Anthropometric Characteristics, and Physical Qualities of Female Rugby Sevens Athletes: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:3463-3474. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Ball S, Halaki M, Orr R. Movement Demands of Rugby Sevens in Men and Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:3475-3490. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Influence of Physical Aspects and Throwing Velocity in Opposition Situations in Top-Elite and Elite Female Handball Players. J Hum Kinet 2018; 63:23-32. [PMID: 30279938 PMCID: PMC6162974 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between anthropometric and physical characteristics of female handball players and throwing velocity is considered an important factor in handball performance. The aim of this study was to examine key differences in anthropometric and fitness characteristics between top elite and elite female players competing in the first Spanish handball league. A total of 89 players from the first Spanish handball league were divided into two groups, top elite (38) and elite (51) players, and assessed for anthropometric and fitness characteristics (throwing velocity, vertical jump and hand grip strength). A Student’s t-test was used to determine whether a statistically significant difference between the two different levels of play occurred. Significant differences were found in age, body height, body mass, arm span, muscle mass, different girths (tensed and flexed arm, forearm, wrist, ankle), dominant hand width and length, different breadths (biacromial, bitrochanteric, bistyloid breadth and biepicondylar humerus) and fitness characteristics (hand grip strength and throwing velocity for different positions). Top elite players compared to elite players showed differences in anthropometric characteristics which were mainly located in the upper limbs and mostly were nonmodifiable aspects by training. Furthermore, the best players were able to maintain a high throwing velocity in different tactical situations.
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20
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Reyneke J, Hansen K, Cronin JB, Macadam P. An investigation into the influence of score differential on the physical demands of international women’s rugby sevens match play. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1499070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Reyneke
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Keir Hansen
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John B. Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Paul Macadam
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Portillo J, Del Coso J, Abián-Vicén J. Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Skill Performance During an International Female Rugby Sevens Competition. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 31:3351-3357. [PMID: 28002181 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Portillo, J, Del Coso, J, and Abián-Vicén, J. Effects of caffeine ingestion on skill performance during an international female rugby sevens competition. J Strength Cond Res 31(12): 3351-3357, 2017-The aim of this study was to establish the effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on skills and technical performance during a match in female elite rugby sevens players. On 2 nonconsecutive days of a friendly tournament, 16 women from the Spanish national rugby sevens team (mean age = 23 ± 2 years) ingested 3 mg of caffeine per kilogram of body mass in the form of an energy drink or the same drink without caffeine (placebo drink). After 60 minutes for caffeine absorption, participants played 3 rugby sevens matches against another national team. Body impacts during the matches were assessed by triaxial accelerometers. The matches were videotaped, and each individual technical action was notated afterward by 2 experienced observers. In comparison with the placebo drink, the ingestion of the caffeinated energy drink increased the rate of body impacts in zone 1 (16.1 ± 4.9 vs. 20.8 ± 9.9 impacts/min, p < 0.05), zone 2 (12.2 ± 10.6 vs. 16.2 ± 15.2 impacts/min, p < 0.05), zone 3 (3.8 ± 1.5 vs. 4.7 ± 2.6 impacts/min, p < 0.05), and zone 5 (0.8 ± 0.4 vs. 1.1 ± 0.6 impacts/min, p < 0.05). The pre-exercise ingestion of the caffeinated energy drink did not affect the frequency or the quality of any rugby-specific technical actions during the games. In conclusion, the ingestion of 3 mg·kg of caffeine in the form of an energy drink increased the number of body impacts during a rugby sevens international competition which suggests a higher engagement of the players during the game. However, the caffeine ingestion did not influence the quality of the technical actions performed during the competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Portillo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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22
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Agar-Newman DJ, Goodale TL, Klimstra MD. Anthropometric and Physical Qualities of International Level Female Rugby Sevens Athletes Based on Playing Position. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1346-1352. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Clarke AC, Anson JM, Pyne DB. Game movement demands and physical profiles of junior, senior and elite male and female rugby sevens players. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:727-733. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1186281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Hodun M, Clarke R, De Ste Croix MB, Hughes JD. Global Positioning System Analysis of Running Performance in Female Field Sports. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Clarke AC, Anson J, Pyne D. Physiologically based GPS speed zones for evaluating running demands in Women’s Rugby Sevens. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:1101-8. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.988740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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