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Kotikangas J, Walker S, Peltonen H, Häkkinen K. Time Course of Neuromuscular Fatigue During Different Resistance Exercise Loadings in Power Athletes, Strength Athletes, and Nonathletes. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1231-1242. [PMID: 38900602 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kotikangas, J, Walker, S, Peltonen, H, and Häkkinen, K. Time course of neuromuscular fatigue during different resistance exercise loadings in power athletes, strength athletes, and nonathletes. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1231-1242, 2024-Training background may affect the progression of fatigue and neuromuscular strategies to compensate for fatigue during resistance exercises. Thus, our aim was to examine how training background affects the time course of neuromuscular fatigue in response to different resistance exercises. Power athletes (PA, n = 8), strength athletes (SA, n = 8), and nonathletes (NA, n = 7) performed hypertrophic loading (HL, 5 × 10 × 10RM), maximal strength loadings (MSL, 7 × 3 × 3RM) and power loadings (PL, 7 × 6 × 50% of 1 repetition maximum) in back squat. Average power (AP), average velocity (VEL), surface electromyography (sEMG) amplitude (sEMGRMS), and sEMG mean power frequency (sEMGMPF) were measured within all loading sets. During PL, greater decreases in AP occurred from the beginning of SET1 to SET7 and in VEL to both SET4 and SET7 in NA compared with SA (p < 0.01, g > 1.84). During HL, there were various significant group × repetition interactions in AP within and between sets (p < 0.05, ηp2 > 0.307), but post hoc tests did not indicate significant differences between the groups (p > 0.05, g = 0.01-0.93). During MSL and HL, significant within-set and between-set decreases occurred in AP (p < 0.001, ηp2 > 0.701) and VEL (p < 0.001, ηp2 > 0.748) concurrently with increases in sEMGRMS (p < 0.01, ηp2 > 0.323) and decreases in sEMGMPF (p < 0.01, ηp2 > 0.242) in all groups. In conclusion, SA showed fatigue resistance by maintaining higher AP and VEL throughout PL. During HL, PA tended to have the greatest initial fatigue response in AP, but between-group comparisons were nonsignificant despite large effect sizes (g > 0.8). The differences in the progression of neuromuscular fatigue may be related to differing neural activation strategies between the groups, but further research confirmation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kotikangas
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Jyväskylä, Finland; and
| | - Simon Walker
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Jyväskylä, Finland; and
| | - Heikki Peltonen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Jyväskylä, Finland; and
- Sport Business, School of Business, Jamk University of Applied Science, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Jyväskylä, Finland; and
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Stone MH, Hornsby WG, Haff GG, Fry AC, Suarez DG, Liu J, Gonzalez-Rave JM, Pierce KC. Periodization and Block Periodization in Sports: Emphasis on Strength-Power Training-A Provocative and Challenging Narrative. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2351-2371. [PMID: 34132223 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Stone, MH, Hornsby, WG, Haff, GG, Fry, AC, Suarez, DG, Liu, J, Gonzalez-Rave, JM, and Pierce, KC. Periodization and block periodization in sports: emphasis on strength-power training-a provocative and challenging narrative. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2351-2371, 2021-Periodization can be defined as a logical sequential, phasic method of manipulating fitness and recovery phases to increase the potential for achieving specific performance goals while minimizing the potential for nonfunctional over-reaching, overtraining, and injury. Periodization deals with the micromanagement of timelines and fitness phases and is cyclic in nature. On the other hand, programming deals with the micromanagement of the training process and deals with exercise selection, volume, intensity, etc. Evidence indicates that a periodized training process coupled with appropriate programming can produce superior athletic enhancement compared with nonperiodized process. There are 2 models of periodization, traditional and block. Traditional can take different forms (i.e., reverse). Block periodization has 2 subtypes, single goal or factor (individual sports) and multiple goals or factors (team sports). Both models have strengths and weaknesses but can be "tailored" through creative programming to produce excellent results for specific sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, SERK, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - William G Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Center for Exercise and Sport Sciences Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Washington, Australia
| | - Andrew C Fry
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Dylan G Suarez
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, SERK, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Junshi Liu
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jose M Gonzalez-Rave
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla la Mancha, Spain; and
| | - Kyle C Pierce
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
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Savolainen L, Timpmann S, Mooses M, Mäestu E, Medijainen L, Tõnutare L, Ross F, Lellsaar M, Unt E, Ööpik V. Vitamin D supplementation does not enhance resistance training-induced gains in muscle strength and lean body mass in vitamin D deficient young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2077-2090. [PMID: 33821332 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin D (Vit-D) supplementation has been shown to increased muscle strength in young adults. It remains unclear if Vit-D supplementation enhances the efficacy of resistance training (RT). This study tested the hypothesis that Vit-D supplementation would enhance the RT-induced increases in muscle strength and lean body mass (LBM) in Vit-D deficient young men. METHODS Thirty-nine men (baseline serum 25(OH)D < 50 nmol L‒1) were quasi-randomly assigned to one of the two groups that performed a 12-week supervised RT program concomitant with either Vit-D (8000 IU daily; VD) or placebo (PLC) supplementation. RESULTS During 12-week RT, energy and nutrient (except Vit-D) intake and training loads did not differ in the two groups. Serum 25(OH)D levels increased from 36.3 ± 9.2 to 142.4 ± 21.9 nmol L‒1 (P < 0.05) in VD group and remained unchanged between 36.3 ± 8.9 and 29.4 ± 6.6 nmol L‒1 (P > 0.05) in PLC group. Muscle strength (1-repetition maximum) increased (P < 0.05) to an equal extent in the two groups in 5 exercises performed on RT equipment, whereas strength gains in chest press and seated row were greater (P < 0.05) in PLC compared to VD group. Total and regional LBM (measured by DXA scan) increased (P < 0.05) equally in the two groups. Android fat mass decreased (P < 0.05) in VD group only. CONCLUSION Vit-D supplementation does not enhance the efficacy of RT in terms of muscle strength and LBM gains in Vit-D deficient young healthy men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Savolainen
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St, 50090, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Saima Timpmann
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St, 50090, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Mooses
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St, 50090, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelin Mäestu
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St, 50090, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Luule Medijainen
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St, 50090, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lisette Tõnutare
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St, 50090, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Frederik Ross
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St, 50090, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Märt Lellsaar
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St, 50090, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eve Unt
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vahur Ööpik
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St, 50090, Tartu, Estonia.
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Wilk M, Jarosz J, Krzysztofik M, Filip-Stachnik A, Bialas M, Rzeszutko-Belzowska A, Zajac A, Stastny P. Contrast Tempo of Movement and Its Effect on Power Output and Bar Velocity During Resistance Exercise. Front Physiol 2021; 11:629199. [PMID: 33551848 PMCID: PMC7854892 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.629199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the impact of contrast movement tempo (fast vs. slow) on power output and bar velocity during the bench press exercise. Ten healthy men (age = 26.9 ± 4.1 years; body mass = 90.5 ± 10.3 kg; bench press 1RM = 136.8 ± 27.7 kg) with significant experience in resistance training (9.4 ± 5.6 years) performed the bench press exercise under three conditions: with an explosive tempo of movement in each of three repetitions (E/E/E = explosive, explosive, explosive); with a slow tempo of movement in the first repetition and an explosive tempo in the next two repetitions (S/E/E = slow, explosive, explosive); and with a slow tempo of movement in the first two repetitions and an explosive tempo in the last repetition (S/S/E = slow, slow, explosive). The slow repetitions were performed with a 5/0/5/0 (eccentric/isometric/concentric/isometric) movement tempo, while the explosive repetitions were performed with an X/0/X/0 (X- maximal speed of movement) movement tempo. During each experimental session, the participants performed one set of three repetitions at 60%1RM. The two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant interaction effect for peak power output (PP; p = 0.03; η2 = 0.26) and for peak bar velocity (PV; p = 0.04; η2 = 0.24). Futhermore there was a statistically significant main effect of condition for PP (p = 0.04; η2 = 0.30) and PV (p = 0.02; η2 = 0.35). The post hoc analysis for interaction revealed that PP was significantly higher in the 2nd and 3rd repetition for E/E/E compared with the S/S/E (p < 0.01 for both) and significantly higher in the 2nd repetition for the S/E/E compared with S/S/E (p < 0.01). The post hoc analysis for interaction revealed that PV was significantly higher in the 2nd and 3rd repetition for E/E/E compared with the S/S/E (p < 0.01 for both), and significantly higher in the 2nd repetition for the S/E/E compared with the S/S/E (p < 0.01). The post hoc analysis for main effect of condition revealed that PP and PV was significantly higher for the E/E/E compared to the S/S/E (p = 0.04; p = 0.02; respectively). The main finding of this study was that different distribution of movement tempo during a set has a significant impact on power output and bar velocity in the bench press exercise at 60%1RM. However, the use of one slow repetition at the beginning of a set does not decrease the level of power output in the third repetition of that set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Jarosz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Bialas
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Rzeszutko-Belzowska
- College of Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical Culture Studies, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Petr Stastny
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Freitas MC, Panissa VLG, Lenquiste SA, Serra FDM, Figueiredo C, Lira FS, Rossi FE. Hunger is suppressed after resistance exercise with moderate-load compared to high-load resistance exercise: the potential influence of metabolic and autonomic parameters. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:180-186. [PMID: 31505127 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of present study was to compare the effects of moderate-load versus high-load resistance exercise (RE) on hunger response, blood lactate, glucose, and autonomic modulation in trained men, and to examine the correlations between these parameters. For this, 11 recreationally resistance-trained males performed 2 randomized trials: moderate-load (6 sets at 70% 1-repetition maximum (1RM) and a 90-s rest interval between sets) and high-load (6 sets at 90% 1RM and a 180-s rest interval between sets) leg-press exercise until movement failure. The subjective rating of hunger was obtained through a visual analog scale. Glucose and lactate concentration were evaluated at rest, immediately after exercise, and 30 min after exercise. Heart rate variability was recorded at baseline and during recovery (until 30 min after exercise) to assess autonomic modulation. The moderate-load condition induced lower subjective hunger ratings than the strength condition immediately after exercise (19.7 ± 16.6 vs 47.3 ± 27.7 mm), 30 min after exercise (33.6 ± 22.9 vs 58.5 ± 29.9 mm), and 60 min after exercise (43.8 ± 26.6 vs 67.8 ± 27.9 mm) (p < 0.05) and lower area under the curve hunger in relation to the high-load condition (p < 0.006). Moderate-load RE presented greater lactate concentration and induced slower heart rate variability recovery in relation to high-load RE (p < 0.05), but no difference was found in glucose, as well as no correlations between any of the variables investigated. In conclusion, moderate-load RE induced lower subjective hunger ratings, slower recovery of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher lactate concentration in relation to high-load RE, but the metabolic variables were not correlated with hunger suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Conrado Freitas
- Skeletal Muscle Assessment Laboratory (LABSIM), Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP 19060-900, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP 19060-900, Brazil.,Department of Nutrition, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, SP 19050-920, Brazil
| | | | - Sabrina Alves Lenquiste
- Department of Nutrition, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, SP 19050-920, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Maria Serra
- Post-Graduate Program in Animal Science, Department of Biomedicine, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP 19050-920, Brazil
| | - Caique Figueiredo
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Fabio Santos Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Eduardo Rossi
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI 64049-550, Brazil.,Associate Graduate Program in Health Science, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI 64049-550, Brazil
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Muscle activation during resistance exercise at 70% and 90% 1-repetition maximum in resistance-trained men. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:505-509. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gonzalez AM. Effect of Interset Rest Interval Length on Resistance Exercise Performance and Muscular Adaptation. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Intramuscular MAPK signaling following high volume and high intensity resistance exercise protocols in trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1663-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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