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Janicijevic D, Miras-Moreno S, Morenas-Aguilar MD, Jiménez-Martínez P, Alix-Fages C, García-Ramos A. Relationship between perceptual and mechanical markers of fatigue during bench press and bench pull exercises: impact of inter-set rest period length. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16754. [PMID: 38250725 PMCID: PMC10799610 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore whether the relationship between perceptual (rating of perceived exertion; RPE) and mechanical (maximal number of repetitions completed [MNR], fastest set velocity, and mean velocity decline) variables is affected by the length of inter-set rest periods during resistance training sets not leading to failure. Twenty-three physically active individuals (15 men and eight women) randomly completed 12 testing sessions resulting from the combination of two exercises (bench press and bench pull), three inter-set rest protocols (1, 3, and 5 min), and two minimal velocity thresholds (farther from muscular failure [MVT0.45 for bench press and MVT0.65 for bench pull] and closer to muscular failure [MVT0.35 for bench press and MVT0.55 for bench pull]). The duration of inter-set rest periods did not have a significant impact on RPE values (p ranged from 0.061 to 0.951). Higher proximities to failure, indicated by lower MVTs, were associated with increased RPE values (p < 0.05 in 19 out of 24 comparisons). Moreover, as the number of sets increased, an upward trend in RPE values was observed (p < 0.05 in seven out of 12 comparisons). Finally, while acknowledging some inconsistencies, it was generally observed that higher magnitudes of the mechanical variables, especially MNR (rs < -0.55 in three out of four comparisons), were associated with lower RPE values. These results, which were comparable for the bench press and bench pull exercises, suggest that post-set RPE values are affected by the fatigue experienced at both the beginning and end of the set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Janicijevic
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Research Academy of Human Biomechanics, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Sergio Miras-Moreno
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España
| | | | - Pablo Jiménez-Martínez
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Alix-Fages
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Applied Biomechanics and Sport Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Catolica de la Santísima Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
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Zhao H, Seo D, Okada J. Validity of using perceived exertion to assess muscle fatigue during back squat exercise. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:14. [PMID: 36739396 PMCID: PMC9899404 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale has been found to reflect physiological responses, and this study aimed to assess the validity of using the Borg CR-10 scale and velocity loss to evaluate muscle fatigue quantified by surface electromyography during back squat (BS) exercise. A total of 15 collegiate male athletes underwent three non-explosive BS tasks comprising low, medium, and high volumes at 65% of their one-repetition maximum. RPEs, spectral fatigue index (SFI), and velocity loss during BS exercise were assessed throughout the trials. Significant differences in overall RPE (p < 0.001) and average SFI (p < 0.05) were observed between the conditions, whereas no significant difference was observed in average velocity loss. Significant increases in RPE and SFI (p < 0.001) were observed within the exercise process, whereas a significant increase in velocity loss was not observed. Correlation analyses indicated a significant correlation between RPE and SFI obtained during exercise (r = 0.573, p < 0.001). However, no significant correlation was observed between velocity loss and SFI. These results demonstrated that RPE could be used as a muscle fatigue predictor in BS exercise, but that velocity loss may not reflect muscle fatigue correctly when participants cannot and/or are not required to perform BS explosively. Furthermore, practitioners should not use velocity loss as a muscle fatigue indicator in some resistance exercise situations, such as rehabilitation, beginner, and hypertrophy programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanye Zhao
- grid.5290.e0000 0004 1936 9975Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama Japan ,grid.5290.e0000 0004 1936 9975Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima 2-579-15, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192 Japan
| | - Dasom Seo
- grid.5290.e0000 0004 1936 9975Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama Japan
| | - Junichi Okada
- grid.5290.e0000 0004 1936 9975Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama Japan
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3
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Zhao H, Nishioka T, Okada J. Validity of using perceived exertion to assess muscle fatigue during resistance exercises. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13019. [PMID: 35251786 PMCID: PMC8896022 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is correlated with physiological variables. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of using the Borg CR-10 scale and velocity to predict muscle fatigue assessed by surface electromyography during single joint resistance exercises. METHODS Fifteen healthy males underwent different fatigue levels of unilateral elbow flexion (EF) and knee extension (KE), consisting of low, medium, and high volumes at 65% of their one-repetition maximum. The RPEs, spectral fatigue index (SFI), and mean velocity of the experimental exercises were assessed throughout the trials. RESULTS Significant differences in overall RPE (p < 0.001) and average SFI (p < 0.001) were observed between the conditions in both exercises. Significant changes in RPE and SFI (p < 0.001) were observed throughout the EF, whereas a SFI increase (p < 0.001) was only observed at the end point of KE. Multiple regression analyses revealed two significant models (p < 0.001) for the prediction of muscle fatigue during EF (R2 = 0.552) and KE (R2 = 0.377). CONCLUSIONS Muscle fatigue resulted in similar increases in perceptual responses, demonstrating that RPE is useful for assessing fatigue when resistance exercise is performed. However, velocity changes may not reflect muscle fatigue correctly when exercise is no longer performed in an explosive manner. We recommend combining RPE responses with velocity changes to comprehensively assess muscle fatigue during clinical and sports situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanye Zhao
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takuya Nishioka
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junichi Okada
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Boffey D, Clark NW, Fukuda DH. Efficacy of Rest Redistribution During Squats: Considerations for Strength and Sex. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:586-595. [PMID: 33470602 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Boffey, D, Clark, NW, and Fukuda, DH. Efficacy of rest redistribution during squats: Considerations for strength and sex. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 586-595, 2021-This study examined the kinematic, perceptual, and heart rate responses to rest redistribution (RR) and traditional sets (TS) during the barbell back squat for men and women possessing a wide range of strength levels. Forty-five resistance-trained subjects (30 men and 15 women) performed 40 repetitions of the barbell squat with 65% 1RM load with TS (4 × 10 repetitions, 3-minute rest) or RR (10 × 4 repetitions, 1-minute rest), in a randomized order on days separated by ≥72 hours. The significance was set at p ≤ 0.05 for all statistical analyses. The mean velocity (MV) maintenance was significantly higher for RR compared with TS (87.70 ± 4.50% vs. 84.07 ± 4.48%, respectively; p < 0.01, d = 0.35). Rating of perceived exertion (active muscles) was significantly lower for RR compared with TS (5.38 ± 1.42 vs. 6.08 ± 1.43, respectively; p = 0.02, d = -0.35). Rating of perceived exertion (overall) was also significantly lower for RR compared with TS (5.60 ± 1.40 vs. 6.48 ± 1.49, respectively; p = 0.02, d = -0.37). The relative strength ratio (relative strength ratio; squat 1RM: body mass) was significantly correlated with the difference in MV maintenance between RR and TS (r = -0.34, p = 0.02). No sex-based differences (p > 0.05) were found for any dependent variables. Rest redistribution produced significantly higher mean HR (143.25 ± 21.11 vs. 135.05 ± 20.74, p < 0.01) and minimum HR (102.77 ± 19.58 vs. 95.97 ± 22.17, p < 0.01). Subjects were better able to maintain velocity with RR compared with TS, while experiencing less perceived effort. Rest redistribution can be recommended for both men and women, but very strong individuals may not improve their velocity maintenance with RR to the same extent as less strong individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Boffey
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida; and.,Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Nicolas W Clark
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida; and.,Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David H Fukuda
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida; and.,Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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Jukic I, Van Hooren B, Ramos AG, Helms ER, McGuigan MR, Tufano JJ. The Effects of Set Structure Manipulation on Chronic Adaptations to Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:1061-1086. [PMID: 33417154 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acute effects of resistance training (RT) set structure alteration are well established; however, less is known about their effects on chronic training adaptations. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesise the available evidence on the effectiveness of traditional (TS), cluster (CS) and rest redistribution (RR) set structures in promoting chronic RT adaptations, and provide an overview of the factors which might differentially influence the magnitude of specific training adaptations between set structure types. METHODS This review was performed using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines encompassing the literature search of five databases. Studies in English that compared muscular strength, endurance, and/or hypertrophy adaptations, as well as vertical jump performance, velocity and power at submaximal loads and shifts in the slopes of force-velocity profiles between TS and CS or RR set structures (i.e., alternative set structures) were included. Risk of bias assessment was performed using a modified Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. Random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed where possible. RESULTS 17 studies met the inclusion criteria, none had more than one risk of bias item assessed as high risk. Pooled results revealed that none of the set structures were more effective at inducing strength (standardised mean difference (SMD) = - 0.06) or hypertrophy (SMD = - 0.03). TS were more effective at improving muscular endurance compared to alternative set structures (SMD = - 0.38), whereas alternative set structures tended to be more effective for vertical jump performance gains (SMD = 0.13), but this effect was not statistically significant (p = 0.190). Greater velocity and power outputs at submaximal loads (SMD = 0.18) were observed when using alternative set structures compared to TS. In addition, alternative set structures promoted greater shifts of the slope of force-velocity profiles towards more velocity dominant profiles compared to TS (SMD = 0.28). Sub-group analyses controlling for each alternative set structure independently showed mixed results likely caused by the relatively small number of studies available for some outcomes. CONCLUSION Modifying TS to an alternative set structure (CS or RR) has a negligible impact on strength and hypertrophy. Using CS and RR can lead to greater vertical jump performance, velocity and power at submaximal loads and shifts to more velocity dominant force-velocity profiles compared to training using TS. However, TS may provide more favourable effects on muscle endurance when compared to CS and RR. These findings demonstrate that altering TS to alternative set structures may influence the magnitude of specific muscular adaptations indicating set structure manipulation is an important consideration for RT program design. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION The original protocol was prospectively registered (CRD42019138954) with the PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Amador García Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eric R Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael R McGuigan
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James J Tufano
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Acute Effects of Cluster and Rest Redistribution Set Structures on Mechanical, Metabolic, and Perceptual Fatigue During and After Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50:2209-2236. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Merrigan JJ, Tufano JJ, Fields JB, Oliver JM, Jones MT. Rest Redistribution Does Not Alter Hormone Responses in Resistance-Trained Women. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1867-1874. [PMID: 32598121 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Merrigan, JJ, Tufano, JJ, Fields, JB, Oliver, JM, and Jones, MT. Rest redistribution does not alter hormone responses in resistance-trained women. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 1867-1874, 2020-The purpose was to examine acute effects of rest redistribution (RR) on perceptual, metabolic, and hormonal responses during back squats. Twelve resistance-trained women (training age 5 ± 2 years; one repetition maximum [1-RM] per body mass, 1.6 ± 0.2) performed traditional (TS, 4 sets of 10 repetitions with 120 seconds interset rest) and RR sets (4 sets of two 5 repetition clusters with 30-second intraset rest and 90-second interset rest) in counterbalanced order, separated by 72 hours. Both conditions were performed at 70% 1RM with 360 seconds of total rest. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were taken after each set. Blood was sampled at baseline, after each set, and at 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes, as well as 24 and 48 hours after training. Alpha level was p ≤ 0.05. The RPE progressively increased throughout both conditions (p = 0.002) with a greater overall mean for TS (5.81 ± 0.14) than RR (4.71 ± 0.14; p = 0.003). Lactate increased above baseline and remained elevated through 15 minutes post in both conditions (4.00 ± 0.76; p = 0.001), with greater lactate levels for TS (6.33 ± 0.47) than RR (4.71 ± 0.53; p < 0.001). Total testosterone was elevated after set 2 (0.125 ± 0.02; p = 0.011), but no other time point, while free testosterone remained unchanged. Growth hormone continually rose from baseline to set 3 and returned to baseline by 60 minutes post (20.58 ± 3.19). Cortisol and creatine kinase did not change over time. No condition × time interactions existed for any hormone (p > 0.05). Use of rest redistribution resulted in lower perceived effort and lactate responses. Yet, hormone responses during rest redistribution were no different from TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Merrigan
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.,Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - James J Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Jennifer B Fields
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.,Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Army West Point Athletics, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.,Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
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Tufano JJ, Omcirk D, Malecek J, Pisz A, Halaj M, Scott BR. Traditional sets versus rest-redistribution: a laboratory-controlled study of a specific cluster set configuration at fast and slow velocities. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:421-430. [PMID: 31553890 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated redistributing long inter-set rest intervals into shorter but more frequent intervals at 2 different concentric velocities. Resistance-trained men performed 4 randomised isokinetic unilateral knee extension protocols, 2 at 60°·s-1 and 2 at 360°·s-1. At each speed, subjects performed 40 repetitions with 285 s of rest using traditional sets (TS; 4 sets of 10 with 95 s of inter-set rest) and rest-redistribution (RR; 20 sets of 2 with 15 s inter-set rest). Before and at 2, 5, and 10 min after exercise, tensiomyography (TMG) and oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy; NIRS) were measured. NIRS was also measured during exercise, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded after every 10 repetitions. At both speeds, RR displayed greater peak torque, total work, and power output during latter repetitions, but there were no differences between TS or RR when averaging all 40 repetitions. The RPE was less during RR at both speeds (p < 0.05). RR increased select muscle oxygen saturation and blood flow at both speeds. There were no effects of protocol on TMG, but effect sizes favoured a quicker recovery after RR. RR was likely beneficial in maintaining performance compared with the latter parts of TS sets and limiting perceived and peripheral fatigue. Novelty Although effective at slow velocities, rest-redistribution was likely more effective during high-velocity movements in this study. Rest-redistribution maintained the ability to produce force throughout an entire range of motion. Rest-redistribution reduced RPE during both high-velocity and high-force movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Tufano
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 16252 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dan Omcirk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 16252 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Malecek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 16252 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Pisz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 16252 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Halaj
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 16252 Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Track and Field, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, 814 99 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia
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Chapman M, Larumbe-Zabala E, Goss-Sampson M, Triplett NT, Naclerio F. Using Perceptual and Neuromuscular Responses to Estimate Mechanical Changes During Continuous Sets in the Bench Press. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 33:2722-2732. [PMID: 29481450 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chapman, M, Larumbe-Zabala, E, Gosss-Sampson, M, Triplett, NT, and Naclerio, F. Using perceptual and neuromuscular responses to estimate mechanical changes during continuous sets in the bench press. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2722-2732, 2019-This study analyzed the effectiveness of the OMNI-RES (0-10) and the electromyographic signal for monitoring changes in the movement velocity during a set to muscular failure performed with different relative loads in the bench press (BP) exercise. Ten males (30.8 ± 5.7 years) were evaluated on 8 separate days with 48 hours of rest between sessions. After determining the 1 repetition maximum value, participants performed 7 sets to failure with the following relative loads ranges: 30 < 40%, 40 < 50%, 50 < 60%, 60 < 70%, 70 < 80%, 80 < 90%, and >90%. The mean accelerative velocity (MAV), the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and the normalized root-mean-square (N-RMS) signal from the anterior deltoids were measured for every repetition of each set. The RPE expressed after the first repetition and when the maximum value of MAV was achieved over the sets was lower (p < 0.001, d > 0.80) than the RPE associated with a 10% drop in MAV and at failure. Furthermore, the initial RPE was useful to distinguish different loading zones between the light relative loads (30 < 40% vs. 40 < 50% vs. 50 < 60%) and from these 3 zones to the higher relative load ranges (60 to >90%). Similar, but less clear, differences were observed for the N-RMS. In conclusion, apart from differentiating between relative loads, the RPE and in some cases N-RMS can both reflect changes associated with the initial, maximal, 10% drop in movement velocity, and muscular failure during a continuous set in the BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Chapman
- Department of Life and Sports Science, University of Greenwich, Medway, Kent, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Goss-Sampson
- Department of Life and Sports Science, University of Greenwich, Medway, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - N Travis Triplett
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina
| | - Fernando Naclerio
- Department of Life and Sports Science, University of Greenwich, Medway, Kent, United Kingdom
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