1
|
Yang WC, Wang SY, Chiu CH, Ye X, Weng MC, Jhang JC, Chen CH. Effect of different resistance increments during warm-up on the snatch performance of male weightlifters. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34827. [PMID: 39149053 PMCID: PMC11324978 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of different resistance increments during warm-up on snatch performance of male weightlifters. Nine male college weightlifters were recruited. The 3 warm-up protocols were performed every 7 days with a randomized order: 1. Power snatch exercise with 10 % resistance increment (50 %, 60 %, 70 %, and 80 % of one-repetition maximum); 2. Power snatch exercise with 15 % resistance increment (50 %, 65 %, and 80 % of one-repetition maximum); 3. Self-selected resistance increment. Participants were tested based on 85 % maximum weight snatch after warm-up. Snatch performance was measured using peak vertical ground reaction force. Postural stability was measured using center-of-pressure displacement. Activation of seven shoulder, back, and leg muscles was measured using electromyography on the dominant side. In snatch performance, the 10 % increment protocol had a significantly higher peak vertical ground reaction force during the second-pull phase than the 15 % increment (d = 0.92, p < 0.05) and self-selected (d = 1.32, p < 0.05) protocols. In postural stability, no significant differences in center-of-pressure displacement among the three protocols were observed. For muscle activation, the 10 % increment protocol resulted in significantly higher activation of shoulder (d = 1.2-2.2, p < 0.05) during the second-pull phase than the other two protocols and higher activation of hip muscles (d = 1.73, p < 0.05) than self-selected protocol. To conclude, a warm-up protocol combining slow progression is preferable in improving power output during snatch in male weightlifters, probably through facilitating the activation of proximal limb muscles. It can enhance training quality while potentially reducing the risk of sports injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chieh Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hung Kuang University, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yuan Wang
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hui Chiu
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, USA
| | - Ming-Chia Weng
- Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Ciang Jhang
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cai P, Liu L, Li H. Dynamic and static stretching on hamstring flexibility and stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18795. [PMID: 37560703 PMCID: PMC10407730 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hamstring injuries are one of the most common types of damage in sports. Insufficient flexibility and high stiffness are important reasons for it. Stretching is often used in warm-up activities before exercises to increase flexibility, among which dynamic stretching (DS) and static stretching (SS) are the most widely used. The effects of these two stretching techniques on the flexibility or stiffness of the hamstring still need to be clarified. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the short-term, medium-term, and long-term effects of DS and SS on improving hamstring flexibility and stiffness via a meta-analysis of RCTs. METHODS RCTs were identified from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and PEDro from inception to July 28, 2022. The methodological quality was evaluated using the PEDro scale. The mean difference and 95% confidence interval of the outcome variables before and after stretching were calculated and the extracted data were quantitatively processed using a random or fixed effects model. RESULTS A total of 27 RCTs and 606 participants were included. In terms of improving the ROM of the hamstring, there was no significant difference in the acute (MD, -0.70, 95% CI, -1.54 to 0.14; Z = 1.63, P > 0.05) and sub-acute effects (MD, 1.71, 95% CI, -2.80 to 6.22; Z = 0.74, P > 0.05) between a single bout of SS and DS, while the acute (MD, -5.13, 95% CI, -7.65 to -2.61; Z = 3.99, P < 0.05) and sub-acute effects (MD, -5.30, 95% CI, -6.33 to -4.27; Z = 10.04, P < 0.05) of multiple bouts of SS was superior to DS; There was no significant difference in the medium-term effect between the two stretching techniques (MD, 3.48, 95% CI, -2.57 to 9.53; Z = 1.13, P > 0.05), but the long-term effect of SS was better than DS (MD, - 10.40, 95% CI, -10.97 to -9.83; Z = 35.57, P < 0.05). Regarding the length of the hamstring, the acute (MD, -0.41, 95% CI, -1.09 to 0.26; Z = 1.20, P > 0.05) and sub-acute effects (MD, -0.73, 95% CI, -1.69 to 0.22; Z = 1.51, P > 0.05) of a single bout of DS and SS were similar. Two studies have compared the effects on hamstring stiffness, with one showing similar effects, and the other showed that DS was superior to SS. One study showed no difference in the magnitude of change in improving passive torque. No studies explored the effect of DS and SS on hamstring myofascial length. Only one study demonstrated no significant difference in hamstring thickness. CONCLUSIONS A single bout of DS and SS have similar short-term effects in improving hamstring ROM and length, while multiple bouts of SS can significantly improve hamstring ROM compared to DS. DS and SS showed similar effects on hamstring myofascial length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lewen Liu
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pamboris GM, Noorkoiv M, Baltzopoulos V, Powell DW, Howes T, Mohagheghi AA. Influence of dynamic stretching on ankle joint stiffness, vertical stiffness and running economy during treadmill running. Front Physiol 2022; 13:948442. [PMID: 36277222 PMCID: PMC9583136 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.948442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether and how dynamic stretching of the plantarflexors may influence running economy. A crossover design with a minimum of 48 h between experimental (dynamic stretching) and control conditions was used. Twelve recreational runners performed a step-wise incremental protocol to the limit of tolerance on a motorised instrumented treadmill. The initial speed was 2.3 m/s, followed by increments of 0.2 m/s every 3 min. Dynamic joint stiffness, vertical stiffness and running kinematics during the initial stage of the protocol were calculated. Running economy was evaluated using online gas-analysis. For each participant, the minimum number of stages completed before peak O2 uptake (V̇O2peak) common to the two testing conditions was used to calculate the gradient of a linear regression line between V̇O2 (y-axis) and speed (x-axis). The number of stages, which ranged between 4 and 8, was used to construct individual subject regression equations. Non-clinical forms of magnitude-based decision method were used to assess outcomes. The dynamic stretching protocol resulted in a possible decrease in dynamic ankle joint stiffness (−10.7%; 90% confidence limits ±16.1%), a possible decrease in vertical stiffness (−2.3%, ±4.3%), a possibly beneficial effect on running economy (−4.0%, ±8.3%), and very likely decrease in gastrocnemius medialis muscle activation (−27.1%, ±39.2%). The results indicate that dynamic stretching improves running economy, possibly via decreases in dynamic joint and vertical stiffness and muscle activation. Together, these results imply that dynamic stretching should be recommended as part of the warm-up for running training in recreational athletes examined in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George M. Pamboris
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Division of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marika Noorkoiv
- Division of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilios Baltzopoulos
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas W. Powell
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Tom Howes
- Division of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amir A. Mohagheghi
- Division of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Amir A. Mohagheghi,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Paradisis GP, Pappas P, Dallas G, Zacharogiannis E, Rossi J, Lapole T. Acute Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Warm-up on Leg and Vertical Stiffness During Running. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2433-2438. [PMID: 34431482 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Paradisis, GP, Pappas, P, Dallas, G, Zacharogiannis, E, Rossi, J, and Lapole, T. Acute effects of whole-body vibration warm-up on leg and vertical stiffness during running. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2433-2438, 2021-Although whole-body vibration (WBV) has been suggested as a suitable and efficient alternative to the classic warm-up routines, it is still unknown how this may impact running mechanics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a WBV warm-up procedure on lower-limb stiffness and other spatiotemporal variables during running at submaximal speed. Twenty-two males performed 30-second running bouts at 4.44 m·s-1 on a treadmill before and after a WBV and control warm-up protocols. The WBV protocol (vibration frequency: 50 Hz, peak-to-peak displacement: 4 mm) consisted of 10 sets of 30-second dynamic squatting exercises with 30-second rest periods within sets. Leg and vertical stiffness values were calculated using the spring mass model. The results indicated significant increases only after the WBV protocol for leg stiffness (3.4%), maximal ground reaction force (1.9%), and flight time (4.7%). Consequently, the WBV warm-up protocol produced a change in running mechanics, suggesting a shift toward a more aerial pattern. The functional significance of such WBV-induced changes needs further investigation to clearly determine whether it may influence running economy and peak velocity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos P Paradisis
- Department of Athletics, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and
| | - Panagiotis Pappas
- Department of Athletics, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and
| | - Giorgos Dallas
- Department of Athletics, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and
| | - Elias Zacharogiannis
- Department of Athletics, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and
| | - Jérémy Rossi
- Interuniversity Laboratory of Motor Biology, UJM Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Thomas Lapole
- Interuniversity Laboratory of Motor Biology, UJM Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hsu FY, Tsai KL, Lee CL, Chang WD, Chang NJ. Effects of Dynamic Stretching Combined With Static Stretching, Foam Rolling, or Vibration Rolling as a Warm-Up Exercise on Athletic Performance in Elite Table Tennis Players. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 30:198-205. [PMID: 32350145 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Warm-up exercise is an essential preexercise routine for athletes to optimize performance. However, the benefits of combined warm-up protocols remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This comparative study investigated the acute effects of dynamic stretching (DS) followed by static stretching (SS), self-myofascial release using a foam rolling (FR) device, or vibration foam rolling (VFR) as a warm-up exercise to improve flexibility, power, agility, and specific skills in elite table tennis players. DESIGN A crossover study. SETTING University. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-three elite table tennis players. INTERVENTIONS Players completed 3 different interventions in a random order (DS + SS, DS + FR, and DS + VFR). The target muscle groups included the bilateral posterior calf, posterior thigh, anterior thigh, back, and shoulder. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sit-and-reach test for flexibility, board jump test for lower-extremity power, medicine ball throw test for upper-extremity power, Edgren Side Step Test for agility, and ball speed of table tennis was assessed before and after intervention. RESULTS After intervention, significant increases in flexibility (15.2%, 20.4%, and 23.8%); lower-limb power (4.5%, 6.6%, and 6.3%); upper-limb power (9.6%, 8.5%, and 9.1%); and ball speed (7.4%, 7.6%, and 7.7%) were observed for DS + SS, DS + FR, and DS + VFR, respectively (all P < .001). In addition, only DS coupled with FR (5.1%) and DS in conjunction with VFR (2.7%) significantly improved agility (P < .001). However, no significant improvements in agility were observed after DS + SS. In addition, no one protocol was superior to the other in all outcomes. CONCLUSION The authors suggest that a combination of DS with FR or VFR as warm-up exercises significantly improved flexibility, power, ball speed, in addition to agility in elite table tennis players. Coach and athletic professionals may take this information into account for choosing more effective warm-up protocols to enhance performance.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yamaguchi T, Takizawa K, Shibata K, Tomabechi N, Samukawa M, Yamanaka M. Acute effect of dynamic stretching or running on endurance running performance in well-trained male runners. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.18.03987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
7
|
Acute Effects of Dynamic Stretching on Muscle Flexibility and Performance: An Analysis of the Current Literature. Sports Med 2018; 48:299-325. [PMID: 29063454 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stretching has long been used in many physical activities to increase range of motion (ROM) around a joint. Stretching also has other acute effects on the neuromuscular system. For instance, significant reductions in maximal voluntary strength, muscle power or evoked contractile properties have been recorded immediately after a single bout of static stretching, raising interest in other stretching modalities. Thus, the effects of dynamic stretching on subsequent muscular performance have been questioned. This review aimed to investigate performance and physiological alterations following dynamic stretching. There is a substantial amount of evidence pointing out the positive effects on ROM and subsequent performance (force, power, sprint and jump). The larger ROM would be mainly attributable to reduced stiffness of the muscle-tendon unit, while the improved muscular performance to temperature and potentiation-related mechanisms caused by the voluntary contraction associated with dynamic stretching. Therefore, if the goal of a warm-up is to increase joint ROM and to enhance muscle force and/or power, dynamic stretching seems to be a suitable alternative to static stretching. Nevertheless, numerous studies reporting no alteration or even performance impairment have highlighted possible mitigating factors (such as stretch duration, amplitude or velocity). Accordingly, ballistic stretching, a form of dynamic stretching with greater velocities, would be less beneficial than controlled dynamic stretching. Notwithstanding, the literature shows that inconsistent description of stretch procedures has been an important deterrent to reaching a clear consensus. In this review, we highlight the need for future studies reporting homogeneous, clearly described stretching protocols, and propose a clarified stretching terminology and methodology.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kurt C, Kafkas ME, Kurtdere İ, Selalmaz O. Influence of traditional and cluster set plyometric warm-ups on reactive strength index and leg stiffness in male rugby players. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-182156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cem Kurt
- School of Kırkpınar Physical Education and Sport, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - M. Emin Kafkas
- Sport Science Faculty, İnonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - İmren Kurtdere
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Health Sciences Institute, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Okan Selalmaz
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Health Sciences Institute, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Effects of a capacitive-resistive electric transfer therapy on physiological and biomechanical parameters in recreational runners: A randomized controlled crossover trial. Phys Ther Sport 2018; 32:227-234. [PMID: 29870922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compared the effects of a capacitive-resistive electric transfer therapy (Tecar) and passive rest on physiological and biomechanical parameters in recreational runners when performed shortly after an exhausting training session. DESIGN Randomized controlled crossover trial. SETTING University biomechanical research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Fourteen trained male runners MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physiological (running economy, oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, ventilation, heart rate, blood lactate concentration) and biomechanical (step length; stride angle, height, frequency, and contact time; swing time; contact phase; support phase; push-off phase) parameters were measured during two incremental treadmill running tests performed two days apart after an exhaustive training session. RESULTS When running at 14 km/h and 16 km/h, the Tecar treatment group presented greater increases in stride length (p < 0.001), angle (p < 0.05) and height (p < 0.001) between the first and second tests than the control group and, accordingly, greater decreases in stride frequency (p < 0.05). Physiological parameters were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that a Tecar therapy intervention enhances biomechanical parameters in recreational runners after an exhaustive training session more than passive rest, generating a more efficient running pattern without affecting selected physiological parameters.
Collapse
|