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Oxford SW, Clarke ND, Tallis J. Between-Session Reliability of Field-Based Assessments of Isometric Neck Strength. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:5015. [PMID: 39124062 PMCID: PMC11314792 DOI: 10.3390/s24155015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The reliability of the fixed-frame dynamometer for measuring isometric neck strength is established, but with limited field-based applications. This study aimed to establish the inter- and intra-session reliability of the peak force for neck flexors, extensors, and side flexors using the VALD ForceFrame and DynaMo and the force-time characteristics in the quadruped position (ForceFrame). Twenty-seven recreationally active males performed three repetitions of isometric neck flexion, extension, and side flexion over two sessions in random order using the VALD ForceFrame and DynaMo. Both devices demonstrated acceptable reliability, with the Forceframe ICC > 0.8 and CV% < 13.8% and the DynaMo ICC > 0.76 and CV% < 13.8%. No systematic or proportional differences were found using the Passing-Bablock procedure, and Bland-Altman analysis confirmed agreement across measures. Reliability was shown for right-side (ICC > 0.76) and left-side (ICC > 0.79) flexion and flexion (ICC > 0.75) across 50, 100, 150, and 200 ms. Statistical parametric mapping indicated no differences in ForceFrame-generated isometric force-time curves between sessions, though the CV was highest in the force development phase. The findings suggest that both tools can reliably assess neck strength, supporting their use in sports and clinical settings. However, assessment methods are not interchangeable, emphasising the need for standardised neck strength assessment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W. Oxford
- Centre for Physical Activity Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV15FB, UK;
| | - Neil D. Clarke
- College of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Edgbaston, Birmingham B153TN, UK;
| | - Jason Tallis
- Centre for Physical Activity Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV15FB, UK;
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Soriano MA, Paredes V, Comfort P, Jiménez-Ormeño E, Areces-Corcuera F, Giráldez-Costas V, Gallo-Salazar C, Alonso-Aubín DA, Menchén-Rubio M, McMahon JJ. "You Are Not Wrong About Getting Strong:" An Insight Into the Impact of Age Group and Level of Competition on Strength in Spanish Football Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:629-636. [PMID: 38648884 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the maximum and rapid force production of Spanish football players and explore the differences between age group and level of competition. METHODS A cross-sectional study was developed to evaluate the peak force (PF), relative PF, and rate of force development over 250 ms (RFD0-250) during the isometric midthigh pull between groups of football players based on age group (senior vs junior) and level of competition (national vs regional). Using a portable isometric rig, 111 football players performed 2 isometric midthigh-pull trials on a force plate. Two-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc correction was applied, and statistical significance was set at P ≤ .05. The PF, relative PF, and RFD0-250 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 percentiles were also calculated and descriptively reported, separated by age group and level of competition. RESULTS The analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of the level of competition for the PF (P < .001), relative PF (P = .003), and RFD0-250 (P < .001). There was a significant main effect of age group for the PF (P < .001). There was a significant interaction effect of the age group × level of competition for relative PF (P = .014). National players were stronger than regional players on the PF and RFD0-250 (P < .001). Senior players were stronger than junior players for the PF (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Maximum and rapid force production are crucial for Spanish football players as they progress in both level of competition and age group. Practitioners should encourage young football players to prioritize strength development to improve their athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Soriano
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
- Center for Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- Center for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University,Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Paredes
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - Paul Comfort
- Center for Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- Strength and Power Research Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Ester Jiménez-Ormeño
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - Francisco Areces-Corcuera
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - Verónica Giráldez-Costas
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - César Gallo-Salazar
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - Diego A Alonso-Aubín
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - María Menchén-Rubio
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - John J McMahon
- Center for Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
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García-Sánchez C, Lominchar-Ramos JM, Jiménez-Ormeño E, Comfort P, Alonso-Aubín DA, Soriano MA. The dynamic strength index is a reliable and feasible tool to assess neuromuscular performance in male and female handball players. Sports Biomech 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38915207 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2351612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the reliability and feasibility of the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) and dynamic strength index (DSI) in semi-professional handball players (seventeen male and eighteen female). A cross-sectional design was used to determine the test-retest reliability of several kinetic metrics registered with a force plates. The peak force, peak relative force, rate of force development (RFD 0-250 ms), and impulse 0-250 ms were selected from the IMTP test, whereas the peak propulsive force was chosen from the countermovement jump test to obtain the DSI. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV), standard error of the measurement (SEM) and smallest detectable difference (SDD) were calculated. A paired sample t-test was also performed. No significant differences were found between the testing sessions for all variables, except for peak propulsive force for all players (p = 0.036) and DSI for female players (p = 0.037). Reliability for all kinetic metrics was good to excellent (ICC = 0.78-0.97), with low variability (CV ≤ 8.64%), being the SEM scores lower than SDD. In conclusion, the IMTP test and DSI are highly reliable and feasible tools for assessing neuromuscular performance in semi-professional handball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García-Sánchez
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose María Lominchar-Ramos
- Center for Professional Studies, University Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
- Strength Training & Neuromuscular Performance (STreNgthP) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences -HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Jiménez-Ormeño
- Strength Training & Neuromuscular Performance (STreNgthP) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences -HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, UK
- Strength and Power Research Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Diego A Alonso-Aubín
- Strength Training & Neuromuscular Performance (STreNgthP) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences -HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos A Soriano
- Strength Training & Neuromuscular Performance (STreNgthP) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences -HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, UK
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Lee MC, Hsu YJ, Chen MT, Kuo YW, Lin JH, Hsu YC, Huang YY, Li CM, Tsai SY, Hsia KC, Ho HH, Huang CC. Efficacy of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis LY-66 and Lactobacillus plantarum PL-02 in Enhancing Explosive Strength and Endurance: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2024; 16:1921. [PMID: 38931275 PMCID: PMC11206817 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are posited to enhance exercise performance by influencing muscle protein synthesis, augmenting glycogen storage, and reducing inflammation. This double-blind study randomized 88 participants to receive a six-week intervention with either a placebo, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis LY-66, Lactobacillus plantarum PL-02, or a combination of both strains, combined with a structured exercise training program. We assessed changes in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), exercise performance, and gut microbiota composition before and after the intervention. Further analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of probiotics on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), muscle integrity, and inflammatory markers in the blood, 24 and 48 h post-intervention. The results demonstrated that all probiotic groups exhibited significant enhancements in exercise performance and attenuation of muscle strength decline post-exercise exhaustion (p < 0.05). Notably, PL-02 intake significantly increased muscle mass, whereas LY-66 and the combination therapy significantly reduced body fat percentage (p < 0.05). Analysis of intestinal microbiota revealed an increase in beneficial bacteria, especially a significant rise in Akkermansia muciniphila following supplementation with PL-02 and LY-66 (p < 0.05). Overall, the combination of exercise training and supplementation with PL-02, LY-66, and their combination improved muscle strength, explosiveness, and endurance performance, and had beneficial effects on body composition and gastrointestinal health, as evidenced by data obtained from non-athlete participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mon-Chien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.)
- Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.)
| | - Mu-Tsung Chen
- Committee on General Studies, Shih Chien University, Taipei City 104, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Wei Kuo
- Functional R&D Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (C.-M.L.); (H.-H.H.)
| | - Jia-Hung Lin
- Functional R&D Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (C.-M.L.); (H.-H.H.)
| | - Yu-Chieh Hsu
- Research Product Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (S.-Y.T.); (K.-C.H.)
| | - Yen-Yu Huang
- Functional R&D Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (C.-M.L.); (H.-H.H.)
| | - Ching-Min Li
- Functional R&D Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (C.-M.L.); (H.-H.H.)
| | - Shin-Yu Tsai
- Research Product Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (S.-Y.T.); (K.-C.H.)
| | - Ko-Chiang Hsia
- Research Product Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (S.-Y.T.); (K.-C.H.)
| | - Hsieh-Hsun Ho
- Functional R&D Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (C.-M.L.); (H.-H.H.)
- Research Product Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (S.-Y.T.); (K.-C.H.)
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.)
- Tajen University, Pingtung 907101, Taiwan
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Kolokythas N, Metsios GS, Galloway SM, Allen N, Wyon MA. Reliability, Variability and Minimal Detectable Change of the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull in Adolescent Dancers. J Dance Med Sci 2024; 28:14-20. [PMID: 37750313 DOI: 10.1177/1089313x231198421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The importance and potential benefits of muscular strength in the adolescent's development for health and fitness has been demonstrated in the literature. Maximal muscular strength and its assessment, however, is not a primary assessment criterium in the selection of young talented dancers. METHODS The present study evaluated the within- and between session reliability, variability, and minimal detectable change (MDC) of the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP). Thirty-five participants (female n = 17) participated in 2 identical assessments on the same day with 4-hour break in between. Three 3-second IMTP were performed, and the mean peak force value was used for the analyses. RESULTS Within-session the ICC indicated excellent reliability (ICC = .99, 95% CI: 0.98-0.99). Between-session reliability was excellent (ICC = .98, 95% CI: 0.95-0.99). The standard error of measurement was 4% (48 N), the minimum detectable change was 12% (134 N) and the CV was 3%. There were no within-session statistically significant differences, but statistically significant differences between-session were observed (P < .001). Limits of agreement ranged from -121 N (95% CI -186 to -56 N) to 307 N (95% CI 243-372 N). CONCLUSION The observed results demonstrated excellent within- and between sessions reliability, low variability, and an MDC of 12%. The consistency of the within-session scores suggest that peak force data may be obtained with single try efforts. The statistically significant difference in the means of the retest session, however, suggests that the time of the day or the time since entrained awakening may be affecting performance in adolescent dancers. The results of the current study indicate that the IMTP is a reliable assessment tool for maximal muscular strength in adolescent dancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Kolokythas
- Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
- Research and Performance Department, Elmhurst Ballet School, Birmingham, UK
| | - George S Metsios
- Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
- University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Shaun M Galloway
- Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Nick Allen
- Birmingham Royal Ballet, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute of Dance Medicine and Science, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Matthew A Wyon
- Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
- National Institute of Dance Medicine and Science, Wolverhampton, UK
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Tamilio RA, Clarke ND, Duncan MJ, Morris RO, Tallis J. How Repeatable Is the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine? Limited Reproducibility of Acute Caffeine (3 mg.kg -1) Ingestion on Muscular Strength, Power, and Muscular Endurance. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204416. [PMID: 36297102 PMCID: PMC9611362 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of 3 mg.kg−1 acute caffeine ingestion on muscular strength, power and strength endurance and the repeatability of potential ergogenic effects across multiple trials. Twenty-two university standard male rugby union players (20 ± 2 years) completed the study. Using a double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced within-subject experimental design. Participants completed six experimental trials (three caffeine and three placebo) where force time characteristic of the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull (IMTP), Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and Drop Jumps (DJ) were assessed followed by assessments of Chest Press (CP), Shoulder Press (SP), Squats (SQ), and Deadlifts (DL) Repetitions Until Failure (RTF at 70% 1 RM). ANOVA indicated that caffeine improved both the CMJ and DJ (p < 0.044) and increased RTF in all RTF assessments (p < 0.002). When individual caffeine trials were compared to corresponding placebo trials, effect sizes ranged from trivial-large favoring caffeine irrespective of a main effect of treatment being identified in the ANOVA. These results demonstrate for the first time that the performance enhancing effects of caffeine may not be repeatable between days, where our data uniquely indicates that this is in part attributable to between sessions variation in caffeine’s ergogenic potential.
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Anticipatory Anxiety, Familiarization, and Performance: Finding the Sweet Spot to Optimize High-Quality Data Collection and Minimize Subject Burden. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:1349-1357. [PMID: 36135232 PMCID: PMC9497550 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12090094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate baseline data are essential for researchers to determine an intervention’s effects yet may be affected by anticipatory anxiety and assessment familiarity. Familiarization sessions help establish accurate baseline data. High-intensity functional training (HIFT) elicits performance outcomes based on constantly varied workouts. It is unclear how familiarization affects anticipatory anxiety and workout performance among HIFT novices. Familiarization was hypothesized to decrease anxiety and improve workout performance. Sixteen college-aged subjects (62.5% women, 20.2 ± 1.14 years) completed one introductory and four sessions of the same workout. All subjects were recreationally trained with no HIFT experience. State and trait anxiety were assessed at the first session. During the workout sessions, state anxiety (SQALS) was assessed upon arrival at the gym (SQALS 1), after learning the workout protocol (SQALS 2), and when the workout concluded (SQALS 3). A significant main effect of the number of previous sessions on workout performance was observed (p = 0.011). A repeated-measures ANOVA showed a main effect of time on SQALS 1 (p < 0.001), SQALS 2 (p < 0.001), and SQALS 3 (p < 0.001). Our results suggest implementing two familiarization sessions for our HIFT-based workout was sufficient to decrease anxiety and establish a baseline measurement. Future research should examine if this remains true for other types of HIFT-based workouts.
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Test-retest reliability of isometric mid-thigh pull maximum strength assessment: a systematic review. Biol Sport 2022; 39:407-414. [PMID: 35309521 PMCID: PMC8919882 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2022.106149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to explore the test-retest reliability of isometric mid-thigh pull maximum strength assessment. We searched through five databases to find studies that examined the test-retest reliability of peak force in the isometric mid-thigh pull exercise. From each included study, we extracted intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and/or coefficient of variation (CV). The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using the COSMIN checklist. A total of 16 good-to-excellent quality studies were included in the review. When considering results from all included studies, ICCs ranged from 0.73 to 0.99 (median ICC = 0.96), where 78% of ICCs were ≥ 0.90, and 98% of ICCs were ≥ 0.75. The range of reported CVs was from 0.7% to 11.1% (median CV = 4.9%), where 58% of CVs were ≤ 5%. Reliability was also good-to-excellent for both relative and absolute peak force and for both bilateral and unilateral isometric mid-thigh pull tests. The majority of studies did not find significant differences between testing sessions. It can be concluded that the isometric mid-thigh pull maximum strength assessment has good-to-excellent test-retest reliability. The isometric mid-thigh pull maximum strength assessment can be used as a reliable test in sports practice and for research purposes.
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Pichardo AW, Oliver JL, Harrison CB, Maulder PS, Lloyd RS, Kandoi R. Effects of Combined Resistance Training and Weightlifting on Injury Risk Factors and Resistance Training Skill of Adolescent Males. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3370-3377. [PMID: 31453940 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pichardo, AW, Oliver, JL, Harrison, CB, Maulder, PS, Lloyd, RS, and Kandoi, R. Effects of combined resistance training and weightlifting on injury risk factors and resistance training skill of adolescent males. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3370-3377, 2021-The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training with or without weightlifting on risk factors for injury and resistance training skill in circa-peak height velocity boys. Sixty-seven boys (aged 12-14 years) from a local secondary school were divided into 3 groups: combined resistance training (CRT), combined resistance training with weightlifting movements (CRT&WL), or a control group (CON). Experimental groups completed twice-weekly training programs over the course of an academic year. The tuck jump assessment, asymmetry measures for single-leg horizontal jump, isometric midthigh pull, and the Star Excursion Balance Test, and resistance training skill were measured pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. Only the CRT group significantly improved tuck jump assessment score pre- to post-test (p = 0.006, -20.4%, d = -0.39) but there were no clear effects on asymmetry measures for any group. Both groups significantly improved resistance training skill from pre- to post-test (CRT&WL: p = 0.002, 17.6%, d = 1.00; CRT: p = 0.026, 9.2%, d = 0.53). This study suggests that a school-based CRT program may provide significant improvements in jump landing kinematics, whereas the inclusion of weightlifting movements may provide greater improvements in resistance training skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Pichardo
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Youth Physical Development Center, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Craig B Harrison
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter S Maulder
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Center for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Youth Physical Development Center, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom ; and
- Center for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Rohan Kandoi
- Center for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Ahn N, Kim H, Krzyszkowski J, Roche S, Kipp K. Influence of the Bar Position on Joint-Level Biomechanics During Isometric Pulling Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1484-1490. [PMID: 33795603 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ahn, N, Kim, H, Krzyszkowski, J, Roche, S, and Kipp, K. Influence of the bar position on joint-level biomechanics during isometric pulling exercises. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1484-1490, 2021-The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the bar position on ankle, knee, and hip net joint moments (NJMs), relative muscular effort (RME), and vertical ground reaction forces (GRFs) during isometric pulling exercises, such as the isometric midthigh pull. Eight female lacrosse athletes performed maximal effort isometric pulls at 3 different bar positions (low: above patella, mid: midthigh, and high: crease of hip) while motion capture and GRF data were recorded. Net joint moments were calculated with inverse dynamics. Relative muscle effort was defined as the ratio between the inverse dynamics NJMs and the maximum theoretical NJMs, which were estimated with regression-based maximum moment-angle models. Peak NJM and RME were compared with 2-way analyses of variance (ANOVA), whereas GRFS were compared with a 1-way ANOVA. Peak vertical GRF were significantly greater in the mid bar position than the high bar position but did not differ between the low and mid bar position. Bar position significantly influenced peak hip and knee NJM and RME. Hip NJM and RME were greatest in the low bar position, whereas knee NJM and RME were greater in the mid bar position. Because hip and knee extensor NJM and RME differed between the low and mid bar positions, but the GRFS did not, the joint-specific contributions to peak isometric pulling forces likely reflected a trade-off between hip dominance and knee dominance in the low and mid bar position, respectively. This information should be considered in the interpretation isometric pulling data and their use in assessing and monitoring maximal force-producing capacity of the lower body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayun Ahn
- Department of Physical Therapy, Program in Exercise Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Program in Exercise Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - John Krzyszkowski
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; and
| | - Stuart Roche
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kristof Kipp
- Department of Physical Therapy, Program in Exercise Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Morris RO, Jones B, Myers T, Lake J, Emmonds S, Clarke ND, Singleton D, Ellis M, Till K. Isometric Midthigh Pull Characteristics in Elite Youth Male Soccer Players: Comparisons by Age and Maturity Offset. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:2947-2955. [PMID: 29985220 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Morris, RO, Jones, B, Myers, T, Lake, J, Emmonds, S, Clarke, ND, Singleton, D, Ellis, M, and Till, K. Isometric midthigh pull characteristics in elite youth male soccer players: Comparisons by age and maturity offset. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2947-2955, 2020-The purpose of this study was to (a) provide comparative isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) force-time characteristics for elite youth soccer players and (b) determine the effect of age and maturation on IMTP force-time characteristics. Elite male youth soccer players (U12 n = 51; U13 n = 54; U14 n = 56; U15 n = 45; U16 n = 39; and U18 n = 48) across 3 maturity offset groups (Pre n = 117; circa n = 84; and Post-peak height velocity n = 92) performed 2 maximal IMTP trials on a portable force platform (1,000 Hz). Absolute and relative values for peak force (PF) and impulse over 100 and 300 ms were analyzed. A full Bayesian regression model was used to provide probable differences similar to that of a frequentist p value. Advanced age and maturation resulted in superior IMTP force-time characteristics. Peak force demonstrated high probabilities of a difference between all consecutive age groups (p > 0.95). For absolute and relative impulse (100 and 300 ms), only 2 consecutive age groups (U14-15's and U16-18's) demonstrated high probabilities of a difference (p > 0.95) with large effects (d = 0.59-0.93). There were high probable differences between all maturity offset groups for PF and impulse with medium to large effects (d = 0.56-3.80). These were also reduced when expressed relative to body mass (relative PF and relative impulse). This study provides comparative IMTP force-time characteristics of elite male youth soccer players. Practitioners should consider individual maturation status when comparing players given the impact this has on force expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys O Morris
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Myers
- Sport, Exercise and Health Research Center, Newman University Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Lake
- Chichester Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey Emmonds
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Neil D Clarke
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Singleton
- Birmingham City Football Club, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Matthew Ellis
- Coventry City Football Club, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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12
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Soriano MA, García-Ramos A, Calderbank J, Marín PJ, Sainz de Baranda P, Comfort P. Does Sex Impact the Differences and Relationships in the One Repetition Maximum Performance Across Weightlifting Overhead Pressing Exercises? J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:1930-1935. [PMID: 32732776 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Soriano, MA, García-Ramos, A, Calderbank, J, Marín, PJ, Sainz de Baranda, P, and Comfort, P. Does sex impact the differences and relationships in the one repetition maximum performance across weightlifting overhead pressing exercises? J Strength Cond XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study aimed to determine the impact of sex on the differences and relationships of the one repetition maximum (1RM) performance between 3 overhead pressing exercises (push press [PP], push jerk [PJ] and split jerk [SJ]). 15 men (body mass [BM]: 82.3 ± 9.9 kg; weightlifting training experience: 2.6 ± 1.6 years) and 15 women (BM: 64.4 ± 7.0 kg; weightlifting training experience: 2.2 ± 1.4 years) participated in this study. A ratio-scaled (1RM·BM) was used for the comparison between them. The 1RM of the 3 exercises were evaluated within the same testing session using a combined 1RM assessment method. The interaction effect of exercise and sex did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.671; η = 0.001). In contrast, there were significant main effects of exercise (p ≤ 0.01) and sex (p < 0.001) with medium (η = 0.096) and large effect sizes (η = 0.306), respectively. A similar main effect of exercise was reported for both men (PP [1.0 ± 0.1 kg·kg] < PJ [1.1 ± 0.2 kg·kg] ∼ SJ [1.2 ± 0.2 kg·kg]) and women (PP [0.8 ± 0.1 kg·kg] < PJ [0.9 ± 0.2 kg·kg] ∼ SJ [0.9 ± 0.2 kg·kg]). The 1RM performance of the 3 exercises was significantly correlated for men (r [range] = 0.856-0.963) and women (r [range] = 0.636-0.925). Sex does not affect the differences in the 1RM performance across weightlifting overhead pressing exercises. However, stronger correlations and lower variation in the 1RM performance during the PP, PJ, and SJ are expected for men compared with women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Soriano
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, Spain.,Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of the Most Holy Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jessica Calderbank
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pilar Sainz de Baranda
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
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13
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Moeskops S, Oliver JL, Read PJ, Cronin JB, Myer GD, Haff GG, Lloyd RS. The Influence of Biological Maturity and Competitive Level on Isometric Force-Time Curve Variables and Vaulting Performance in Young Female Gymnasts. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2136-2145. [PMID: 32569118 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Moeskops, S, Oliver, JL, Read, PJ, Cronin, JB, Myer, GD, Haff, GG, and Lloyd, RS. The influence of biological maturity and competitive level on isometric force-time curve variables and vaulting performance in young female gymnasts. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2136-2145, 2020-This cross-sectional study investigated isometric force-time curve variables and vaulting performance in young female gymnasts of varying maturity and competitive levels. One hundred twenty gymnasts aged 5-14 years were subdivided into maturity groupings and also according to their competitive level. Subjects performed isometric midthigh pulls (IMTP) before completing straight jump vaults that were recorded using two-dimensional video. All significance values were accepted at p < 0.05. Absolute peak force (PF abs) and force at various time epochs were significantly greater in more mature gymnasts, although no significant differences were observed in relative peak force (PF rel). When grouped by competitive level, elite gymnasts produced a significantly greater absolute rate of force development (RFD abs) at 0-150, 0-200, and 0-250 ms as well as relative RFD (RFD rel) at 0-200 and 0-250 ms than recreational gymnasts. Based upon regression analyses, force at 50 ms during the IMTP test explained 15% of vertical takeoff velocity during vaulting. Biological maturation seems to impact isometric force-time curve characteristics in young female gymnasts, and higher-level gymnasts produce greater RFD than those competing at a lower level. Vaulting vertical takeoff velocity seems to be largely independent of isometric force-time characteristics with only a small amount of variance explained by force at 50 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Moeskops
- Youth Physical Development Unit, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Unit, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul J Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia.,Australian Center for Research Into Injury in Sport and Its Prevention (ACRISP), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia; and
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Unit, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
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14
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González-Hernández JM, Jimenez-Reyes P, Janicijevic D, Tufano JJ, Marquez G, Garcia-Ramos A. Effect of different interset rest intervals on mean velocity during the squat and bench press exercises. Sports Biomech 2020:1-14. [PMID: 32567492 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1766102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effect of three interset rest intervals (1, 3, and 5 minutes) on (I) mean velocity during a resistance training session conducted in a Smith machine with the squat and bench press exercises, and (II) the pre- and post-exercise force-velocity relationship. Fifteen male university students completed three sessions (i.e., Rest 1', Rest 3', and Rest 5') consisting of three sets of five repetitions against the 10RM load during the squat and bench press exercises. The force-velocity relationship (maximal values of force [F0], velocity [v0], and power [Pmax]) was evaluated at the beginning and at the end of each session with the countermovement jump and bench press throw exercises. During training, mean velocity was slower in sets 2 and 3 of the Rest 1' protocol compared to Rest 3' and Rest 5', but no significant differences were present between Rest 3' and Rest 5'. After training, there was a significant decrease in F0 (p = 0.017) and Pmax (p = 0.010), but not in v0 (p = 0.259). These results support the Rest 3' as the most time-efficient protocol, among those analysed, for the maintenance of high mean velocities during training sessions not leading to failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M González-Hernández
- Neuromove Research Group, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of San Antonio (UCAM), Murcia, Spain.,Faculty of Health Science, European University of Canarias, La Orotava, Spain
| | | | - Danica Janicijevic
- The Research Centre, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - James J Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gonzalo Marquez
- Neuromove Research Group, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of San Antonio (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Amador Garcia-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Catholic University of the Most Holy Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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15
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Aben HGJ, Hills SP, Higgins D, Cooke CB, Davis D, Jones B, Russell M. The Reliability of Neuromuscular and Perceptual Measures Used to Profile Recovery, and the Time-Course of such Responses following Academy Rugby League Match-Play. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E73. [PMID: 32456075 PMCID: PMC7281125 DOI: 10.3390/sports8050073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In professional academy rugby league (RL) players, this two-part study examined; A) the within- and between-day reliability of isometric mid-thigh pulls (IMTP), countermovement jumps (CMJ), and a wellness questionnaire (n = 11), and B) profiled the responses with acceptable reliability (no between-trial differences and between-day coefficient of variation (CV) ≤10% and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ≥0.8) for 120 h (baseline: -3, +24, +48, +72, +96, +120 h) following RL match-play (n = 10). In part A, force at 200, and 250 ms, and peak force (PF) demonstrated acceptable within- (CV%: 3.67-8.41%, ICC: 0.89-0.93) and between-day (CV%: 4.34-8.62%, ICC: 0.87-0.92) reliability for IMTP. Most CMJ variables demonstrated acceptable within-day reliability (CV%: 3.03-7.34%, ICC: 0.82-0.98), but only six (i.e., flight-time, PF, peak power (PP), relative PP, velocity at take-off (VTO), jump-height (JH)) showed acceptable between-day reliability (CV%: 2.56-6.79%, ICC: 0.83-0.91). Only total wellness demonstrated acceptable between-day reliability (CV%: 7.05%, ICC: 0.90) from the questionnaire. In part B, reductions of 4.75% and 9.23% (vs. baseline; 2.54 m∙s-1; 0.33 m) occurred at +24 h for CMJ VTO, and JH, respectively. Acceptable reliability was observed in some, but not all, variables and the magnitude and time-course of post-match responses were test and variable specific. Practitioners should therefore be mindful of the influence that the choice of recovery monitoring tool may have upon the practical interpretation of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrickus G. J. Aben
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds LS18 5HD, UK; (H.G.J.A.); (S.P.H.); (C.B.C.); (D.D.)
- Castleford Tigers RLFC, The Mend-A-Hose Jungle, Castleford WF10 2SD, UK;
| | - Samuel P. Hills
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds LS18 5HD, UK; (H.G.J.A.); (S.P.H.); (C.B.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Darren Higgins
- Castleford Tigers RLFC, The Mend-A-Hose Jungle, Castleford WF10 2SD, UK;
| | - Carlton B. Cooke
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds LS18 5HD, UK; (H.G.J.A.); (S.P.H.); (C.B.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Danielle Davis
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds LS18 5HD, UK; (H.G.J.A.); (S.P.H.); (C.B.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QT, UK;
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds LS17 8NB, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby Club, Leeds LS6 3BR, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England; Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town 7725, South Africa
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds LS18 5HD, UK; (H.G.J.A.); (S.P.H.); (C.B.C.); (D.D.)
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16
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Lum D, Haff GG, Barbosa TM. The Relationship between Isometric Force-Time Characteristics and Dynamic Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8050063. [PMID: 32429176 PMCID: PMC7281606 DOI: 10.3390/sports8050063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article was to review the data on the relationship between multi-joint isometric strength test (IsoTest) force-time characteristics (peak force, rate of force development and impulse) and dynamic performance that is available in the current literature. Four electronic databases were searched using search terms related to IsoTest. Studies were considered eligible if they were original research studies that investigated the relationships between multi-joint IsoTest and performance of dynamic movements; published in peer-reviewed journals; had participants who were athletes or active individuals who participate in recreational sports or resistance training, with no restriction on sex; and had full text available. A total of 47 studies were selected. These studies showed significant small to large correlations between isometric bench press (IBP) force-time variables and upper body dynamic performances (r2 = 0.221 to 0.608, p < 0.05) and significant small to very large correlation between isometric squat (ISqT) (r2 = 0.085 to 0.746, p < 0.05) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) (r2 = 0.120 to 0.941, p < 0.05) force-time variables with lower body dynamic performances. IsoTest force-time characteristics were shown to have small to very large correlations with dynamic performances of the upper and lower limbs as well as performance of sporting movements (r2 = 0.118 to 0.700, p < 0.05). These data suggest that IsoTest force-time characteristics provide insights into the force production capability of athletes which give insight into dynamic performance capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Lum
- Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Singapore 397630, Singapore
- Physical Education and Sports Science National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-9729-0819
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia;
- Directorate of Sports, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Physical Education and Sports Science National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore;
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001 Vila Real, Portugal
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17
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Pichardo AW, Oliver JL, Harrison CB, Maulder PS, Lloyd RS, Kandoi R. Effects of Combined Resistance Training and Weightlifting on Motor Skill Performance of Adolescent Male Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 33:3226-3235. [PMID: 31765343 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pichardo, AW, Oliver, JL, Harrison, CB, Maulder, PS, Lloyd, RS, and Kandoi, R. Effects of combined resistance training and weightlifting on motor skill performance of adolescent male athletes. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3226-3235, 2019-Resistance training and weightlifting are regarded as safe and effective training methods for youth. However, no studies have examined the effects of a year-long resistance training program using weightlifting movements on strength, speed, or power. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the long-term effects of combined resistance training (traditional strength training + plyometrics) with or without weightlifting movements on motor skill performance of adolescent males. Fifty-nine males aged 12-14 years were matched by maturity and allocated to a combined resistance training or a combined resistance training with weightlifting group. Each group completed 28 total weeks of training over an academic year. Pre-, mid- (14 weeks of training), and post-training (28 weeks of training) tests included the resistance training skills battery quotient (RTSQ), absolute isometric midthigh pull peak force (IMTPABS) and ratio-scaled isometric midthigh pull peak force (IMTPREL), countermovement jump, horizontal jump, and 10-, 20-, and 30-m sprint. Repeated-measure analysis of variance revealed that there were no significant between-group responses, but all variables improved significantly within-group. Both groups made small-moderate improvements in RTSQ, IMTPABS, and IMTPREL after the first 14 training weeks (d = 0.45-0.86), whereas small-moderate improvements in lower body power, upper body power, and speed were made after the second 14 training weeks (d = 0.30-0.95). Both groups made small-moderate improvements in all performance variables after 28 weeks of training. These findings highlight the importance of establishing movement competency and strength as a foundation for the subsequent development of power. Furthermore, these findings may help practitioners understand the time course of certain adaptations following a long-term periodized plan for adolescent males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Pichardo
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Youth Physical Development Center, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Craig B Harrison
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter S Maulder
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Center for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Youth Physical Development Center, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.,Center for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Rohan Kandoi
- Center for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
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18
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Soriano MA, García-Ramos A, Torres-González A, Castillo-Palencia J, Ayuso V, Marín PJ, Comfort P. Validity and Reliability of a Standardized Protocol for Assessing the One Repetition Maximum Performance During Overhead Pressing Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 35:2988-2992. [PMID: 31972827 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Soriano, MA, García-Ramos, A, Torres-González, A, Castillo-Palencia, J, Ayuso, V, Marín, PJ, and Comfort, P. Validity and reliability of a standardized protocol for assessing the one repetition maximum performance during overhead pressing exercises. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The aim of this study was to determine the validity of performing 3 one repetition maximum (1RM) assessments for the push press (PP), push jerk (PJ), and split jerk (SJ) in sequence in one testing session vs. the criterion method (testing on separate days), while determining the between-session reliability of the combined assessment. Twenty-two well-trained men (n = 22; age: 28.5 + 1.3 years; height: 1.80 + 0.04 m; body mass: 84.9 + 1.9 kg; training experience: 4.27 + 4.08 years) participated in this study. The 1RM was assessed in a sequential order in the same testing session (combined 1RM assessment) for the PP, PJ, and SJ on 2 occasions, to determine between-session reliability. The 1RM for each exercise was also examined on 3 separate sessions to compare the results against the combined method. A high reliability, low variability, and low measurement error were evident for the PP (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.960; coefficient of variation [CV] = 1.8%; smallest detectable difference [SDD] = 7.1%), PJ (ICC = 0.978; CV = 1.5%; SDD = 5.4%) and SJ (ICC = 0.987; CV = 0.8%; SDD = 4.6%). In addition, there were no significant (p > 0.05) or meaningful (η ≤0.001) differences between the single and combined assessments. The high reliability and validity of the combined assessment suggest that practitioners and researchers may simplify the testing procedure by assessing the 1RM during the 3 main overhead pressing exercises in a single testing session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Soriano
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, Spain.,University of Salford, Frederick Road Campus, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of the Most Holy Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Comfort
- University of Salford, Frederick Road Campus, Manchester, United Kingdom
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19
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Dobbs IJ, Oliver JL, Wong MA, Moore IS, Lloyd RS. Effects of a 12-Week Training Program on Isometric and Dynamic Force-Time Characteristics in Pre- and Post-Peak Height Velocity Male Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:653-662. [PMID: 31904716 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dobbs, IJ, Oliver, JL, Wong, MA, Moore, IS, and Lloyd, RS. Effects of a 12-week training program on isometric and dynamic force-time characteristics in pre- and post-peak height velocity male athletes. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 653-662, 2020-Literature shows that training children and adolescents can enhance strength and power irrespective of their stage of development; however, the development of the kinetic variables that underpin strength and power performance are typically unreported in youth training studies. Twenty-four pre- and 14 post-peak height velocity (PHV) male athletes were divided into maturity-specific experimental (EXP) and control groups (CON), with the EXP groups completing a twice-weekly, 12-week training program. Force-time characteristics during the isometric midthigh pull (IMTP), countermovement jump, and squat jump tests were quantified at both baseline and after the completion of the 12-week program. Alpha level was set at p < 0.05. No changes in total score for back-squat assessment were observed in any group (p > 0.05). Analysis of IMTP data revealed that only the post-PHV EXP group significantly increased absolute isometric peak force (PFabs) and peak rate of force development within the IMTP after training. Both EXP groups displayed significant increases in isometric PF at time epochs 0-90, 0-150, 0-200, and 0-250 ms. Data from the dynamic tests indicated that the pre-PHV EXP cohort improved concentric qualities as reflected by increased squat jump height and countermovement jump concentric power. There were no significant changes for any variables across all tests within either CON group (p > 0.05). Maturity-related differences in response to short-term training affects the kinetic variables associated with strength and power performance, but not movement competency in young male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Dobbs
- Youth Physical Development Center, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Center, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand; and
| | - Megan A Wong
- Youth Physical Development Center, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel S Moore
- Youth Physical Development Center, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Center, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand; and.,Center for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
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20
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Hughes LJ, Banyard HG, Dempsey AR, Peiffer JJ, Scott BR. Using Load-Velocity Relationships to Quantify Training-Induced Fatigue. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:762-773. [PMID: 30570512 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hughes, LJ, Banyard, HG, Dempsey, AR, Peiffer, JJ, and Scott, BR. Using load-velocity relationships to quantify training-induced fatigue. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 762-773, 2019-The purpose of this study was to investigate using load-velocity relationships to quantify fluctuations in maximal strength (1 repetition maximum [1RM]), which occur as a result of training-induced fatigue. The 19 well-trained men (age: 24.3 ± 2.9 years, height: 180.1 ± 5.9 cm, body mass: 84.2 ± 10.5 kg, and squat 1RM: 151.1 ± 25.7 kg) who were recruited for this study attended 5 sessions. After baseline strength testing, individual load-velocity relationships were established using mean concentric velocity during visits 2, 4, and 5, with visit 3 consisting of a bout of fatiguing exercise (5 sets of squats performed to muscular failure with 70% 1RM). Predicted 1RM values were calculated using the minimal velocity threshold (1RMMVT), load at zero velocity (1RMLD0), and force-velocity (1RMFV) methods. Measured 1RM, maximal voluntary contractions, and perceived muscle soreness were used to examine the effects of fatigue in relation to the predicted 1RM scores. The 1RMMVT and 1RMLD0 demonstrated very strong and strong correlations with measured 1RM during each of the sessions (r = 0.90-0.96 and r = 0.77-0.84, respectively), while no strong significant correlations were observed for the 1RMFV. Further analysis using Bland-Altman plots demonstrated substantial interindividual variation associated with each method. These results suggest that load-velocity-based 1RM predictions are not accurate enough to be used for daily training load prescription, as has been previously suggested. Nevertheless, these predictions are practical to implement during an individual's warm-up and may be useful to indicate general fluctuations in performance potential, particularly if used in conjunction with other common monitoring methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Hughes
- Murdoch Applied Sports Sciences Lab, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Harry G Banyard
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,West Australian Football Commission (WAFC), Subiaco Oval, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alasdair R Dempsey
- Murdoch Applied Sports Sciences Lab, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sports Sciences Lab, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Sciences Lab, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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21
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Standing R, Best R. Strength and Reaction Time Capabilities of New Zealand Polo Players and Their Association with Polo Playing Handicap. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:E48. [PMID: 33467363 PMCID: PMC7739421 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo is an equestrian team sport consisting of four players per team, with level of play determined by cumulative player handicap (-2 to +10 goals), with a higher handicap denoting a better player. There is minimal literature investigating Polo players' physical attributes, hence the understanding of the physical characteristics that may contribute to an improved handicap are unknown. This study sought to identify the relationship between pertinent strength measures (left and right hand grip strength; absolute and relative isometric mid-thigh pull) and reaction time in Polo handicap in 19 New Zealand Polo players, and ascertain whether handicap could be predicted by these measures. Correlation coefficients were expressed using R values, accompanying descriptors and 90% confidence intervals (C.I.). Variance explained was expressed via the R2 statistic, and statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Right hand grip strength, isometric mid-thigh pull values were found to significantly correlate to and explain variance within Polo player handicap (all moderate to large correlations; p < 0.05). Whereas left hand grip strength (R: 0.380; 90% C.I. -0.011 to 0.670) and reaction time (0.020; -0.372 to 0.406) were non-significant, moderate and trivial correlates and predictors of handicap respectively. Practically, these findings highlight the differing roles between rein and mallet hands of Polo players and emphasise the importance of a strong and stable platform when riding and striking the ball. Lack of association with reaction time may be explained in part by higher handicapped Polo players employing a more proactive approach to the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan Standing
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Wintec, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Russ Best
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Wintec, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
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22
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Nuzzo JL, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC. CORP: Measurement of upper and lower limb muscle strength and voluntary activation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:513-543. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00569.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle strength, the maximal force-generating capacity of a muscle or group of muscles, is regularly assessed in physiological experiments and clinical trials. An understanding of the expected variation in strength and the factors that contribute to this variation is important when designing experiments, describing methodologies, interpreting results, and attempting to replicate methods of others and reproduce their findings. In this review (Cores of Reproducibility in Physiology), we report on the intra- and inter-rater reliability of tests of upper and lower limb muscle strength and voluntary activation in humans. Isometric, isokinetic, and isoinertial strength exhibit good intra-rater reliability in most samples (correlation coefficients ≥0.90). However, some tests of isoinertial strength exhibit systematic bias that is not resolved by familiarization. With the exception of grip strength, few attempts have been made to examine inter-rater reliability of tests of muscle strength. The acute factors most likely to affect muscle strength and serve as a source of its variation from trial-to-trial or day-to-day include attentional focus, breathing technique, remote muscle contractions, rest periods, temperature (core, muscle), time of day, visual feedback, body and limb posture, body stabilization, acute caffeine consumption, dehydration, pain, fatigue from preceding exercise, and static stretching >60 s. Voluntary activation, the nervous system’s ability to drive a muscle to create its maximal force, exhibits good intra-rater reliability when examined with twitch interpolation (correlation coefficients >0.80). However, inter-rater reliability has not been formally examined. The methodological factors most likely to influence voluntary activation are myograph compliance and sensitivity; stimulation location, intensity, and inadvertent stimulation of antagonists; joint angle (muscle length); and the resting twitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Nuzzo
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janet L. Taylor
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon C. Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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23
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Moeskops S, Oliver JL, Read PJ, Cronin JB, Myer GD, Haff GG, Lloyd RS. Within- and Between-Session Reliability of the Isometric Midthigh Pull in Young Female Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1892-1901. [PMID: 29547490 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Moeskops, S, Oliver, JL, Read, PJ, Cronin, JB, Myer, GD, Haff, GG, and Lloyd, RS. Within- and between-session reliability of the isometric midthigh pull in young female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(7): 1892-1901, 2018-To investigate the within- and between-session reliability of the isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) in pre- and post-peak height velocity (PHV) female athletes. Nineteen pre- and 19 post-PHV athletes performed bilateral IMTPs using a custom-designed isometric testing system. Participants attended 3 separate testing sessions and performed 3 trials within each session. Peak force, relative peak force, force at 30, 50, 90, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ms, rate of force development (RFD) within time-specific bands, time to peak force (TPF), and time to peak RFD were obtained for analysis. Within- and between-session reliability for each variable was calculated from repeated-measures analysis of variance, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and coefficients of variation (CV) with 95% confidence intervals. Within- and between-session measures of absolute and relative peak force were found to be reliable for both pre-PHV (CV ≤ 9.4%, ICC ≥ 0.87) and post-PHV (CV ≤ 7.3%, ICC ≥ 0.92), but systematic bias was evident between sessions in the pre-PHV group, from session 1 to 2. Analyses of force at the specific time points revealed CVs between 19-37% and 5-24% for pre-PHV and post-PHV athletes, respectively. Greater variability was evident in TPF, and all RFD-related variables for pre-PHV (CV ≥ 38%) and post-PHV (CV ≥ 27%) athletes, respectively. The IMTP appears a reliable and safe method for evaluating peak force in young female athletes. Overall, post-PHV athletes were more reliable than pre-PHV athletes, with pre-PHV athletes needing additional familiarization to minimize the influence of systematic bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Moeskops
- Youth Physical Development Unit, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Unit, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul J Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - John B Cronin
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Unit, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Center for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
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24
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Brady CJ, Harrison AJ, Comyns TM. A review of the reliability of biomechanical variables produced during the isometric mid-thigh pull and isometric squat and the reporting of normative data. Sports Biomech 2018; 19:1-25. [PMID: 29781788 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1452968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of isometric strength testing, particularly the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) has increased dramatically over the last decade. The IMTP and isometric squat (ISqT) provide one aspect of performance monitoring with variables such as peak force and rate of force development being derived from the force-time curve. The reliability of some of these variables is conflicting in the literature, and the reporting of the reliability is not standardised across the research. The majority of research only reports intraclass correlation coefficients with very few studies reporting coefficient of variation and 90% confidence intervals. Additionally, methods used to calculate variables from the force-time curve differ across studies. An aim of muscle strength testing is to provide normative values for specific sports, allowing coaches to distinguish between performance levels or evaluate the effects of training on performance. This narrative review aims to evaluate studies that have researched the reliability and/or reported normative data for both tests. Additionally, the testing protocols and the force-time curve analysis techniques utilised are discussed, concluding with practical applications for coaches on the uses and limitations of these tests. Results demonstrate that peak force is the most reliable measure and can be used to determine maximum strength capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Brady
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Biomechanics Research Unit, Department of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Sport Ireland Institute, National Sports Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew J Harrison
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Biomechanics Research Unit, Department of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Thomas M Comyns
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Biomechanics Research Unit, Department of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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25
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Drake D, Kennedy R, Wallace E. Familiarization, validity and smallest detectable difference of the isometric squat test in evaluating maximal strength. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2087-2095. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1436857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Drake
- School of Sport, Ulster University, N. Ireland
- Ulster Rugby, Irish Rugby Football Union, N. Ireland
| | - Rodney Kennedy
- School of Sport, Ulster University, N. Ireland
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University, N. Ireland
| | - Eric Wallace
- School of Sport, Ulster University, N. Ireland
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University, N. Ireland
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26
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Criterion and Construct Validity of an Isometric Midthigh-Pull Dynamometer for Assessing Whole-Body Strength in Professional Rugby League Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:235-239. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Brownlee TE, Murtagh CF, Naughton RJ, Whitworth-Turner CM, O’Boyle A, Morgans R, Morton JP, Erskine RM, Drust B. Isometric maximal voluntary force evaluated using an isometric mid-thigh pull differentiates English Premier League youth soccer players from a maturity-matched control group. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1432886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Brownlee
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Craig M Whitworth-Turner
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andy O’Boyle
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Premier League, London, UK
| | | | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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28
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Dos'Santos T, Thomas C, Comfort P, McMahon JJ, Jones PA. Relationships between Isometric Force-Time Characteristics and Dynamic Performance. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:E68. [PMID: 29910428 PMCID: PMC5968956 DOI: 10.3390/sports5030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) force-time characteristics (peak force and time-specific force vales (100⁻250 ms)) and dynamic performance and compare dynamic performance between stronger and weaker athletes. Forty-three athletes from different sports (rowing, soccer, bicycle motocross, and hockey) performed three trials of the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and IMTP, and performed a one repetition maximum power clean (PC). Reactive strength index modified (RSImod) was also calculated from the CMJ. Statistically significant large correlations between IMTP force-time characteristics and PC (ρ = 0.569⁻0.674, p < 0.001), and moderate correlations between IMTP force-time characteristics (excluding force at 100 ms) and RSImod (ρ = 0.389⁻0.449, p = 0.013⁻0.050) were observed. Only force at 250 ms demonstrated a statistically significant moderate correlation with CMJ height (ρ = 0.346, p = 0.016) and no statistically significant associations were observed between IMTP force-time characteristics and SJ height. Stronger athletes (top 10) demonstrated statistically significantly greater CMJ heights, RSImods, and PCs (p ≤ 0.004, g = 1.32⁻1.89) compared to weaker (bottom 10) athletes, but no differences in SJ height were observed (p = 0.871, g = 0.06). These findings highlight that the ability to apply rapidly high levels of force in short time intervals is integral for PC, CMJ height, and reactive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dos'Santos
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise & Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK.
| | - Christopher Thomas
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise & Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK.
| | - Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise & Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK.
| | - John J McMahon
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise & Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK.
| | - Paul A Jones
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise & Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK.
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