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Kochanowicz A, Waldziński T, Niespodziński B, Brzezińska P, Kochanowicz M, Antosiewicz J, Mieszkowski J. Acute inflammatory response following lower-and upper-body Wingate anaerobic test in elite gymnasts in relation to iron status. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1383141. [PMID: 39077758 PMCID: PMC11284944 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1383141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Artistic gymnastics is one of the most demanding sports disciplines, with the athletes demonstrating extremely high levels of explosive power and strength. Currently, knowledge of the effect of gymnastic training adaptation on exercise-induced inflammatory response is limited. The study aimed to evaluate inflammatory response following lower- and upper-body high-intensity exercise in relation to the iron status in gymnasts and non-athletes. Methods: Fourteen elite male artistic gymnasts (EAG, 20.6 ± 3.3 years old) and 14 physically active men (PAM, 19.9 ± 1.0 years old) participated in the study. Venous blood samples were taken before and 5 min and 60 min after two variants of Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), upper-body and lower-body WAnT. Basal iron metabolism (serum iron and ferritin) and acute responses of selected inflammatory response markers [interleukin (IL) 6, IL-10, and tumour necrosis factor α] were analysed. Results: EAG performed significantly better during upper-body WAnT than PAM regarding relative mean and peak power. The increase in IL-6 levels after upper-body WAnT was higher in EAG than in PAM; the opposite was observed after lower-body WAnT. IL-10 levels were higher in EAG than in PAM, and tumour necrosis factor α levels were higher in PAM than those in EAG only after lower-body WAnT. The changes in IL-10 correlated with baseline serum iron and ferritin in PAM. Discussion: Overall, gymnastic training is associated with the attenuation of iron-dependent post-exercise anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kochanowicz
- Department of Gymnastics, Dance and Musical and Movement Exercises, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Bartłomiej Niespodziński
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paulina Brzezińska
- Department of Gymnastics, Dance and Musical and Movement Exercises, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Jedrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jan Mieszkowski
- Department of Gymnastics, Dance and Musical and Movement Exercises, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
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Malíř R, Chrudimský J, Provazník A, Třebický V. Are the shoulder joint function, stability, and mobility tests predictive of handstand execution? PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302922. [PMID: 38739595 PMCID: PMC11090318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Handstand is a basic element common across gymnastic disciplines and physical education classes that is frequently evaluated for quality in competition or skill acquisition. The correct handstand execution relies on maintaining balance, for which the shoulders seem particularly important. This study explores the relationship between shoulder joint function and the quality of handstand execution in novice college athletes (n = 111; aged 19-23 years). We assessed the shoulder joint function using standardized field tests (Upper Quarter Y Balance Test and Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test) and evaluated handstand execution on official rating scale. Ordinal logistic regression models showed no relationship between the quality of handstand execution (E-score) and measures of shoulder joint stability or mobility in our sample (POR = 0.97 [0.91, 1.03] and 1.00 [0.91, 1.09] for E-score). Two major factors may have caused an observed pattern of results. Firstly, the standardized tests assess shoulder joints in different loads and ranges of motion compared to handstands. Secondly, our novice sample was not able to perform the handstand sufficiently well. In our sample of novice college athletes, shoulder function seems not related to handstand execution as other latent factors hindered their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Malíř
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Chrudimský
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Provazník
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Třebický
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Thomas E, Rossi C, Petrigna L, Messina G, Bellafiore M, Şahin FN, Proia P, Palma A, Bianco A. Evaluation of Posturographic and Neuromuscular Parameters during Upright Stance and Hand Standing: A Pilot Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8020040. [PMID: 37092372 PMCID: PMC10123693 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Upright bipedal posture is the physiological human posture; however, it is not the only possible form of human standing; indeed, an inverted position, a handstand, is required during gymnastics or other sports. Thus, this study aimed to understand the differences between the two standing strategies from a postural and neuromuscular perspective. Thirteen gymnasts with at least three years of sports experience underwent a baropodometric assessment and a surface electromyography (sEMG) examination in a standard upright bipodalic stance and during a handstand. The sEMG examination was performed on the gastrocnemius during an upright stance and on the flexor carpi radialis during the handstand. Limb weight distribution presented differences between the two vertical stances (p < 0.01). During the handstand, the weight ratio was prevalently observed on the palm of the hand for both hands with a significant difference between the front and rear aspect of the hand compared to the standing tasks (p < 0.01). Normalized sEMG amplitude showed significant differences during bipedal standing and hand standing; however, over a 5 s period, the normalized median frequency (MDF) value was similar for the two tasks. Both standing tasks presented similar postural weight managing patterns when analysed on the frontal plane, but they were different on the sagittal plane. In addition, the neuromuscular patterns during a 5 s window differ in amplitude but not for the frequency domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy
| | - Carlo Rossi
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Petrigna
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Messina
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fatma Neşe Şahin
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Ankara University, Ankara 06830, Türkiye
| | - Patrizia Proia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy
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A Systematic Review of Dynamic, Kinematic, and Muscle Activity during Gymnastic Still Rings Elements. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11030050. [PMID: 36976936 PMCID: PMC10059656 DOI: 10.3390/sports11030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Still rings are a unique gymnastics apparatus allowing for a combination of dynamic and static elements in a specific technique. This review aimed to compile the dynamic, kinematic, and EMG characteristics of swing, dismount, handstand, strength, and hold elements on still rings. This systematic review was conducted in concordance with PRISMA in PubMed, EBSCOhost, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. In total, 37 studies were included, describing the strength and hold elements, the kip and swing elements, swing through or to handstand, and dismounts. The current evidence suggests that the execution of gymnastics elements on still rings and training drills requires a high training load. Specific preconditioning exercises could be used to train for the Swallow, iron cross, and support scale. Negative impacts of load during hold elements can be reduced by special support devices such as the Herdos or support belts. Another aspect is improving strength prerequisites by exercises such as bench presses, barbell exercises, and support belts, where the main focus should be on muscular coordination similar to the other considerable elements. Electromyography is an appropriate tool for the investigation of muscular coordination and force platforms for assessing a sufficient strength level to successfully perform elements on still rings.
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Kyselovičová O, Zemková E, Péliová K, Matejová L. Isokinetic leg muscle strength relationship to dynamic balance reflects gymnast-specific differences in adolescent females. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1084019. [PMID: 36699678 PMCID: PMC9868603 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1084019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Balance, together with other motor qualities, plays an important role in the successful execution of specific gymnastic skills. However, it is also not clear whether different demands on dynamic balance and power produced by lower limb can be observed in sport-specific differences among gymnasts of various modalities. The question also is as to what extent isokinetic leg muscle strength contributes to anterior and posterior postural stability in gymnasts. Therefore, the aim of the study was i) to compare variables of dynamic balance and isokinetic leg muscle strength in rhythmic, artistic, and aerobic gymnasts, and ii) to investigate the relationship of reach distances in anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions, as well as the composite score in the Y-balance test with an isokinetic muscle strength during knee extension and flexion at different velocities in female gymnasts of various disciplines. Altogether seven aerobic, five artistic, and six rhythmic gymnasts performed the Y-balance test and isokinetic leg muscle strength test at 60°/s, 180°/s, and 300°/s. Results showed significant between-group differences in the composite score in the Y-balance test of the dominant (F = 3.536, p = .041) and non-dominant symmetry (F = 4.804, p = .015). Similarly, average power produced during knee extension and knee flexion at 60°/s, 180°/s and 300°/s differed significantly among these groups (all at p˂0.05). In addition, there was a significant relationship between the composite score of the dominant limb symmetry and isokinetic dominant limb extension strength at 60°/s (r = .54), 180°/s (r = .87), and 300°/s (r = .84) in aerobic gymnasts. The composite score of the dominant limb symmetry was also associated with isokinetic dominant limb extension strength, albeit only at 60°/s in both artistic (r = .60) and rhythmic gymnasts (r = .55). Such between-group differences may be ascribed to their different demands on maintenance of balance under dynamic conditions and leg muscle power within their sport specializations. Taking into account significant association between the dominant limb symmetry and isokinetic dominant limb extension strength, it may be concluded that both muscle strength and fast speeds contribute to dynamic balance in adolescent gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oľga Kyselovičová
- Department of Gymnastics, Dance, Fitness & Combat Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia,*Correspondence: Oľga Kyselovičová,
| | - Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia,Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Péliová
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Economics Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Matejová
- Department of Sports Diagnostics and Physiotherapy, National Sport Centre, Bratislava, Slovakia
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ARDOINO A, IERVASI E, ZARCONE D, SAVERINO D. Evaluation and comparison of static balance among different competitive female athletes. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.20.04423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mizutori H, Kashiwagi Y, Hakamada N, Tachibana Y, Funato K. Kinematics and joints moments profile during straight arm press to handstand in male gymnasts. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253951. [PMID: 34260617 PMCID: PMC8279359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical features of the handstand, one of the most fundamental skills required for artistic gymnastics events, have not been well documented. The purpose of this study was to clarify the kinematics and joint moment profiles during straight arm press to handstand in different highly skilled male gymnasts. Fifty-nine male gymnasts performed a straight arm press to handstand on a force platform and were judged on their performance by experienced certified judges. Subjects were divided into two groups (highly-skilled and less-skilled). Kinematic data were obtained using a video camera synchronized with force platform. Joint moments (wrist, shoulder, hip) during each straight arm press to handstand were calculated using the inverse dynamics solution. Larger shoulder flexion moments were observed in less-skilled compared with highly- skilled performers (at 3-59%, p < 0.001) while larger hip flexion moments were observed in highly- skilled performers at 52% (p = 0.045) and 56% (p = 0.048) and normalized time of straight arm press to handstand. Major differences between highly-skilled and less-skilled performers were observed in hip joint moment production as it shifted from extension to flexion from the leg horizontal position to the handstand position in highly-skilled gymnasts. Successful straight arm press to handstand techniques observed in highly-skilled performers were characterized as a more acute pike position at toe-off as well as hip flexor moments at latter phase of the straight arm press to handstand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Kashiwagi
- Senshu University Institute of Sport, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazuo Funato
- Graduate School of Sport System, Kokushikan University, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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The Neuromuscular Characteristics of Gymnasts' Jumps and Landings at Particular Stages of Sports Training. J Hum Kinet 2021; 78:15-28. [PMID: 34025860 PMCID: PMC8120959 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and proper landings are crucial elements of gymnastics events. Long-term training leads to specific neuromuscular adaptations which are yet to be explored in terms of gymnastic landings. The aim of the study was to assess differences in landings’ neuromuscular characteristics between gymnasts at three subsequent gymnastic training stages and age-matched non-athletes. Forty-six gymnasts (G) and 58 controls (C) performed countermovement jumps on a force plate with simultaneous surface electromyography (SEMG) of lower body muscles, measured during the pre-(100 ms) and post-landing phase (0-100 and 0-200 ms). Three age groups participated in the study: 8–10 (G1, C1), 12–14 (G2, C2), 18–25 (G3, C3) years. Analysis included the normalized root mean square (NRMS) SEMG signal and ground reaction forces (GRFs). Gymnasts achieved 13% higher values (p = 0.04) of relative peak GRFs in comparison with controls. It was especially seen in 8–10-year-olds: G1 presented 33% higher (p = 0.03) results than C1 and G2. In SEMG analysis, gymnasts showed overall lower NRMS values in comparison with the controls. In the pre-landing phase, the NRMS in the rectus femoris was from 1.6 up to 3.4 times higher for C1 (p = 0.02) than for C2, G2, C3, and G3. Gymnasts across subsequent training stages exhibit different patterns of neuromuscular coordination during landings. The highest GRF observed in the youngest gymnasts may be a potential risk factor of injuries. Therefore, further injury-focused investigation is recommended to monitor landing strategies among gymnasts of different stages with particular emphasis on the beginners.
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Calderón-Díaz M, Ulloa-Jiménez R, Saavedra C, Salas R. Wavelet-based semblance analysis to determine muscle synergy for different handstand postures of Chilean circus athletes. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2021; 24:1053-1063. [PMID: 33426917 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1867113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The handstand is an uncommon posture, highly demanding in terms of muscle and joint stability, used in sporting and artistic practices in a variety of disciplines. Despite its becoming increasingly widespread, there is no specific way to perform a handstand, and the neuromuscular organizational mechanisms involved are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the muscle synergy of four handstand postures through a semblance analysis based on wavelets of electromyographic signals in the upper limbs of experienced circus performers between 18- and 35-year old. The results show that there is a large difference in positive and negative correlations depending on the posture, which suggests that the more asymmetrical the position of the lower limbs, the greater the number of strategies to maintain the posture. Although it is not a statistically significant data, it is observed that the posture 3 in particular, possesses the greatest number of positive correlations, which suggests it has the greatest synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailyn Calderón-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Movimiento Humano, Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Ingeniería C. Biomédica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ricardo Ulloa-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Movimiento Humano, Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Saavedra
- Escuela de Ingeniería C. Biomédica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Salas
- Escuela de Ingeniería C. Biomédica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Do surface electrodes validly represent lower trapezius activation patterns during shoulder tasks? J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2020; 53:102427. [PMID: 32470865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2020.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of its superficial location, surface electrodes are commonly used to record lower trapezius activity. Recent evidence, however, would suggest that surface electromyography is not a valid to record activity from other superficially placed shoulder muscles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the validity of using surface electrodes to record lower trapezius activity. Ten asymptomatic subjects performed ramped isometric (0-100% maximum load) and dynamic (70% maximum load) shoulder tasks. Intramuscular electrodes were inserted into lower trapezius and rhomboid major. Surface electrodes were placed over lower trapezius around the intramuscular electrodes. Differences in the recorded activity of lower trapezius between surface and intramuscular electrodes were tested using a 2 factor repeated measures analysis of variance with factors: test and electrode type. Similarity in the recorded activity patterns between the two electrodes was tested using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). Results indicated that there was no difference in lower trapezius activity levels (p = 0.98) or activation patterns (r ≥ 0.74) recorded by the intramuscular and surface electrodes. The results of this study indicate that any potential crosstalk contamination in the surface electrode signal is having little influence on the recorded activity from lower trapezius and therefore, support the common practice of surface electromyography to investigate lower trapezius function.
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Relationship between postural control and muscle activity during a handstand in young and adult gymnasts. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 58:195-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Rohleder J, Vogt T. Performance control in handstands: challenging entrenched coaching strategies for young gymnasts. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1440459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rohleder
- Institute of Professional Sport Education and Sport Qualifications, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Vogt
- Institute of Professional Sport Education and Sport Qualifications, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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