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Parnow A, Amani-Shalamzari S, Mohr M, Bagchi S, Dutta S, Sengupta P. Association between aerobic performance and physiological responses in Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2, and the futsal-specific intermittent endurance test in trained futsal players. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 0:jbcpp-2024-0039. [PMID: 39042865 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2024-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to delineate associations between the performance and physiological responses to the Bruce test with two field tests, the futsal intermittent endurance test (FIET) and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level-2 (YYIR2) in elite male futsal players, in order to endorse one of field test to futsal coaches. METHODS Fifteen elite futsal players (age 20 ± 3 years) have been participated in this study. Main outcome measurements included aerobic power, heart rate, blood lactate, ventilation, VO2, VCO2, VE-VO2, and VE-VCO2 indicators during FIET, YYIR2, and the Bruce test with carrying out a portable gas analyzer. RESULTS The Bruce test is significantly correlated with FIET and YYIR2 with respect to key outcome measures, including performance (r>0.59), aerobic power (r>0.69), heart rate (r>0.80), and blood lactate levels (r>0.60). The two field tests, FIET and YYIR2, were found to exhibit strong to perfect interrelationships. When examining the indicators such as VE, VO2, VCO2, VE-VO2, and VE-VCO2, moderate to strong correlations were identified across all three testing methods. However, the relationship between the Bruce test and YYIR2 was particularly noteworthy in terms of respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and metabolic equivalent of task (METS), showing a significant correlation. CONCLUSIONS The YYIR2 and FIET appear to be valid practical field tests for measuring aerobic fitness and performance in competitive male futsal players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolhossein Parnow
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, 48494 Razi University , Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sadegh Amani-Shalamzari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Centre of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Sovan Bagchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Sulagna Dutta
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE
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Brazier TA, Tallent J, Patterson SD, Howe LP, Callaghan SJ. The physical profile of female cricketers: An investigation between playing standard and position. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302647. [PMID: 38857238 PMCID: PMC11164355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to present the physical profile of female cricketers. Secondary, was to assess any differences between playing standard (professional vs. non-professional) and position (seam bowler vs. non-seam bowler). Fifty-four female cricketers (professional seam bowler [n = 16]; professional non-seam bowler [n = 17]; non-professional seam bowler [n = 10]; non-professional non-seam bowler [n = 11]) undertook a battery of physical and anthropometric assessments during the off-season period. Participant's physical profile was assessed via the broad jump, countermovement jump, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), 20 m sprint, run-2 cricket specific speed test, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level-1 (Yo-Yo-IR1). The sum-of-eight skinfold measurement was also recorded for professional cricketers only. Differences between playing standard and position were assessed with a two-way ANOVA. Seam bowlers possessed a significantly (p < 0.04) greater stature and had a higher body mass than non-seam bowlers. Non-seam bowlers recorded significantly (p < 0.01) further broad jump, higher normalised peak vertical force during the IMTP, and ran greater distances during the Yo-Yo-IR1. Professional cricketers produced significantly further run distances for the Yo-Yo-IR1 and faster run-2 times for the dominant turning side than non-professional cricketers. This study provides valuable insights into the physical profile of female cricketers across playing standards and positions which practitioners can use to direct and enhance training outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Brazier
- Department of Sport Science and Medicine, Northamptonshire County Cricket Club, Northampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Performance Sciences, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Tallent
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Patterson
- Centre for Applied Performance Sciences, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | - Louis P. Howe
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J. Callaghan
- Centre for Applied Performance Sciences, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
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Wang B, Zhang Y. APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL TRAINING IN SOCCER FITNESS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Although Chinese soccer has experienced many updates in its methods, there is still a large gap in players’ physical endurance compared to the world powers. Therefore, strengthening soccer players’ physical endurance through specific training methods is important in optimizing current performance. Objective Study the application of functional training in soccer players’ physical conditioning. Methods 20 junior soccer physical education student-athletes in colleges and universities were selected as the research object. The global functional training was divided into three stages: practice, adaptation, and promotion. Data were compared, integrated, and analyzed before and after the intervention. Results Conducting targeted functional training for soccer players can effectively increase athletes’ physical endurance, reducing sports injuries and improving overall fitness scores at the technical and stability level. Conclusion From the research of this article, it can be seen that there is a lack of physical fitness and technical strength in Chinese soccer today. The performance of targeted functional training is relevant and should be applied to soccer training. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Pecho J, Kováčiková Z, Šiška Ľ, Mikulič M, Čurgali M, Štefan L, Zemková E. The Three-Level Model of Factors Contributing to High-Intensity Intermittent Performance in Male Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16402. [PMID: 36554282 PMCID: PMC9778677 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity intermittent performance in soccer is widely assessed using the yo-yo intermittent recovery level 2 test (YYIR2). This test is usually associated with aerobic-anaerobic performance. However, less is known about the direct or indirect contributions of abilities, including the anaerobic component. This study aims to propose a three-level model of factors contributing to YYIR2 performance, based on the investigation of relationships with aerobic endurance, repeated-sprint ability (RSA), and the linear and change-of-direction speed and power variables. Eighteen soccer players performed the YYIR2, with a 20-m shuttle run test (20mSR), an RSA test with change-of-direction, 5-m and 20-m sprints, and a 505 test, countermovement jump, squat jump, and drop jump. The results showed a significant relationship between the YYIR2 distance and the 20mSR distance (r = 0.721, p = 0.001), as well as with the RSA test mean time (r = -0.594, p = 0.009). In the second level, the 20mSR distance performance was not associated with any of the speed and power variables. However, the RSA test mean time correlated with the 5-m sprint (r = 0.587, p = 0.010), 20-m sprint (r = 0.702, p = 0.001), and 505 test (r = 0.585 p = 0.011) performance. In the third level, the 20-m sprint time was related to the squat jump (r = -0.577 p = 0.012) and countermovement jump (r = -0.768 p < 0.001) heights. In addition to aerobic endurance, this study highlights the importance of the anaerobic component in YYIR2 performance. More specifically, aerobic endurance (52%) and RSA (36%) are the main determinants of YYIR2 performance. Subsequently, the RSA performance is determined by the linear (34-49%) and change-of-direction speed (35%), while the explosive power of lower limbs contributes to sprinting performance (33-59%). Coaches should focus on the development of these abilities to improve the high-intensity intermittent performance of soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Pecho
- JP Sports—Athletes Performance Assessment, 810 00 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kováčiková
- Institute of Physical Education and Sport, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ľuboslav Šiška
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Catholic University, 034 01 Ružomberok, Slovakia
| | - Martin Mikulič
- Department of Sports Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marcel Čurgali
- Institute of Physical Education and Sport, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Lovro Štefan
- Department of General and Applied Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Sport Motorics and Methodology in Kinathropology, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Recruitment and Examination (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Physical Fitness Variations between Those Playing More and Those Playing Less Time in the Matches: A Case-Control Study in Youth Soccer Players. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9111786. [PMID: 36421235 PMCID: PMC9689158 DOI: 10.3390/children9111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was (i) to compare two groups (players with more vs. less match play time) regarding body composition, vertical and horizontal jumping performance, and aerobic capacity; and (ii) to test the relationships between physical fitness and play time. This study followed a case-control design in which the outcome was playtime, and the causal attribute was physical fitness. Sixty-six youth male soccer players from under-16 (n = 21), under-17 (n = 19), under-18 (n = 12), and under-19 (n = 14) age groups were monitored for match play time during five months of observation. Inclusion criteria consisted of (1) no absence of more than a week due to injury or other conditions during the five months of observation and (2) physical assessments having been done simultaneously with those of the other players (at the beginning of the season). The exclusion criteria were (1) not participating in one week or more of training sessions, and (2) not participating in the physical fitness assessments. At the beginning of the season, players were assessed for anthropometry (height, body mass, skinfolds), countermovement jump, triple hop bilateral and unilateral jump, and aerobic capacity using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, level 2 (YYIRT). The group that played more time had significantly greater YYIRT results (+28.2%; p = 0.009; Cohen’s d = 0.664). No other significant differences were found between those who played more and fewer minutes. Moderate and significant linear positive correlations were found between YYIRT and play time in the under-19 group (r = 0.423; p = 0.031) and overall (r = 0.401; p < 0.001). In the case of the under-17 group, moderate and significant linear positive correlations were found between TSA and play time (r = 0.473; p = 0.041). This suggests that aerobic and anaerobic capacity is related to play time while jumping performance and fat mass seem not to play an essential role in play time.
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Hu X. THE APPLICATION MODE OF ATHLETES IN THE CALCULATION OF CLOUD MOTION CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY IN FOOTBALL. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127022021_0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Motion capture is a common problem in sports. It is mainly used to measure and capture running distance in football matches. Use of cloud computing motion capture algorithm in football running distance test, for lack of cloud computing algorithm using motion capture in the application. Data are obtained by experiment to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the improved cloud computing motion capture algorithm in running distance in football. The final conclusion is that, compared with the original cloud computing motion capture algorithm, the optimized cloud computing motion capture algorithm can significantly reduce the number of cycles in the test of football running distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- East China Jiaotong University, China
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7
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Duggan JD, Moody J, Byrne PJ, Ryan L. Strength and Conditioning Recommendations for Female GAA Athletes: The Camogie Player. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Griffin J, Horan S, Keogh J, Dodd K, Andreatta M, Minahan C. Contextual factors influencing the characteristics of female football players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:218-232. [PMID: 32744042 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Women's football participation rates are projected to increase to 60 million worldwide by 2026, doubling the current participation. Growing investment and the increase in research in women's football has had a positive effect on the level of performance over the last 10 years. The present review aimed to examine the literature on the physical and physiological characteristics of female football players from 2010 to 2019 to reflect the recent changes in professionalism. Characteristics investigated include anthropometry, strength, speed, endurance, power, change of direction and repeated sprint ability. These characteristics are presented in relation to playing position, age and competition-level. Results revealed that goalkeepers (171 cm, 66 kg) and defenders (168 cm, 61 kg) were the tallest and had the greatest body mass, while attackers were the fastest players over 20 m (3.05 s) and 30 m (4.38 s) and midfielders had the highest endurance (55.4 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) (P<0.05). Characteristics tended to improve with age until full biological maturity around 17 to 18 years of age. Competition comparisons demonstrated international players have significantly greater speed, repeated sprint ability, power and endurance characteristics (P<0.05). By identifying influential factors, coaches may be able to optimize their training and physical assessment practices, to better expose players to the required stimulus to develop these characteristics considered crucial to improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Griffin
- Griffith Sports Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia -
| | - Sean Horan
- Unit of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Justin Keogh
- Unit of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Center New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karl Dodd
- Guam Football Association, Barrigada, Guam
| | | | - Clare Minahan
- Griffith Sports Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Lockie RG, Liu TM, Stage AA, Lazar A, Giuliano DV, Hurley JM, Torne IA, Beiley MD, Birmingham-Babauta SA, Stokes JJ, Risso FG, Davis DL, Moreno MR, Orjalo AJ. Assessing Repeated-Sprint Ability in Division I Collegiate Women Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2015-2023. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Contrasts in intermittent endurance performance and heart rate response between female and male soccer players of different playing levels. Biol Sport 2020; 36:323-331. [PMID: 31938003 PMCID: PMC6945050 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2019.88755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared intermittent endurance performance and heart rate (HR) response, as well as their relationship, by sex and competitive level in soccer. A total of 68 outfield (18 elite and 16 sub-elite female, 17 elite and 17 sub-elite male) soccer players performed the Interval Shuttle Run Test (ISRT) with monitored HR. Sex and level effects were evaluated by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the relationships between parameters using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Female players presented lower performance (effect sizes [ES]: 2.12-4.71, p < 0.01) and higher submaximal HR during the ISRT (ES: 1.66-3.40, p < 0.01). Elite players showed higher performance and reduced submaximal HR compared with their sub-elite counterparts, with a large level effect only evident between the female groups (ES: 1.22-1.56, p < 0.01). The maximum and the HR recovery 1 min after the ISRT (HRR) did not differ among all groups (ES: 0.01-0.51, p ≥ 0.18). The HRR was slightly related to the test performance for all groups (r = 0.20, p = 0.12). Large to very large negative correlations were verified between HR at 6 and 9 min during the ISRT and the test performance for each group (r = -0.54 to -0.84, p ≤ 0.04). However, 16 (3 elite and 13 sub-elite) female players did not reach the 9th minute of the test. The gap between competitive levels among female soccer players is greater than that observed for male players in intermittent endurance performance and submaximal HR response. The HRR had only a minor impact on performance and was influenced neither by sex nor by level.
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11
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Lockie RG, Moreno MR, Orjalo AJ, Stage AA, Liu TM, Birmingham-Babauta SA, Hurley JM, Torne IA, Beiley MD, Risso FG, Davis DL, Lazar A, Stokes JJ, Giuliano DV. Repeated-Sprint Ability in Division I Collegiate Male Soccer Players: Positional Differences and Relationships With Performance Tests. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1362-1370. [PMID: 29045314 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lockie, RG, Moreno, MR, Orjalo, AJ, Stage, AA, Liu, TM, Birmingham-Babauta, SA, Hurley, JM, Torne, IA, Beiley, MD, Risso, FG, Davis, DL, Lazar, A, Stokes, JJ, and Giuliano, DV. Repeated-sprint ability in Division I collegiate male soccer players: positional differences and relationships with performance tests. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1362-1370, 2019-Repeated-sprint ability (RSA) in essential for soccer. Important considerations when assessing RSA is whether there are differences between positions (defenders, midfielders, and forwards), and what physiological characteristics may contribute to RSA. This has not been assessed in collegiate male players. Eighteen Division I male field players from one school performed several performance tests. The RSA test involved 7 × 30-m sprints completed on 20-second cycles. Measurements included total time (TT), and performance decrement (percent change in time from the first to last sprint; PD). Subjects also completed tests of lower-body power (vertical [VJ] and standing broad jump [SBJ]); linear (30-m sprint; 0-5 m, 0-10 m, 0-30 m intervals) and change-of-direction (505) speed; and soccer-specific endurance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2; YYIRT2). A one-way analysis of variance (p < 0.05) determined between-position differences, and effect sizes were calculated. Pearson's correlations (p < 0.05) calculated relationships between RSA TT and PD with the other tests. There were no significant between-position differences for any test. There were large effects for the faster right-leg 505 and greater YYIRT2 distance for midfielders compared with defenders and forwards. Nonetheless, no between-position differences in RSA TT and PD were documented. There were relationships between RSA TT and the VJ (r = -0.59), SBJ (r = -0.61), 0-10 m (r = 0.64) and 0-30-m (r = 0.83) sprint intervals. There were no significant correlations for RSA PD. Male field players from one collegiate soccer team can demonstrate similar RSA across different positions. Greater lower-body power and sprinting speed could augment RSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
| | - Matthew R Moreno
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Ashley J Orjalo
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
| | - Alyssa A Stage
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Tricia M Liu
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | | | - Jillian M Hurley
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Ibett A Torne
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Megan D Beiley
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Fabrice G Risso
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - DeShaun L Davis
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Adrina Lazar
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - John J Stokes
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Dominic V Giuliano
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
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Schmitz B, Pfeifer C, Kreitz K, Borowski M, Faldum A, Brand SM. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Tests: A Systematic Review and Structured Compendium of Test Results. Front Physiol 2018; 9:870. [PMID: 30026706 PMCID: PMC6041409 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although Yo-Yo intermittent tests are frequently used in a variety of sports and research studies to determine physical fitness, no structured reference exists for comparison and rating of test results. This systematic review of the most common Yo-Yo tests aimed to provide reference values for test results by statistical aggregation of published data. Methods: A systematic literature search for articles published until August 2017 was performed in MEDLINE, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar. Original reports on healthy females and males ≥16 years were eligible for the analysis. Sub-maximal test versions and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Children's test (YYIR1C) were not included. Results: 248 studies with 9,440 participants were included in the structured analysis. The Yo-Yo test types most frequently used were the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (YYIR1, 57.7%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 2 (YYIR2, 28.0%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 (YYIE2, 11.4%), and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 1 (YYIE1, 2.9%) test. For each separate test, reference values (global means and percentiles) for sports at different levels and both genders were calculated. Conclusions: Our analysis provides evidence that Yo-Yo intermittent tests reference values differ with respect to the type and level of sport performed.The presented results may be used by practitioners, trainers and athletes to rate Yo-Yo intermittent test performance levels and monitor training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carina Pfeifer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kiana Kreitz
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Matthias Borowski
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Faldum
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan-Martin Brand
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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13
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Lockie RG, Dawes JJ, Jones MT. Relationships between Linear Speed and Lower-Body Power with Change-of-Direction Speed in National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions I and II Women Soccer Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6020030. [PMID: 29910334 PMCID: PMC6026790 DOI: 10.3390/sports6020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated relationships that linear speed and lower-body power have on change-of-direction (COD) speed in collegiate women soccer players. Data from two Division I (n = 39) and one Division II (n = 18) schools were analyzed. Subjects were assessed in: power (vertical jump (VJ); jump height, peak anaerobic power measured in watts (PAPw), power-to-body mass ratio (P:BM); linear speed (10-m sprint); and COD speed (modified T-test (MTT), 505, COD deficit). Independent samples T-tests derived significant between-group differences, with effect sizes (d) calculated. Pearson’s correlations determined relationships between COD speed, linear speed, and power, with regression equations calculated. Division I players demonstrated superior 505, COD deficit, VJ height, PAPw, and P:BM (d = 1.09⁻2.21). Division II players were faster in the MTT (d = 1.51). For all players, the 505 correlated with the 10-m sprint (r = 0.39⁻0.53) and VJ height (r = −0.65⁻0.66), while the COD deficit related to the 10-m sprint (r = −0.77⁻0.82). The regression data supported these results. Division I players were superior in the 505 and COD deficit, and expressed their power in the 180° 505 task. Division II players should enhance lower-body power and the ability to perform 180° direction changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA.
| | - J Jay Dawes
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado-Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA.
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Health and Human Performance, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
- Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
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