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Kraemer WJ, Nitka M. Importance of an In-Season Strength Training Program: A Reminder to Sport Coaches. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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LaPlaca DA, Schempp PG. The Characteristics Differentiating Expert and Competent Strength and Conditioning Coaches. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2020; 91:488-499. [PMID: 31976818 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1686451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the skills, knowledge, and experiences differentiating expert and competent strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches. Method: The participants were 87 elite-level head S&C coaches with an average of over 18 years of coaching experience. These coaches were employed by teams from the MLB, NBA, NFL, NHL, NCAA Division 1 FBS "Power Five" Conferences, United States National Teams, and the Australian Football League. This study used both a qualitative and quantitative research design through the use of the Delphi method, which incorporated three rounds of surveys. The first-round survey asked the participants to identify at least one important skill, knowledge area, and experience that should be possessed by an expert and competent S&C coach respectively. The characteristics generated from the first round were placed on a second-round survey and rated on their level of importance using a five-point Likert scale. If a characteristic received a suggestion for rephrasing, and did not reach a level of consensus, or an entirely new characteristic was suggested, then it was placed on the final-round survey to be rated again. Characteristics that reached a level of consensus were placed on the final list of characteristics. Results: A total of 46 characteristics reached a level of consensus and were placed on the final list of characteristics. Conclusion: There now exists an empirically validated list of characteristics differentiating expert and competent S&C coaches. This list can aid in the selection, evaluation, and development of S&C coaches.
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Shurley JP, Ednie AJ, Rudebeck TJ. Strength and Conditioning Practices of Head Coaches of Male and Female Interscholastic Sport Teams. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1894-1902. [PMID: 32379242 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Shurley, JP, Ednie, AJ, and Rudebeck, TJ. Strength and conditioning practices of head coaches of male and female interscholastic sport teams. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 1894-1902, 2020-In a 1989 position paper, the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) recommended that male and female athletes be trained in a similar manner with regard to modalities and program design. To determine whether that recommendation is being followed, this study examined training practices of coaches of male and female athletes at the interscholastic level. Electronic surveys regarding strength training practices were distributed to head coaches of boys' football, basketball, soccer, and baseball and girls' volleyball, basketball, soccer, and softball in the states of Texas and Wisconsin. Overall, 85% of coaches (n = 85) reported that they require their athletes to strength train. There was no difference in whether strength training was required based on athlete sex (X = 0.16, df = 1, p = 0.69) or the sex of the coach (X = 0.63, df = 1, p = 0.43). The majority (67%) of teams strength trained once weekly during the season and 21% trained twice weekly. In the off-season, only 12% of teams trained once weekly, whereas 44% of teams strength trained 2 times per week and 29% 3 times weekly. The most common types of lift performed for both sexes were "bodyweight exercises," followed by "dumbbell presses," bench press, back squats, and front squats. Both female and male athletes trained most commonly at 4-8 repetition and 9-12 repetition ranges. In contrast to previous studies and in accordance with the NSCA recommendation, it seems that the high school coaches surveyed in this work largely train male and female athletes in a similar fashion with regard to training frequency, intensity, and modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Shurley
- Department of Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Coaching, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Williams Center, Whitewater, Wisconsin
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Clark DR, Lambert MI, Hunter AM. Contemporary perspectives of core stability training for dynamic athletic performance: a survey of athletes, coaches, sports science and sports medicine practitioners. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2018; 4:32. [PMID: 30014195 PMCID: PMC6047949 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Core stability training has grown in popularity over 25 years, initially for back pain prevention or therapy. Subsequently, it developed as a mode of exercise training for health, fitness and sport. The scientific basis for traditional core stability exercise has recently been questioned and challenged, especially in relation to dynamic athletic performance. Reviews have called for clarity on what constitutes anatomy and function of the core, especially in healthy and uninjured people. Clinical research suggests that traditional core stability training is inappropriate for development of fitness for heath and sports performance. However, commonly used methods of measuring core stability in research do not reflect functional nature of core stability in uninjured, healthy and athletic populations. Recent reviews have proposed a more dynamic, whole body approach to training core stabilization, and research has begun to measure and report efficacy of these modes training. The purpose of this study was to assess extent to which these developments have informed people currently working and participating in sport. METHODS An online survey questionnaire was developed around common themes on core stability training as defined in the current scientific literature and circulated to a sample population of people working and participating in sport. Survey results were assessed against key elements of the current scientific debate. RESULTS Perceptions on anatomy and function of the core were gathered from a representative cohort of athletes, coaches, sports science and sports medicine practitioners (n = 241), along with their views on effectiveness of various current and traditional exercise training modes. Most popular method of testing and measuring core function was subjective assessment through observation (43%), while a quarter (22%) believed there was no effective method of measurement. Perceptions of people in sport reflect the scientific debate, and practitioners have adopted a more functional approach to core stability training. There was strong support for loaded, compound exercises performed upright, compared to moderate support for traditional core stability exercises. Half of the participants (50%) in the survey, however, still support a traditional isolation core stability training. CONCLUSION Perceptions in applied practice on core stability training for dynamic athletic performance are aligned to a large extent to the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Clark
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moore’s University, 102, 2 Moorfields, Liverpool, L2 2BS UK
| | - Michael I. Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Pritchard HJ, Tod DA, Barnes MJ, Keogh JW, McGuigan MR. Tapering Practices of New Zealand's Elite Raw Powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1796-804. [PMID: 26670988 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pritchard, HJ, Tod, DA, Barnes, MJ, Keogh, JW, and McGuigan, MR. Tapering practices of New Zealand's elite raw powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res 30(7): 1796-1804, 2016-The major aim of this study was to determine tapering strategies of elite powerlifters. Eleven New Zealand powerlifters (28.4 ± 7.0 years, best Wilks score of 431.9 ± 43.9 points) classified as elite were interviewed, using semistructured interviews, about their tapering strategies. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and content analyzed. Total training volume peaked 5.2 ± 1.7 weeks from competition while average training intensity (of 1 repetition maximum) peaked 1.9 ± 0.8 weeks from competition. During tapering, volume was reduced by 58.9 ± 8.4% while intensity was maintained (or slightly reduced) and the final weight training session was performed 3.7 ± 1.6 days out from competition. Participants generally stated that tapering was performed to achieve full recovery; that accessory work was removed around 2 weeks out from competition; and deadlifting takes longer to recover from than other lifts. Typically participants stated that trial and error, and changes based on "feel" were the sources of tapering strategies; equipment used and movements performed during tapering are the same as in competition; nutrition was manipulated during the taper (for weight cutting or performance aims); and poor tapering occurred when too long (1 week or more) was taken off training. These results suggest that athletes may benefit from continuing to strength train before important events with reduced volume and maintained intensity. Only exercises that directly assist sports performance should remain in the strength program during tapering, to assist with reductions in fatigue while maintaining/improving strength expression and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden J Pritchard
- 1Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Faculty of Health Science at the Universal College of Learning, Palmerston North, New Zealand; 2Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; 3School of Sport and Exercise Sciences at Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; 4School of Sport and Exercise at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; 5Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine at Bond University, Queensland, Australia; and 6Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Hartshorn MD, Read PJ, Bishop C, Turner AN. Profile of a Strength and Conditioning Coach: Backgrounds, Duties, and Perceptions. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pote L, Christie CJ. Strength and Conditioning Practices of University and High School Level Cricket Coaches: A South African Context. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:3464-3470. [PMID: 27075640 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pote, L and Christie, CJ. Strength and conditioning practices of University and high school level cricket coaches: a South African context. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3464-3470, 2016-Although the sport of cricket is well established, the strength and conditioning practices of cricket players are not well known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the current strength and conditioning practices that coaches implement for South African schoolboy and University level cricket players. An online survey, adapted from previous strength and conditioning questionnaires, was sent to 38 schoolboy and 12 University teams that participated in the top competitions in the country (n = 50). Of these, 24 replied indicating a response rate of 48%. Results indicated that although some forms of conditioning, workload monitoring and injury prevention were being implemented, the correct practices were not being administered. Furthermore, it was identified that most coaches had insufficient qualifications and experience to administer the correct training techniques. It was concluded that coaches require further education so that scientifically based training programs can be implemented. This was deemed particularly necessary for adolescent bowlers who are at an increased risk of injury, specifically in the lower back region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Pote
- Department of Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Faigenbaum AD, Howard R, De Ste Croix MBA, Williams CA, Best TM, Alvar BA, Micheli LJ, Thomas DP, Hatfield DL, Cronin JB, Myer GD. Long-term athletic development, part 2: barriers to success and potential solutions. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1451-64. [PMID: 25909962 DOI: 10.1519/01.jsc.0000465424.75389.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The first installment of this two-part commentary reviewed existing models of long-term athletic development. However, irrespective of the model that is adopted by practitioners, existing structures within competitive youth sports in addition to the prevalence of physical inactivity in a growing number of modern-day youth may serve as potential barriers to the success of any developmental pathway. The second part of this commentary will initially highlight common issues that are likely to impede the success of long-term athletic development programs and then propose solutions that will address the negative impact of such issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhodri S Lloyd
- 1Youth Physical Development Unit, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; 2Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey; 3Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 4School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom; 5Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; 6Department of Family Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine, Sports Health and Performance Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; 7Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, Utah; 8Department of Orthopaedics, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; 9Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; 10The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, Massachusetts; 11Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom; 12Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island; 13Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand; 14School of Exercise, Health and Biomedical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; 15Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; 16Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and 17Sports Health and Performance Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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