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Pascoa MA, Langer RD, Borges JH, Cirolini WX, Guerra-Júnior G, Gonçalves EM. Influence of the Type of Physical Training on the Physical Fitness of Army Cadets. Mil Med 2024:usae363. [PMID: 39058730 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usae363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Military Physical Training programs represent a constant challenge for the Armed Forces to improve body composition indices and physical fitness levels. This study aimed to verify the influence of the type of training on the physical fitness and body composition of army cadets, using 2 strategies: a sports program (Athletes group) and conventional physical training (Traditional group). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study involved new entrant male cadets who were selected for the Athletes group (n = 243, 19.08 ± 1.23 years) or the Traditional group (n = 356, 18.89 ± 0.97 years), with assessments occurring before and after the period of training (31.4 ± 3.9 weeks). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the bone mineral content (BMC), fat mass (FM), percentage of fat mass (%FM), and lean soft tissue (LST). The physical tests evaluated the 3,000 m run (RUN), 50 m swim (SWIM), pull-ups (PULL) on the horizontal bar, push-ups (PUSH) on the ground, and abdominal flexion (SITUP). RESULTS Time × group interaction effects were observed for BMC (P < .001), LST (P < .023), RUN (P < .001), PULL (P = .006), PUSH (P < .001), SITUP (P = .007), and SWIM (P < .001). A significant effect of time was noted for all variables analyzed in both groups, except %FM. The Athletes group achieved better results in body composition and in PULL, PUSH, RUN, and SWIM at baseline and after the training period. The Traditional group demonstrated higher relative changes (%) after the training period in the LST (P = .001), PULL (P < .001), PUSH (P < .001), SITUP (P < .004), and SWIM (P < .001) compared to the Athletes group. CONCLUSION Both physical training programs improved body composition and physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Alexandre Pascoa
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Raquel David Langer
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Juliano Henrique Borges
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Wagner Xavier Cirolini
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Gil Guerra-Júnior
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Ezequiel Moreira Gonçalves
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP 13083-887, Brazil
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Lim C, Wee J, Lee M, Lim S, Leow S. Validity and Reliability of the Power Slap Board as an Application to Measure Upper Body Vertical Pulling Power for Female Water Polo Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00475. [PMID: 39016300 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lim, C, Wee, J, Lee, M, Lim, S, and Leow, S. Validity and reliability of the power slap board as an application to measure upper body vertical pulling power for female water polo players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-This study examined the validity and reliability of the power slap test (PS) as an assessment for upper body pulling power to predict water polo functional performance and competitive experience of female water polo players. Seventeen female water polo players from the national and development squads were recruited. Subjects completed test-retest sessions of PS testing and 1 session of functional performance tests for the 15-m arms-only sprint (15 mAOS) and the 5-m maximum shooting velocity (5 mMSV). All PS, 15 mAOS and 5 mMSV results were compared for predictability. Power slap scores demonstrated high reliability for left PS (intraclass correlations [ICC]: 0.96, 90% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91-0.98), right PS (ICC: 0.96, 90% CI: 0.90-0.98), left and right center of mass (COM) displacement (ICC: 0.98, 90% CI: 0.96-0.99; ICC: 0.95, 90% CI: 0.88-0.98), and summed PS (ICC: 0.96, 90% CI: 0.92-0.99). All absolute PS scores and left COM displacement (COMdispL) demonstrated large correlations with the 15 mAOS times (r = -0.542 to -0.52, r2 = 0.27-0.29, p < 0.05). No performance parameters of the PS were correlated with the 5 mMSV performance (p > 0.05). This study validates the reliability of the PS as a dryland assessment tool for upper body pulling power. Only absolute PS scores and COMdisp were validated as weak predictors of the arms-only sprint times over 15 m. Its predictive power significantly improved when considered in combination with shooting performance. All absolute and normalized kinetic and kinematic PS parameters did not predict functional performance and competitive experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jericho Wee
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melissa Lee
- Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore; and
| | - Sean Lim
- Ministry of Education, Singapore
| | - Shina Leow
- National Youth Sports Institute, Singapore
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Miras-Moreno S, López-Belmonte Ó, García-Ramos A, Arellano R, Ruiz-Navarro JJ. Which Strength Manifestation Is More Related to Regional Swimmers' Performance and In-Water Forces? Maximal Neuromuscular Capacities Versus Maximal Mechanical Maintenance Capacity. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:608-619. [PMID: 38626897 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the association of the load-velocity (L-V) relationship variables and ability to maintain maximal mechanical performance during the prone bench-pull exercise with sprint swimming performance and in-water forces. METHODS Eleven competitive adult male swimmers (50-m front crawl World Aquatics points: 488 [66], performance level 4) performed 1 experimental session. The L-V relationship variables (L0 [ie, maximal theoretical load at 0 velocity]; v0 [ie, maximal theoretical velocity at 0 load], and Aline [ie, area under the L-V relationship]) and maximal mechanical maintenance capacity were assessed at the beginning of the session. Afterward, sprint swimming performance and in-water force production were tested through a 50-m front-crawl all-out trial and 15-s fully-tethered swimming, respectively. RESULTS Only v0 presented high positive associations with 50-m time and swimming kinematics (r > .532; P < .046). The L0, v0, and Aline showed very high positive associations with the in-water forces during tethered swimming (r > .523; P < .049). However, the ability to maintain maximal mechanical performance, assessed by the mean velocity decline during the prone bench pull, was only significantly correlated with stroke rate (r = -.647; P = .016) and stroke index (r = .614; P = .022). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that maximal neuromuscular capacities, especially v0, have a stronger correlation with swimming performance and in-water force production than the ability to maintain maximal mechanical performance in level 4 swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Miras-Moreno
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Óscar López-Belmonte
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Raúl Arellano
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús J Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Cavaggioni L, Scurati R, Tosin M, Vernole R, Bonfanti L, Trecroci A, Formenti D. Are Dryland Strength and Power Measurements Associated with Swimming Performance? Preliminary Results on Elite Paralympic Swimmers. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:94. [PMID: 38668562 PMCID: PMC11054501 DOI: 10.3390/sports12040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the relationship between dryland tests and swimming performance in elite Paralympic swimmers. Fifteen competitive swimmers (age: 27.4 ± 5.4 years, height: 1.70 ± 6.8 m, body mass: 67.9 ± 9.2 kg; 9 males, 6 females) performed a lat pull-down and a bench press incremental load test to determine maximum power (Pmax), the strength corresponding to maximum power (F@Pmax), and the barbell velocity corresponding to maximum power (V@Pmax) from the force-velocity and power-velocity profiles. These outcomes were also normalized by the athlete's body mass. Swimming performance was carried out from the best result in a 100 m freestyle race registered during an international competition. Lat pull-down F@Pmax was significantly associated with 100 m freestyle chronometric time (ρ = -0.56, p < 0.05), and lat pull-down V@Pmax presented a relationship with mean swimming velocity (ρ = 0.71, p < 0.01). Similarly, bench press F@Pmax and the normalized F@Pmax were significantly related to the mean swimming velocity (ρ = -0.51, ρ = -0.62, p < 0.05). Stepwise multiple regression showed that lat pull-down V@Pmax, bench press normF@Pmax, and V@Pmax accounted for 40.6%, 42.3%, and 65.8% (p < 0.05) of the mean swimming velocity variance. These preliminary results highlighted that simple dryland tests, although with a moderate relationship, are significantly associated with 100 m freestyle swimming performance in elite Paralympic swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cavaggioni
- Obesity Unit—Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (L.B.); (D.F.)
| | - Raffaele Scurati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Massimiliano Tosin
- Italian Paralympic Swimming Federation, 00144 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (R.V.)
| | - Riccardo Vernole
- Italian Paralympic Swimming Federation, 00144 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (R.V.)
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (L.B.); (D.F.)
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Damiano Formenti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (L.B.); (D.F.)
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Gonzalez-Rave JM, Sorgente V, Agudo-Ortega A, Rodrigo-Carranza V, Psycharakis S, Turner AP. Countermovement-Jump and Pull-Up Performance Before and After a Swimming Race in Preparatory and Competitive Phases of a Swimming Season. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38458179 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Monitoring performance athletes' training responses can be efficiently completed at competitive events. This study aimed to explore the changes in swimming, countermovement-jump (CMJ), and pull-up (PU) performance following training across a competitive phase, as well as immediately before and after each race. METHODS Fourteen well-trained male sprint/middle-distance swimmers (height 179 [7] cm, mass 70 [8] kg, age 18 [2] y), from 3 regional training groups, completed CMJ and PU tests before and after the national competitions in October and May, when race performance was also assessed. RESULTS Swimming race performance was significantly improved from before the national competitions in October to after the national competitions in May (1.8% [3.2%], P = .044, d = 0.60, moderate effect). Although there were no significant changes in PU velocity, CMJ performance significantly improved from before the national competitions in October to after the national competitions in May (mean difference 2.29 cm, P = .004, d = 3.52) and showed before-to-after race decreases (mean difference -1.64 cm, P = .04, d = 2.28). CONCLUSION Swimming performance and CMJ performance improved as the season progressed, although these improvements were not directly correlated. PU performance did not appear to be sensitive to training or race-induced fatigue, in contrast to CMJ, in this group of male swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Gonzalez-Rave
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Sorgente
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Physiological Sciences Section, Kinesiology and Motor Control Laboratory, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Aaron Agudo-Ortega
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Víctor Rodrigo-Carranza
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Stelios Psycharakis
- Institute of Sport, Physical Education & Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Turner
- Institute of Sport, Physical Education & Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Li W, Hadizadeh M, Yusof A, Naharudin MN. Effects of isometric training and R.I.C.E. treatment on the arm muscle performance of swimmers with elbow pain. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4736. [PMID: 38413632 PMCID: PMC10899567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of IT and R.I.C.E. treatment on arm muscle performance in overhead athletes with elbow pain (EP) have been partially validated. However, there is a lack of research evidence regarding the efficacy of these two methods on arm muscle performance among swimmers with EP. The aim of this study was to investigate the trends and differences in the effects of IT and R.I.C.E. treatment on arm muscle performance among swimmers with EP. The main outcomes were the time effects and group effects of interventions on muscle voluntary contraction (MVC). Sixty elite freestyle swimmers from Tianjin, China, voluntarily participated in the study and completed a 10-week intervention program. Swimmers with EP in the IT group showed a positive trend in MVC, with an approximately 2% increase, whereas the MVC of subjects in the R.I.C.E. treatment group and control group decreased by approximately 4% and 5%, respectively. In comparison, the effects of the IT intervention on the MVC of the triceps and brachioradialis muscles in swimmers with EP were significant (p = 0.042 < 0.05, p = 0.027 < 0.05). The mean MVC value of the IT group (0.60) was greater than that of the other two groups (0.51, 0.50). IT has a beneficial impact on the MVC performance of the triceps and brachioradialis muscles in swimmers with EP. It is recommended that professionals consider incorporating IT into regular training routines to mitigate the risk of EP issues. Future research should examine the effectiveness of both interventions on hand-grip strength and completion time in 50-m freestyle swim drills in order for swimmers with EP to return to this sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihan Li
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maryam Hadizadeh
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ashril Yusof
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Price T, Cimadoro G, S Legg H. Physical performance determinants in competitive youth swimmers: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:20. [PMID: 38238793 PMCID: PMC10797935 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth swimming performance is determined by several physiological, biomechanical and anthropometric characteristics. This review aimed to identify physical performance determinants of youth swimming performance, assessing strength, power, anaerobic, aerobic and body composition measures. ̇ METHODS: Searches were conducted in electronic databases (PubMed and Web of Science) using keywords relating to swimming and physiological measures, supplemented by citation searching of similar reviews. A total of 843 studies were identified in the initial search. The following inclusion criteria were used: participants were competitive/trained swimmers; swimming time-trial or event was conducted; data was provided on one or more physiological parameters; study was published in English and peer-reviewed. A total of 43 studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. RESULTS Cross-sectional studies scored between 4-8 and randomised-controlled trials scored 8-9 on their respective JBI checklists. Youth swimming performance was determined by muscle strength, muscle power, lean body mass, anaerobic and aerobic metabolism measures in most studies, where improved performance values of these variables were conducive to swimming performance. Body fat percentage did not have a clear relationship in youth swimming performance. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this review suggest that greater levels of muscle strength, muscle power and lean body mass are favourable in swimming performance, with muscle strength and muscle power particularly beneficial for start and turn performance. Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism measures were good determinants of swimming performance, with middle- and long-distance events more influenced by the latter. Body fat percentage has a nuanced relationship with swimming performance, where further investigation is required. Findings were inconsistent across studies, potentially due to unidentified confounding factors. KEY POINTS • Greater muscular strength and power qualities, anaerobic and aerobic capacities, and lean body mass are conducive to swimming performance. • Body fat percentage has a nuanced relationship with swimming performance. • Practitioners should consider general strength and power training as a useful tool to enhance performance in their youth competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Price
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, England
| | - Giuseppe Cimadoro
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, England
| | - Hayley S Legg
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, England.
- School of Education and Applied Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, England.
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Raineteau Y, Pla R, Bideau B, Bideau N, Nicolas G. From dry-land to the water: training and testing practices of strength and conditioning coaches in high level French sprint swimmers. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 5:1338856. [PMID: 38283120 PMCID: PMC10811196 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1338856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to explore training and testing practices from Strength & Conditioning (S&C) coaches who manage groups of high-level French swimmers in elite training centers. The transfer of abilities from dry-land to in situ condition was also investigated. Methods 24 French S&C coaches completed a survey via an online platform. Frequency analyses were made for quantitative and qualitative responses, the level of significance set for this study was p ≤ 0.05. Results Core stability, Strength & Power were the three most targeted qualities. Core strengthening in all its forms, Bench Press & Squat were the three most prescribed exercises. 79% of S&C coaches adapted exercises according to different parameters. Most of the coaches indicated that dry-land S&C sessions were preferentially placed before in-water sessions. Very varied exercises were used in-water to make the transfer from dry-land more effective. 87% of participants monitored the training load and 38% assessed the force and velocity parameters for some S&C exercises. Discussion Dry-land training practices of S&C coaches were mostly in line with scientific recommendations. In the light of results of the questionnaire, it would appear that testing procedures might be a key issue for transferring qualities from dry-land to in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Raineteau
- M2S Laboratory—Laboratoire Mouvement Sport Santé, Université Rennes 2, Rennes, France
- Optimization Service, Fédération Française de Natation, Clichy, France
| | - Robin Pla
- Optimization Service, Fédération Française de Natation, Clichy, France
| | - Benoit Bideau
- M2S Laboratory—Laboratoire Mouvement Sport Santé, Université Rennes 2, Rennes, France
- MIMETIC-Team, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Bideau
- M2S Laboratory—Laboratoire Mouvement Sport Santé, Université Rennes 2, Rennes, France
- MIMETIC-Team, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
| | - Guillaume Nicolas
- M2S Laboratory—Laboratoire Mouvement Sport Santé, Université Rennes 2, Rennes, France
- MIMETIC-Team, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
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Sorgente V, Lopez-Hernandez A, Minciacchi D, González Ravé JM. Diving into Recovery. The Effects of Different Post-Competition Protocols for Enhancing Physio-Psychological Parameters in National Level Youth Swimmers. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:739-747. [PMID: 38045753 PMCID: PMC10690518 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether a specific approach regarding active swimming recovery could better promote psycho-physiological recovery right after competing in a high-level swimming race. To achieve this, we recruited 50 national level youth swimmers, randomly and equally assigning them to two groups, named "experimental" and "coach prescribed". Each group performed a specific post-competition recovery protocol, consisting of different swimming paces, rest times, self-management of the exercises. We gathered data about blood lactate (BL), heart rate (HR), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) at two different moments, the first moment right after the swimming competition (named post-competition phase), the second moment right after swimming the respective recovery protocol assigned (named post-recovery phase). A mixed MANOVA with Tukey HSD post-hoc analysis revealed no significant differences between the experimental and coach-prescribed groups in BL, HR, and RPE at the post-competition phase. At the post-recovery phase, however, the experimental group presented lower BL levels than the coach-prescribed group (2.40 ± 1.18 vs. 4.29 ± 2.07 mmol/L, p < 0.05). Finally, we found no interaction of swimming race ranking on recovery capacities. We conclude that for immediate improvement of BL in a wide range of high-level swimmers, an efficient recovery protocol should consist of several paces, high volumes, fixed and short rest times, whereas the widely popular self-managed, lower intensity approach does not seem as equally effective. Our study advances the development of novel recommendations for optimizing immediate fatigue management in competitive swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Sorgente
- Kinesiology and Motor Control (Ki.Mo.Co.) Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - Diego Minciacchi
- Kinesiology and Motor Control (Ki.Mo.Co.) Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - José María González Ravé
- Sport Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Harrison PW, Kelly VG, Jenkins DG, McGuigan MR, Holmberg PM, James LP. Does Moderate-Load Priming Activity Influence Maximal Upper-Body Performance and Perceptual State? J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e581-e587. [PMID: 37883407 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Harrison, PW, Kelly, VG, Jenkins, DG, McGuigan, MR, Holmberg, PM, and James, LP. Does moderate-load priming activity influence maximal upper-body performance and perceptual state?. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): e581-e587, 2023-The results of previous research indicate that resistance exercise "priming" may improve strength-power measures within 48 hours after their completion. Although researchers have primarily examined performance responses after lower-body priming stimuli, investigations examining the effects of upper-body resistance priming exercises are presently limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine upper-body pushing and pulling performance in addition to perceptual responses 3 and 27 hours after moderate-load (ML) upper-body resistance priming exercise. Fourteen resistance-trained men were assigned to complete ML priming (4 × 3 bench press and bench pull at 65% 1RM [repetition maximum]) and control (rest) protocols in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Peak velocity during the bench throw and bench pull tests involving different loads (25, 50, and 75% 1RM) showed no practical change at 3 and 27 hours after the priming session (p = 0.216-0.99, Cliff's d = -0.041 to 0.225). Small effect size increases in perceptual measures ("physical feeling," "physical performance," "aggression" [p = 0.400-0.553, Cliff's d = 0.183-0.201], and "muscular heaviness" [p = 0.178, Cliff's d = 0.231]) were found at 3 hours postpriming. A moderate practical increase was observed in perceived "physical feeling" compared with control (p = 0.385, Cliff's d = 0.349) in addition to small effect size increases in perceived "physical performance" and "aggression" (Cliff's d = 0.243-0.290) at 27 hours after priming activities. These results indicate that upper-body strength-power changes within 27 hours after ML upper-body resistance exercise priming are not practically meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Harrison
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia
| | - Vincent G Kelly
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David G Jenkins
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Inst New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; and
| | - Patrick M Holmberg
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lachlan P James
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
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Chalkiadakis I, Arsoniadis GG, Toubekis AG. Dry-Land Force-Velocity, Power-Velocity, and Swimming-Specific Force Relation to Single and Repeated Sprint Swimming Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:120. [PMID: 37606415 PMCID: PMC10443377 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between dry-land and in-water strength with performance and kinematic variables in short-distance, middle-distance, and repeated sprint swimming. Fifteen competitive swimmers applied a bench press exercise to measure maximum strength (MS), maximum power (P), strength corresponding to P (F@P), maximum velocity (MV), and velocity corresponding to P (V@P) using F-V and P-V relationships. On a following day, swimmers performed a 10 s tethered swimming sprint (TF), and impulse was measured (IMP). On three separate days, swimmers performed (i) 50 and 100 m, (ii) 200 and 400 m, and (iii) 4 × 50 m front crawl sprint tests. Performance time (T), arm stroke rate (SR), arm stroke length (SL), and arm stroke index (SI) were calculated in all tests. Performance in short- and middle-distance tests and in 4 × 50 m training sets were related to dry-land MS, P, TF, and IMP (r = 0.51-0.83; p < 0.05). MS, P, and TF were related to SR in 50 m and SI in 50 and 100 m (r = 0.55-0.71; p < 0.05). A combination of dry-land P and in-water TF variables explains 80% of the 50 m performance time variation. Bench press power and tethered swimming force correlate with performance in short- and middle-distance tests and repeated sprint swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Chalkiadakis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (I.C.); (G.G.A.)
| | - Gavriil G. Arsoniadis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (I.C.); (G.G.A.)
| | - Argyris G. Toubekis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (I.C.); (G.G.A.)
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
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Machado EDM, Haik MN, Ferreira JK, da Silva Santos JF, Camargo PR, Mendonça LDM. Association of trunk and lower limb factors with shoulder complaints and sport performance in overhead athletes: A systematic review including GRADE recommendations and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 60:112-131. [PMID: 36791672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the association of trunk and lower limb factors with shoulder complaints and sport performance in overhead athletes. METHODS Search performed at PubMed/Medline, Embase, CINAHL, LILACS, Cochrane, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus for observational studies. Methodological quality and strength of the evidence was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and GRADE. Meta-analysis and effects sizes analysis were calculated when possible. RESULTS Sixty-five studies were included. Low to very-low evidence suggests no association of trunk/lower limb strength, endurance, power, jump or balance with shoulder complaints and/or throwing performance. Athletes with shoulder complaints performed worse in trunk stability and endurance tests (mean difference: -6.83 (95%CI: -8.78, -4.88)). Athletes with high throwing performance presented better results in CMJ, horizontal jump, power measures and knee extension strength. For swimmers, there was no association of trunk/lower limb endurance with shoulder complaints (moderate evidence) and no association of balance and swimming performance (low evidence). Better trunk/lower limb strength, power and vertical jumps measures were associated with better swimming performance. CONCLUSIONS In methodologically similar studies, some trunk/lower limb outcomes are associated with shoulder complaint or sport/swimming performance. Results should be considered with caution and future studies should use better methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane de Morais Machado
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Therapy (PPGFt), Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, Brazil; Laboratory of Analysis and Intervention of the Shoulder Complex, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Melina Nevoeiro Haik
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Therapy (PPGFt), Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, Brazil; Laboratory of Analysis and Intervention of the Shoulder Complex, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Julia Kortstee Ferreira
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Therapy (PPGFt), Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, Brazil; Laboratory of Analysis and Intervention of the Shoulder Complex, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Ferreira da Silva Santos
- Physical Training and Sport Performance Research Group, Department of Physical Education, School of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e do Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Rezende Camargo
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Therapy (PPGFt), Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, Brazil; Laboratory of Analysis and Intervention of the Shoulder Complex, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luciana De Michelis Mendonça
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Therapy (PPGFt), Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, Brazil; Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Relationship between Maximum Force-Velocity Exertion and Swimming Performances among Four Strokes over Medium and Short Distances: The Stronger on Dry Land, the Faster in Water? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8010020. [PMID: 36810504 PMCID: PMC9944094 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluating force-velocity characteristics on dry-land is of the utmost importance in swimming, because higher levels of these bio-motor abilities positively affect in-water performance. However, the wide range of possible technical specializations presents an opportunity for a more categorized approach that has yet to be seized. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify feasible differences in maximum force-velocity exertion based on swimmers' stroke and distance specialization. To this scope, 96 young male swimmers competing at the regional level were divided into 12 groups, one for each stroke (butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and front crawl) and distance (50 m, 100 m, and 200 m). They performed two single pull-up tests, 5-min before and after competing in a federal swimming race. We assessed force (N) and velocity (m/s) exertion via linear encoder. There were no significant differences between pre-post maximum force-velocity exertions, despite the decreasing trend. Force-parameters highly correlated with each other and with the swimming performance time. Moreover, both force (t = -3.60, p < 0.001) and velocity (t = -3.90, p < 0.001) were significant predictors of swimming race time. Sprinters (both 50 m and 100 m) of all strokes could exert significantly higher force-velocity compared to 200 m swimmers (e.g., 0.96 ± 0.06 m/s performed by sprinters vs. 0.66 ± 0.03 m/s performed by 200 m swimmers). Moreover, breaststroke sprinters presented significantly lower force-velocity compared to sprinters specialized in the other strokes (e.g., 1047.83 ± 61.33 N performed by breaststroke sprinters vs. 1263.62 ± 161.23 N performed by butterfly sprinters). This study could provide the foundation for future research regarding the role of stroke and distance specializations in modeling swimmers' force-velocity abilities, thus influencing paramount elements for specific training and improvement towards competitions.
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Passive Heating Increases Bench-Pull Power Output in Highly Trained Swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:11-17. [PMID: 36410337 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Determine the effects of skin temperature change on bench-pull power following a passive warm-up intervention with highly trained swimmers using multiple heated clothing garments. METHODS Using a crossover design, 8 high-performance swimmers (mean [SD]; age, 22.4 [4.4] y; body mass, 74.9 [8.1] kg; height, 1.79 [0.09] m; world record ratio, 107.3% [5.1%]) completed a pool-based warm-up followed by a 35-minute transition phase before completing 3 repetitions at 50% of 1-repetition maximum of the bench-pull exercise. During transition, swimmers wore either a warm (control) or a heated (heat) clothing condition. RESULTS Following heating, mean skin temperature was 0.7 °C higher in heat (P = .011), though no change was seen in tympanic temperature. Bench-pull mean and peak power improved by 4.5% and 4.7% following heating, respectively. A large repeated-measures correlation was observed between skin temperature and mean (r [90% CI] = .94 [.65 to .99], P < .01) and peak (r [90% CI] = .89 [.45 to .98], P < .01) power output. Thermal sensation and comfort at all regions were higher with heating (P ≤ .02). CONCLUSION Combined upper- and lower-limb passive heating can increase whole-body skin temperature and improve short-duration upper-limb power output during the bench-pull exercise. Improvements in power output were directly related to the skin temperature increase facilitated by the heated clothing.
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Biophysical Impact of 5-Week Training Cessation on Sprint Swimming Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1463-1472. [PMID: 35894894 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess changes in swimming performance, anthropometrics, kinematics, energetics, and strength after 5-week training cessation. METHODS Twenty-one trained and highly trained swimmers (13 males: 17.4 [3.1] y; 50-m front crawl 463 [77] FINA points; 8 females: 16.7 [1.7] y; 50-m front crawl 535 [48] FINA points) performed a 50-m front-crawl all-out swim test, dryland and pool-based strength tests, and 10-, 15-, 20-, and 25-m front-crawl all-out efforts for anaerobic critical velocity assessment before and after a 5-week training cessation. Heart rate and oxygen uptake (V˙O2) were continuously measured before and after the 50-m swim test (off-kinetics). RESULTS Performance was impaired 1.9% (0.54 s) for males (P = .007, d = 0.91) and 2.9% (0.89 s) for females (P = .033, d = 0.93). Neither the anthropometrical changes (males: r2 = .516, P = .077; females: r2 = .096, P = .930) nor the physical activities that each participant performed during the off-season (males: r2 = .060, P = .900; females: r2 = .250, P = .734) attenuated performance impairments. Stroke rate and clean swimming speed decreased (P < .05), despite similar stroke length and stroke index (P > .05). Blood lactate concentrations remained similar (P > .05), but V˙O2 peak decreased in females (P = .04, d = 0.85). Both sexes showed higher heart rate before and after the 50-m swim test after 5 weeks (P < .05). Anaerobic metabolic power deterioration was only observed in males (P = .035, d = 0.65). Lower in-water force during tethered swimming at zero speed was observed in males (P = .033, d = 0.69). Regarding dryland strength, lower-body impairments were observed for males, while females showed upper-body impairments (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS A 5-week training cessation yielded higher heart rate in the 50-m front crawl, anaerobic pathways, and dryland strength impairments. Coaches should find alternatives to minimize detraining effects during the off-season.
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Melchiorri G, Triossi T, Bianchi D, Tancredi V, Viero V. Physical Characteristics and Performance Tests in Male Water Polo: A Multiple Regression Analysis on Youth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148241. [PMID: 35886092 PMCID: PMC9317981 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: In water polo, more physical and performance variables are related to a performance in a match. The aim of our work was therefore: (a) to evaluate the relationships between anthropometric characteristics and performance tests and performance in a match in young male water polo players; (b) to propose new guidelines for match analysis. Methods: Multiple regression analysis was used to study the results in anthropometric evaluations (height, body mass, chest circumference, arm span, non-dominant arm length) and performance tests (push-up, chin-up, shuttle swim test, sprint swim 10 m, eggbeater kick, 100 m swimming) and two coaches’ evaluations of two friendly matches using new guidelines. A total of 130 subjects (age: 15.6 ± 0.9 years) were involved in the study. Results: In this study, we proposed a new performance model based on multiple regression analysis (r = 0.85, r2 = 0.73, adjusted r2 = 0.57) and described by the following equation: Coach’s Evaluation = 151.6 + (−0.016 × height) + (0.6 × body mass) + (−0.82 × chest) + (−0.59 × arm span) + (0.75 × non dominant arm length) + (−0.037 × push up) + (0.17 × chin up) + (5.87 × shuttle swim test) + (−2.2 × 10 m sprint swim) + (0.05 × eggbeater kick) + (−0.35 × 100 m swimming). Inter-observer values were: CV: −3.9%, ICC: 0.82, ES: 0.1. Intra-observer: CV: −4.1%, ICC: 0.96, ES: 0.06. Conclusions: The relationships between anthropometric and performance variables and the match analysis have been statistically described. The equation found can be used to predict the overall performance of a player and permits evaluations of how much the improvement in one of the qualities can affect the players’ overall performance. Moreover, the new method for match analysis we have proposed showed a good reliability and can be used for new studies on water polo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Melchiorri
- Department of Systems Medicine, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (V.T.)
- Don Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS, Piazzale Rodolfo Morandi 6, 20121 Milan, Italy
- Italian Swimming Federation, 00135 Rome, Italy; (T.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Tamara Triossi
- Italian Swimming Federation, 00135 Rome, Italy; (T.T.); (D.B.)
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Bianchi
- Italian Swimming Federation, 00135 Rome, Italy; (T.T.); (D.B.)
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Tancredi
- Department of Systems Medicine, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (V.T.)
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Viero
- Italian Swimming Federation, 00135 Rome, Italy; (T.T.); (D.B.)
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-338-4723601
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Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Gay A, Cuenca-Fernández F, López-Belmonte Ó, Morales-Ortíz E, López-Contreras G, Arellano R. The relationship between tethered swimming, anaerobic critical velocity, dry-land strength, and swimming performance. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2072561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Gay
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Cuenca-Fernández
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Óscar López-Belmonte
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Esther Morales-Ortíz
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gracia López-Contreras
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raúl Arellano
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Schreven S, Smeets JBJ, Beek PJ. Sprint Performance in Arms-Only Front Crawl Swimming Is Strongly Associated With the Power-To-Drag Ratio. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:758095. [PMID: 35299670 PMCID: PMC8921875 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.758095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, optimal propulsion in swimming has been studied predominantly using physical or computational models of the arm and seldom during real-life swimming. In the present study we examined the contributions of selected power, technique and anthropometric measures on sprint performance during arms-only front crawl swimming. To this end, 25 male adult competitive swimmers, equipped with markers on their arms and hands, performed four 25-m sprint trials, which were recorded on video. For the fastest trial of each swimmer, we determined the average swim speed as well as two technique variables: the average stroke width and average horizontal acceleration. Each participant also swam 10–12 trials over a custom-made system for measuring active drag, the MAD system. Since the propelling efficiency is 100% while swimming over the MAD system, the power output of the swimmer is fully used to overcome the drag acting on the body. The resulting speed thus represents the ratio between power output and drag. We included this power-to-drag ratio, the power output and the drag coefficient of the fastest trial on the MAD system in the analysis. Finally, the body height and hand surface area of each swimmer were determined as anthropometric variables. A model selection procedure was conducted to predict the swim speed from the two technique variables, three power variables and the two anthropometric variables. The ratio between power output and the drag was the only significant predictor of the maximal swimming speed (v = 0.86·power/drag). The variations in this ratio explained 65% of the variance in swimming performance. This indicates that sprint performance in arms-only front crawl swimming is strongly associated with the power-to-drag ratio and not with the isolated power variables and the anthropometric and technique variables selected in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Schreven
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- InnoSportLab De Tongelreep, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Sander Schreven
| | - Jeroen B. J. Smeets
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Beek
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- InnoSportLab De Tongelreep, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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Yu Kwok W, So BCL, Tse DHT, Ng SSM. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Biomechanical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Strength and Conditioning Training Programs on Front Crawl Swimming Performance. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:564-585. [PMID: 35321128 PMCID: PMC8488830 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this systematic review were to summarize and evaluate the effectiveness of strength and conditioning trainings on front crawl swimming, starts and turns performance with relevant biomechanical parameters. Four online databases including PudMed, ESCSOhost, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus were searched according to different combination of keywords. 954 articles were extracted from databases, and ultimately 15 articles were included in this study after removal of duplicate and articles screening according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta-analyses were adopted when appropriate and Egger's regression symmetry was adopted to assess the publication bias and the results were presented with forest plots and funnel plots respectively. Fifteen articles studied the effects of strength and resistance, core, and plyometric trainings. The quality of the investigation was assessed by the checklist developed by Downs and Black. Most of the investigations found out that training programs were beneficial to front crawl sprinting swimming performance, stroke biomechanics, force, and muscle strength. First, strength and resistance trainings and core trainings were effective on sprinting performance enhancement. Second, resistance trainings were found to have positive effects on stroke rate. Plyometric trainings were beneficial to start performance, while there was no sufficient evidence for confirming the positive improvement on turn biomechanical, also overall swimming performance, after weeks of plyometric trainings. Strength and Conditioning trainings are suggested to implement in regular training regime regarding to the positive effects on swimming performance, including starts, turns and front crawl swim, and relevant biomechanical parameters, instead of swimming training only. Further research with higher quality is recommended to conduct and more investigations on the training effects to other stroke styles are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yu Kwok
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Billy Chun Lung So
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Daniel Hon Ting Tse
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Shamay Sheung Mei Ng
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
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Ortega-Rodríguez R, Feriche B, Almeida F, Bonitch-Góngora J, Padial P. Effect of the Pronated Pull-Up Grip Width on Performance and Power-Force-Velocity Profile. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:651-658. [PMID: 32669057 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1762835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the grip width on the power-force-velocity-profile, the maximal strength, and performance during a repetition to failure test in the pull-up exercise (PU). Method: Fourteen trained males performed an incremental loading and repetitions to failure test with the PU exercise using biacromial and free grip widths. Power-force-velocity relationship, 1RM, and repetitions completed were determined. Results: The mean grip width used by participants was 20.04% higher in the free grip width condition (p < .001). There were similar results in the 1RM (p = .954), repetitions to failure test (p = .117), and power-force-velocity profile (p > .05) in both grip width conditions. A stronger relationship was observed between 1RM and repetitions to failure test during the biacromial (R2 = 0.720; p < .001) with respect to the free grip width (R2 = 0.607; p = .002). Conclusion: Therefore, the choice of a free or a biacromial grip width does not affect the maximal strength, power-force-velocity relationship, nor the repetitions to failure during the PU exercise.
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Prevalence and Impact of the Relative Age Effect on Competition Performance in Swimming: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010561. [PMID: 34682307 PMCID: PMC8535716 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to examine the prevalence of the relative age effect (RAE) in swimming and its impact on competition performance according to different types of interacting constraints. A systematic literature search, following the PRISMA guidelines for preparing systematic reviews, was performed through four electronic databases, and nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The quality of the selected studies was evaluated using STROBE, and an average score of 16.2 points was obtained. In these studies, the prevalence of the RAE in swimming was observed in more than half (58.65%) of the participants analysed, and the effect of the RAE was more accentuated in young categories (decreased as age increased and was inverted in older ones) and in male swimmers (double that in female swimmers).The impact of the RAE on competitive performance appeared to be related to the strength demands of the event, as the performance in simultaneous strokes, in shorter events, and of swimmers in the postadolescence period seems to be more affected by the RAE. These results indicate that the RAE in competitive swimming relies on individual and environmental (the swimmer's age group and gender) but also task (the competitive events) determinants or limitations. This should serve as a guide for a more effective design of selection and development procedures for young athletes.
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Pinos AJ, Fernandes EM, Viana E, Logan-Sprenger HM, Bentley DJ. Applicability of Maximal Ergometer Testing and Sprint Performance in Adolescent Endurance and Sprint Trained Swimmers. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9050055. [PMID: 33925164 PMCID: PMC8145388 DOI: 10.3390/sports9050055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprint swimming is a short duration, high intensity sport requiring a relatively greater contribution of energy from anaerobic metabolism. Understanding energy system utilization for the classification of a competitive swimmer (sprint or distance) may be useful for both training prescription and event specialization. The relationship between anaerobic swim ergometer testing and adolescent sprint swimming performance has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance and physiological responses during a maximal all-out ergometer test as well as the maximal anaerobic lactate test in a group of sprint vs. middle-distance specialized swimmers. Sixteen (n = 16) competitive swimmers (mean ± standard deviation (SD), age 16.8 ± 0.7 year; body mass 67.3 ± 9.8 kg) were categorized into two gender matched groups: sprint (n = 8) and middle-distance (n = 8). Each athlete performed (1) a 45 s swim ergometer maximal test to determine peak and mean power output (Watts (W)), (2) a MANLT test to determine peak and average velocity as well as the post-exercise lactate response, and (3) a 50 m swim time trial. The sprint group showed a higher mean (p = 0.026) and peak (p = 0.031) velocity during the MANLT. In addition, blood lactate concentration was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the sprint vs. middle-distance trained group at 3 and 12 min after completion of the MANLT (3-min post 11.29 ± 2.32 vs. 9.55 ± 3.48 mmol/L; 12-min post 8.23 ± 2.28 vs. 7.05 ± 2.47 mmol/L). The power output during the 45 s all-out swimming ergometer test was higher in the sprint trained group. The results of this study demonstrate the anaerobic contribution to sprint swimming measured during an all-out dryland ergometer test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Pinos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simoce Street N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada; (A.J.P.); (E.V.); (H.M.L.-S.)
- Canadian Sport Institute of Ontario, 875 Morningside Ave. Suite 100, Toronto, ON M1C 0C7, Canada;
| | - Elton M. Fernandes
- Canadian Sport Institute of Ontario, 875 Morningside Ave. Suite 100, Toronto, ON M1C 0C7, Canada;
| | - Eric Viana
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simoce Street N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada; (A.J.P.); (E.V.); (H.M.L.-S.)
| | - Heather M. Logan-Sprenger
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simoce Street N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada; (A.J.P.); (E.V.); (H.M.L.-S.)
- Canadian Sport Institute of Ontario, 875 Morningside Ave. Suite 100, Toronto, ON M1C 0C7, Canada;
| | - David J. Bentley
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simoce Street N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada; (A.J.P.); (E.V.); (H.M.L.-S.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Strzała M, Stanula A, Krężałek P, Rejdych W, Karpiński J, Maciejczyk M, Radecki-Pawlik A. Specific and Holistic Predictors of Sprint Front Crawl Swimming Performance. J Hum Kinet 2021; 78:197-207. [PMID: 34025877 PMCID: PMC8120975 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the impact of selected water- and dry-land predictors of 50-m front crawl performance among 27 male swimmers aged 19.3 ± 2.67 years. The following water tests were performed: front crawl tethered arm stroking in a water flume (flow velocity: 0.9 m·s-1) and leg tethered flutter kicking in a swimming pool. Anaerobic tests on dry land included arm cranking and a set of 10 countermovement jumps. The maximal and average forces generated by legs in tethered swimming (Fl max and Fl ave) turned out to be the strongest predictors of sprint swimming aptitude. These values were strongly correlated with total speed (Vtotal50) (r = 0.49, p < 0.05 and r = 0.54, p < 0.01, respectively), start, turn, and finishing speed (VSTF) (r = 0.60, p < 0.01 and r = 0.67, p < 0.01, respectively). The relationship of Fl max and Fl ave with surface speed (Vsurface) was moderate (r = 0.33, non-significant and r = 0.41, p < 0.05, respectively). The maximal force generated by arms (Fa max) during flume tethered swimming significantly influenced Vsurface and Vtotal50 (0.51, p < 0.01 and 0.47, p < 0.05, respectively). Its relationship with VSTF was close to significant (0.36, p = 0.07). Upper and lower limb dry-land tests showed lower and more holistic relationships with the 50-m front crawl race, however, being a good complement to overall fitness assessment. Specific in-water evaluation, especially the newly prepared flutter kicking test, as well as dry-land tests, can be applied to regularly monitor progress in swimming training, and to identify talented swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Strzała
- Department of Water Sports; Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Department of Swimming and Water Rescue; Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Krężałek
- Department of Physiotherapy; Faculty of Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Rejdych
- Department of Swimming and Water Rescue; Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Karpiński
- Department of Swimming and Water Rescue; Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry; Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
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24
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The Effects of Anaerobic Swim Ergometer Training on Sprint Performance in Adolescent Swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1169–1174. [PMID: 33561823 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare 4 weeks of pool-based sprint interval training with a similar ergometer training intervention on a maximal anaerobic lactate test (MANLT), 50-m (competition) freestyle performance, and 6- and 30-second maximal swimming ergometer performances. METHODS A total of 14 competitive adolescent swimmers (male, n = 8; female, n = 6) participated in this study. Swimmers were categorized into 2 sex-matched groups: swimming ergometer (ERG; n = 7) and pool-sprint training (n = 7) groups. Each athlete performed 4 preintervention and postintervention assessments consisting of a MANLT, a 50-m freestyle race, and 6- and 30-second maximal swim ERG performances. RESULTS Both groups demonstrated a significant effect (P < .05) of time for all assessments. Group differences were observed after 4 weeks of sprint interval training as follows: (1) The ERG group had a significantly faster speed in the fourth 50-m MANLT sprint (ERG 1.58 [0.05] vs pool-sprint training 1.48 [0.07] m/s, P < .01) and (2) The ERG group demonstrated enhanced Δblood lactate post-MANLT (ERG 2.4 [1.2] vs pool-sprint training 2.7 [0.9] mmol/L, P < .05). A significant correlation was found between the 30-second maximal ERG test and 50-m freestyle swimming velocity (r = .74, P < .01, effect size = 0.52). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate significant physiological improvements to anaerobic sprint ability after 4 weeks of sprint interval training in both swim ERG and pool-based interventions. Thus, sprint ability may be improved through multiple modalities (pool and dry land) to elicit a positive training response.
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25
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Sammoud S, Negra Y, Bouguezzi R, Hachana Y, Granacher U, Chaabene H. The effects of plyometric jump training on jump and sport-specific performances in prepubertal female swimmers. J Exerc Sci Fit 2021; 19:25-31. [PMID: 32922460 PMCID: PMC7475125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Dry land-training (e.g., plyometric jump training) can be a useful mean to improve swimming performance. This study examined the effects of an 8-week plyometric jump training (PJT) program on jump and sport-specific performances in prepubertal female swimmers. METHODS Twenty-two girls were randomly assigned to either a plyometric jump training group (PJTG; n = 12, age: 10.01 ± 0.57 years, maturity-offset = -1.50 ± 0.50, body mass = 36.39 ± 6.32 kg, body height = 146.90 ± 7.62 cm, body mass index = 16.50 ± 1.73 kg/m2) or an active control (CG; n = 10, age: 10.50 ± 0.28 years, maturity-offset = -1.34 ± 0.51, body mass = 38.41 ± 9.42 kg, body height = 143.60 ± 5.05 cm, body mass index = 18.48 ± 3.77 kg/m2). Pre- and post-training, tests were conducted for the assessment of muscle power (e.g., countermovement-jump [CMJ], standing-long-jump [SLJ]). Sport-specific-performances were tested using the timed 25 and 50-m front crawl with a diving-start, timed 25-m front crawl without push-off from the wall (25-m WP), and a timed 25-m kick without push-off from the wall (25-m KWP). RESULTS Findings showed a significant main effect of time for the CMJ (d = 0.78), the SLJ (d = 0.91), 25-m front crawl test (d = 2.5), and the 25-m-KWP (d = 1.38) test. Significant group × time interactions were found for CMJ, SLJ, 25-m front crawl, 50-m front crawl, 25-m KWP, and 25-m WP test (d = 0.29-1.63) in favor of PJTG (d = 1.34-3.50). No significant pre-post changes were found for CG (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION In sum, PJT is effective in improving muscle power and sport-specific performances in prepubertal swimmers. Therefore, PJT should be included from an early start into the regular training program of swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senda Sammoud
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) “Sport Performance, Health & Society” Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University de “La Manouba”, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) “Sport Performance, Health & Society” Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University de “La Manouba”, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Raja Bouguezzi
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) “Sport Performance, Health & Society” Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University de “La Manouba”, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Younes Hachana
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) “Sport Performance, Health & Society” Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University de “La Manouba”, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
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26
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Bartolomei S, Gatta G, Cortesi M. A Comparison between Elite Swimmers and Kayakers on Upper Body Push and Pull Strength and Power Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228301. [PMID: 33182691 PMCID: PMC7697725 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the load-power curve expressed at bench press (PR) and prone bench pull (PU) between elite swimmers and kayakers. Another aim was to calculate the strength and power PR/PU ratio in the same populations. Fifteen elite swimmers (SW: age = 23.8 ± 2.9 y; body mass = 82.8 ± 5.6 kg; body height = 184.1 ± 4.6 cm) and 13 elite kayakers (KA: age = 23.8 ± 2.9 y; body mass = 91.0 ± 3.5 kg; body height = 180.1 ± 5.4 cm) were assessed for PR 1RM and PU 1RM. They were then assessed for power produced at 40, 60 and 80% of 1RM in both PR and PU. The area under the load-power curve (AUC) and PR/PU ratios were calculated for both the SW and KA groups. The KA group showed significantly higher PR1RM (+18.2%; p = 0.002) and PU1RM (+25.7%; p < 0.001) compared to the SW group. Significant group differences were also detected for PUAUC (p < 0.001) and for the PR/PU power ratio (p < 0.001). No significant group differences were detected for PRAUC (p = 0.605) and for the PR/PU strength ratio (p = 0.065; 0.87 and 0.82 in SW and KA, respectively). The present findings indicate that elite KA were stronger and more powerful than elite SW in the upper body. Not consistently with other athletic populations, both KA and SW athletes were stronger and more powerful in upper body pull compared to push moves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Bartolomei
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-2088777
| | - Giorgio Gatta
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (G.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Cortesi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (G.G.); (M.C.)
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27
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Morais JE, Marques MC, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Barbosa TM, Marinho DA. Relationship between thrust, anthropometrics, and dry-land strength in a national junior swimming team. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2020; 48:304-311. [PMID: 31787067 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2019.1693240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to (i) assess an anthropometric and thrust inter-limb asymmetry, and; (ii) determine the contribution of anthropometrics, and dry-land upper-body strength and power to the thrust of talented adolescent swimmers. Methods: Eighteen talented adolescent swimmers (12 boys and 6 girls: 15.81 ± 1.62 years old) were evaluated. A set of anthropometric, dry-land upper-body strength and power, and in-water thrust were assessed. Results: Despite the fact that the dominant side presented higher values in anthropometrics (except for the hand surface area) and thrust, non-significant inter-limb differences were found. The symmetry index indicated a symmetry between upper-limbs. Hierarchical linear modeling retained as main predictors of each upper-limb thrust the respective hand surface area (dominant upper limb: estimate = 0.293, 95CI: 0.117; 0.469, p = 0.005; non-dominant upper limb: estimate = 0.295, 95CI: 0.063; 0.526, p = 0.025). The full stroke cycle retained the upper-body dry-land strength as main predictor (estimate = 0.397, 95CI: 0.189; 0.605, p = 0.002). Conclusion: The hand surface area and upper-body strength were the main predictors of each upper-limb and full stroke cycle thrust, respectively. Hence, coaches and practitioners should aim to carefully maximize the hand surface area (by finger spreading) while performing the stroke, as well as dry-land upper-body strength in order to enhance the performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Morais
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal.,Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança , Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário C Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal
| | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Seville, Spain
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança , Bragança, Portugal.,Nanyang Technological University, National Institute of Education , Singapore.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal
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28
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Marques MC, Yáñez-García JM, Marinho DA, González-Badillo JJ, Rodríguez-Rosell D. In-Season Strength Training in Elite Junior Swimmers: The Role of the Low-Volume, High-Velocity Training on Swimming Performance. J Hum Kinet 2020; 74:71-84. [PMID: 33312277 PMCID: PMC7706647 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2020-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of long-term combined strength training (ST) and plyometrics on strength, power and swimming performances in elite junior swimmers during a competitive season. Ten elite junior swimmers (5 women and 5 men) completed the study (age: 16.6 ± 0.7 years; mass: 62.2 ± 5.4 kg; stature: 1.70 ± 0.07 m). The participants trained twice a week during 20 weeks. The ST program consisted of upper- and lower limbs exercises with low loads and low volume, lifting the load at maximal intended velocity. The effect of the training protocol was assessed using the 1RM in the full squat (SQ) and bench press (BP), jump height (CMJ), the maximal number of repetitions completed in the pull-up (PU) exercise and time during 50-m freestyle. Training program resulted in significant improvements in CMJ (12.1%, ES: 0.57), maximal dynamic strength in the SQ (16.4%, ES: 0.46) and BP (12.1%, ES: 0.34) exercises, the maximum number of repetitions completed during the PU test (90.7%, ES: 0.57) and swimming performance (-3.9%, ES: 0.45). There were no significant differences between both genders. The relative changes in swimming performance showed significant relationship with the relative changes in 1RM of SQ for pooled data (r=-0.66, p<0.05) and the relative changes in the PU exercise in female swimmers (r=-0.99, p<0.05). Therefore, coaches and strength and conditioning professionals should consider including in-season dry-land ST programs within the training routine in order to obtain further improvements in swimming performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário C. Marques
- University of Beira Interior. Department of Sport Sciences, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | | | - Daniel A. Marinho
- University of Beira Interior. Department of Sport Sciences, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | | | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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29
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Morais JE, Forte P, Nevill AM, Barbosa TM, Marinho DA. Upper-limb kinematics and kinetics imbalances in the determinants of front-crawl swimming at maximal speed in young international level swimmers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11683. [PMID: 32669605 PMCID: PMC7363921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-distance swimmers may exhibit imbalances in their upper-limbs’ thrust (differences between the thrust produced by each upper-limb). At maximal speed, higher imbalances are related to poorer performances. Additionally, little is known about the relationship between thrust and swim speed, and whether hypothetical imbalances exist in the speed achieved while performing each upper-limb arm-pull. This could be a major issue at least while swimming at maximal speed. This study aimed to: (1) verify a hypothetical inter-upper limb difference in the determinants related to front-crawl at maximal swim speed, and; (2) identify the main predictors responsible for the swim speed achieved during each upper-limb arm-pull. Twenty-two male swimmers of a national junior swim team (15.92 ± 0.75 years) were recruited. A set of anthropometric, dry-land strength, thrust and speed variables were assessed. Anthropometrics identified a significant difference between dominant and non-dominant upper-limbs (except for the hand surface area). Dry-land strength presented non-significant difference (p < 0.05) between the dominant and non-dominant upper-limbs. Overall, thrust and speed variables revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between dominant and non-dominant upper-limbs over a 25 m time-trial in a short-course pool. Swimmers were not prone to maintaining the thrust and speed along the trial where a significant variation was noted (p < 0.05). Using multilevel regression, the speed achieved by each upper-limb identified a set of variables, with the peak speed being the strongest predictor (dominant: estimate = 0.522, p < 0.001; non-dominant: estimate = 0.756, p < 0.001). Overall, swimmers exhibit significant differences between upper-limbs determinants. The upper-limb noting a higher dry-land strength also presented a higher thrust, and consequently higher speed. Coaches should be aware that sprint swimmers produce significant differences in the speed achieved by each one of their upper-limbs arm-pull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Morais
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Sta. Apolónia, Apartado 1101, 5301-856, Bragança, Portugal. .,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Forte
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Sta. Apolónia, Apartado 1101, 5301-856, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Alan M Nevill
- Faculty of Education, Health, and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Sta. Apolónia, Apartado 1101, 5301-856, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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30
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Cuenca-Fernández F, Batalha NM, Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Morales-Ortiz E, López-Contreras G, Arellano R. Post high intensity pull-over semi-tethered swimming potentiation in national competitive swimmers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1526-1535. [PMID: 32608939 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The swimming community has shown considerable interest in using dry-land warm-ups as a method of impacting performance. This study compared the effects of high-resistance pull-over and swimming warm-up in semi-tethered resisted swimming. METHODS An incremental-load semi-tethered swimming test was individually administered in 20 national-competitive swimmers to determine the load maximizing swimming power. In different sessions, participants tested such a load 6 min after a swimming warm-up (SWU) or a dry-land warm-up (DLWU: 3 pull-over reps at 85% of the one-repetition maximum). Kinetic variables (velocity, force, acceleration, impulse, power rate of force development [RFD] and intra-cycle variation), were obtained with a linear encoder through trapezoidal integration regarding time. Kinematic variables (distance, time, stroke-rate and stroke-length), were obtained by video recordings. The differences between protocols were observed by paired-samples t-test (ANOVA). Pearson's coefficient explored correlations between kinetics and kinematics variables; significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS DLWU increased RFD (34.52±16.55 vs. 31.29±13.70 N/s; Δ=9.35%) and stroke-rate (64.70±9.84 vs. 61.56±7.07 Hz; Δ=5.10%) compared to SWU, but decreased velocity, force, acceleration, impulse and power. During the incremental-load test velocity and power were higher than obtained after SWU (1.21±0.14 vs. 1.17±0.12 m/s; Δ=3.06%), (51.38±14.93 vs. 49.98±15.40 W; Δ=2.72%), suggesting enhancements prompted by the test itself. Correlations between stroke-length with impulse (r=0.76) and power (r=0.75) associated kinetics with kinematics. CONCLUSIONS Potentiation responses were present after the dry-land warm-up. However, swimmers may benefit more from submaximal prolonged conditioning activities such as resisted swimming rather than high-resistance dry-land sets to obtain performance enhancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cuenca-Fernández
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain -
| | - Nuno M Batalha
- Department of Sports and Health, University of Evora, Evora, Portugal.,CHRC-UE - Comprehensive Health Research Care, University of Evora, Evora, Portugal
| | - Jesús J Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Esther Morales-Ortiz
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gracia López-Contreras
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raúl Arellano
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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31
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F. CF, A. G, J.J. RN, R. A. The effect of different loads on semi-tethered swimming and its relationship with dry-land performance variables. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1714413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuenca-Fernández F.
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gay A.
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ruiz-Navarro J.J.
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Arellano R.
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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32
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Lupo C, Ungureanu AN, De Pasquale P, Brustio PR. Performance analysis of elite lifesavers during competition: effects related to gender, turn of competition, and age category. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1664215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Lupo
- Neuromuscular Function Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences (SUISM), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alexandru Nicolae Ungureanu
- Neuromuscular Function Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences (SUISM), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo De Pasquale
- School of Exercise & Sport Sciences (SUISM), University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Riccardo Brustio
- Neuromuscular Function Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences (SUISM), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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