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Teixeira JE, Branquinho L, Leal M, Morgans R, Sortwell A, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM, Afonso P, Machado G, Encarnação S, Ferraz R, Forte P. Match-to-Match Variation on High-Intensity Demands in a Portuguese Professional Football Team. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:120. [PMID: 39051281 PMCID: PMC11270202 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the match-to-match variation in high-intensity demands from one Portuguese professional football team according to playing positions. Twenty-three male outfield professional football players were observed during eighteen matches of the Portuguese Second League. Time-motion data were collected using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Match running performance was analyzed based on the following three playing positions: defenders (DF), midfielders (MF), and forwards (FW). Repeated measures ANOVA was utilized to compare match running performance within each position role, and seasonal running variation. Practical differences were assessed using the smallest worthwhile change (SWC), coefficient of variation (CV), and twice the coefficient of variation (2CV). Significant differences were found among playing positions in total distance covered (F = 15.45, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.33), average speed (F = 12.79, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.29), high-speed running (F = 16.93, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.36), sprinting (F = 13.49, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.31), accelerations (F = 4.69, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.132), and decelerations (F = 12.21, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.284). The match-to-match running performance encompassed TD (6.59%), AvS (8.67%), HSRr (37.83%), SPR (34.82%), ACC (26.92%), and DEC (27.85%). CV values for total distance covered ranged from 4.87-6.82%, with forwards and midfielders exhibiting the greatest and smallest variation, respectively. Midfielders demonstrated the highest match-to-match variation for all other analyzed variables (8.12-69.17%). All playing positions showed significant variation in high-demanding variables (26.94-37.83%). This study presents the initial analysis of match-to-match variation in high-intensity demands within a Portuguese professional football team. Thus, the position's specificity and context can provide a helpful strategy for evaluating match-to-match running performance, and for recommending individualized training exercises based on the peak and high-intensity demands for each player's role within the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E. Teixeira
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- SPRINT—Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Inovation Center, 2001-904 Guarda, Portugal
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.S.); (R.F.)
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (L.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Luís Branquinho
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (L.B.); (M.L.)
- Life Quality Research Center (LQRC-CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado 279, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
- Biosciences Scholl of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Miguel Leal
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (L.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Ryland Morgans
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK;
| | - Andrew Sortwell
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.S.); (R.F.)
- School of Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
| | - António M. Monteiro
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Guilherme Machado
- Department of Athletes’ Integration and Development, Paulista Football Federation (FPF), São Paulo 05614-060, Brazil;
| | - Samuel Encarnação
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Pysical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.S.); (R.F.)
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beria Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.S.); (R.F.)
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (L.B.); (M.L.)
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Anderson SA, Eichner ER, Bennett S, Boden BP, Colgate B, Courson R, Davis JK, Elkins GA, Judge LW, Krueger M, Kucera KL, Niehoff K, Rooks Y, Tucker JB, Roberts WO. Preventing Exertional Heat Stroke in Football: Time for a Paradigm Shift. Sports Health 2024:19417381241260045. [PMID: 38874455 DOI: 10.1177/19417381241260045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Among American sports, football has the highest incidence of exertional heat stroke (EHS), despite decades of prevention strategies. Based on recent reports, 100% of high school and college EHS football fatalities occur during conditioning sessions. Linemen are the at-risk population, constituting 97% of football EHS deaths. Linemen heat up faster and cool down slower than other players. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Case series were identified from organized, supervised football at the youth, high school, and collegiate levels and compiled in the National Registry of Catastrophic Sports Injuries. Sources for event occurrence were media reports and newspaper clippings, autopsy reports, certificates of death, school-sponsored investigations, and published medical literature. Articles were identified through PubMed with search terms "football," "exertional heat stroke," and "prevention." STUDY DESIGN Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 5. RESULTS Football EHS is tied to (1) high-intensity drills and conditioning that is not specific to individual player positions, (2) physical exertion as punishment; (3) failure to modify physical activity for high heat and humidity, (4) failure to recognize early signs and symptoms of EHS, and (5) death when cooling is delayed. CONCLUSION To prevent football EHS, (1) all training and conditioning should be position specific; (2) physical activity should be modified per the heat load; (3) understand that some players have a "do-or-die" mentality that supersedes their personal safety; (4) never use physical exertion as punishment; (5) eliminate conditioning tests, serial sprints, and any reckless drills that are inappropriate for linemen; and (6) consider air-conditioned venues for linemen during hot practices. To prevent EHS, train linemen based on game demands. STRENGTH-OF-RECOMMENDATION TAXONOMY n/a.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Randy Eichner
- Oklahoma University Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Scott Bennett
- Collegiate Strength and Conditioning Coaches Association, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Barry P Boden
- The Orthopaedic Center, a Division of CAO, Uniformed Services University, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Bob Colgate
- National Federation of State High School Associations [NFHS], Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ron Courson
- University of Georgia Athletic Association, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jon K Davis
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Frisco, Texas
| | | | | | - Mike Krueger
- Colorado High School Activities Association, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kristen L Kucera
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research [NCCSIR], Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Yvette Rooks
- University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland
| | - James B Tucker
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, Department of Family Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, and St. Joseph's Hospital Health Center, Syracuse, New York
| | - William O Roberts
- American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, and Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Vondrasek JD, Riemann BL, Grosicki GJ, Flatt AA. Validity and Efficacy of the Elite HRV Smartphone Application during Slow-Paced Breathing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9496. [PMID: 38067869 PMCID: PMC10708620 DOI: 10.3390/s23239496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Slow-paced breathing is a clinical intervention used to increase heart rate variability (HRV). The practice is made more accessible via cost-free smartphone applications like Elite HRV. We investigated whether Elite HRV can accurately measure and augment HRV via its slow-paced breathing feature. Twenty young adults completed one counterbalanced cross-over protocol involving 10 min each of supine spontaneous (SPONT) and paced (PACED; 6 breaths·min-1) breathing while RR intervals were simultaneously recorded via a Polar H10 paired with Elite HRV and reference electrocardiography (ECG). Individual differences in HRV between devices were predominately skewed, reflecting a tendency for Elite HRV to underestimate ECG-derived values. Skewness was typically driven by a limited number of outliers as median bias values were ≤1.3 ms and relative agreement was ≥very large for time-domain parameters. Despite no significant bias and ≥large relative agreement for frequency-domain parameters, limits of agreement (LOAs) were excessively wide and tended to be wider during PACED for all HRV parameters. PACED significantly increased low-frequency power (LF) for Elite HRV and ECG, and between-condition differences showed very large relative agreement. Elite HRV-guided slow-paced breathing effectively increased LF values, but it demonstrated greater precision during SPONT and in computing time-domain HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Vondrasek
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong), 11935 Abercorn St., Savannah, GA 31419, USA; (B.L.R.); (G.J.G.); (A.A.F.)
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Nocera A, Sbrollini A, Romagnoli S, Morettini M, Gambi E, Burattini L. Physiological and Biomechanical Monitoring in American Football Players: A Scoping Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3538. [PMID: 37050597 PMCID: PMC10098592 DOI: 10.3390/s23073538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
American football is the sport with the highest rates of concussion injuries. Biomedical engineering applications may support athletes in monitoring their injuries, evaluating the effectiveness of their equipment, and leading industrial research in this sport. This literature review aims to report on the applications of biomedical engineering research in American football, highlighting the main trends and gaps. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines and gathered a total of 1629 records from PubMed (n = 368), Web of Science (n = 665), and Scopus (n = 596). The records were analyzed, tabulated, and clustered in topics. In total, 112 studies were selected and divided by topic in the biomechanics of concussion (n = 55), biomechanics of footwear (n = 6), biomechanics of sport-related movements (n = 6), the aerodynamics of football and catch (n = 3), injury prediction (n = 8), heat monitoring of physiological parameters (n = 8), and monitoring of the training load (n = 25). The safety of players has fueled most of the research that has led to innovations in helmet and footwear design, as well as improvements in the understanding and prevention of injuries and heat monitoring. The other important motivator for research is the improvement of performance, which has led to the monitoring of training loads and catches, and studies on the aerodynamics of football. The main gaps found in the literature were regarding the monitoring of internal loads and the innovation of shoulder pads.
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Himariotis AT, Coffey KF, Noel SE, Cornell DJ. Validity of a Smartphone Application in Calculating Measures of Heart Rate Variability. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9883. [PMID: 36560256 PMCID: PMC9787958 DOI: 10.3390/s22249883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to determine the concurrent validity of the Elite HRV smartphone application when calculating heart rate variability (HRV) metrics in reference to an independent software criterion. A total of 5 minutes of R−R interval and natural log of root mean square of the successive differences (lnRMSSD) resting HRV data were simultaneously collected using two Polar H10 heart rate monitors (HRMs) in both the seated and supine positions from 22 participants (14 males, 8 females). One H10 HRM was paired with a Polar V800 watch and one with the Elite HRV application. When no artifact correction was applied, significant, but small, differences in the lnRMSSD data were observed between the software in the seated position (p = 0.022), and trivial and nonstatistically significant differences were observed in the supine position (p = 0.087). However, significant differences (p > 0.05) in the lnRMSSD data were no longer identifiable in either the seated or the supine positions when applying Very Low, Low, or Automatic artifact-correction filters. Additionally, excellent agreements (ICC3,1 = 0.938 − 0.998) and very strong to near-perfect (r = 0.889 − 0.997) relationships were observed throughout all correction levels. The Elite HRV smartphone application is a valid tool for calculating resting lnRMSSD HRV metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas T. Himariotis
- Health Assessment Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Kyle F. Coffey
- Health Assessment Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Sabrina E. Noel
- Health Assessment Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - David J. Cornell
- Health Assessment Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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Research on Effect of Load Stimulation Change on Heart Rate Variability of Women Volleyball Athletes. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:3917415. [PMID: 35345800 PMCID: PMC8957428 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3917415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To explore the effect of different training load stimulation on heart rate variability level of Chinese elite female volleyball players. Through two-year follow-up experiment, this paper uses OmegaWave Sport Technology system to track and test the heart rate variability level and central nervous system parameters of 25 elite Chinese women volleyball players who participated in the national adult volleyball training in 2019 and 2020. It is found that the HRV time-domain index of the players under the stimulation of three stages of training load during the winter training in 2020 is determined. Frequency-domain index has significant influence on response stability of central nervous system. In order to further explore the influence of HRV on response stability of central nervous system, a feature classification method based on distance evaluation is proposed for experimental data processing. Through the multimodal human-machine interaction (M-HMI), advanced machine learning is used to promote the cooperative interaction between human and intelligent body. After analysis, SDNN and LF n.u. have a significant impact on the average reaction time. It shows that some indexes tested by the OmegaWave system can reflect the real-time physical function state of athletes sensitively and play an active role in diagnosis of fatigue of athletes’ central nervous system. HRV time-domain and frequency-domain indexes, as parameters to evaluate the body functional state of excellent female volleyball players in the preparation process of competition, can sensitively reflect the level of autonomic nerve regulation of athletes in three different load stages.
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Season-Long Heart-Rate Variability Tracking Reveals Autonomic Imbalance in American College Football Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1834-1843. [PMID: 34039770 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To track cardiac-autonomic functioning, indexed by heart-rate variability, in American college football players throughout a competitive period. METHODS Resting heart rate (RHR) and the natural logarithm root mean square of successive differences (LnRMSSD) were obtained throughout preseason and ∼3 times weekly leading up to the national championship among 8 linemen and 12 nonlinemen. Seated 1-minute recordings were performed via mobile device and standardized for time of day and proximity to training. RESULTS Relative to preseason, linemen exhibited suppressed LnRMSSD during camp-style preparation for the playoffs (P = .041, effect size [ES] = -1.01), the week of the national semifinal (P < .001, ES = -1.27), and the week of the national championship (P = .005, ES = -1.16). As a combined group, increases in RHR (P < .001) were observed at the same time points (nonlinemen ES = 0.48-0.59, linemen ES = 1.03-1.10). For all linemen, RHR trended upward (positive slopes, R2 = .02-.77) while LnRMSSD trended downward (negative slopes, R2 = .02-.62) throughout the season. Preseason to postseason changes in RHR (r = .50, P = .025) and LnRMSSD (r = -.68, P < .001) were associated with body mass. CONCLUSIONS Heart-rate variability tracking revealed progressive autonomic imbalance in the lineman position group, with individual players showing suppressed values by midseason. Attenuated parasympathetic activation is a hallmark of impaired recovery and may contribute to cardiovascular maladaptations reported to occur in linemen following a competitive season. Thus, a descending pattern may serve as an easily identifiable red flag requiring attention from performance and medical staff.
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Muñoz-López A, Nakamura F, Naranjo Orellana J. Soccer Matches but Not Training Sessions Disturb Cardiac-Autonomic Regulation During National Soccer Team Training Camps. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:43-51. [PMID: 32027578 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1708843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to monitor changes in autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. Monitoring HRV via the natural log of the root-mean-square difference of successive normal RR intervals (lnRMSSD), a decrease was related to lower parasympathetic activity and a fatigued state, and an increase was related to higher parasympathetic activity and better physical conditioning. This study analyzed daily ANS function changes among professional soccer players at national team training camps during preparation for the UEFA Eurocup 2016. Method: 23 professional soccer players were distributed into two groups: First eleven (players who played more than 60 minutes per soccer match) and Reserves (the rest of the players). HRV and session training load (s-TL) were monitored. Between-group daily differences were assessed using two-way mixed repeated measures ANOVA. Results: s-TL significantly increased (p < .05) at the beginning of each camp and significantly decreased the day before the soccer match (p < .001). There was a significant time by group interaction in lnRMSSD (p = .024). Changes were found in the First eleven group from match day +1 to match day +2 (+0.523 ms, p = .003). After the soccer match, there were between-group differences (p < .05) at +24h and +72h in lnRMSSD. Conclusions: During national team training camps, ANS function was only modified 24h and 72h after playing soccer matches, in players who played a minimum of 60 minutes. This knowledge can help coaches to monitor the impact of soccer matches during training camps to detect fatigue and improve recovery.
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Flatt AA, Allen J, Bragg A, Keith C, Earley R, Esco MR. Heart Rate Variability in College Football Players throughout Preseason Camp in the Heat. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41:589-595. [PMID: 32353883 DOI: 10.1055/a-1145-3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to characterize cardiac-autonomic responses to a 13-day preseason camp in the heat among an American college football team. Players were categorized as linemen (n=10) and non-linemen (n=18). RHR, natural logarithm of the root-mean square of successive differences multiplied by twenty (LnRMSSD), and subjective wellbeing (LnWellness) were acquired daily. Effect sizes±90% confidence interval showed that for linemen, LnRMSSD decreased (moderate) on day 2 (71.2±10.4) and increased (moderate) on day 12 (87.1±11.2) relative to day 1 (77.9±11.2) while RHR decreased (small-moderate) on days 6, 7, and 12 (67.7±9.3-70.4±5.5 b∙min-1) relative to day 1 (77.1±10.1 b∙min-1). For non-linemen, LnRMSSD increased (small-large) on days 3-5, 7, 12, and 13 (83.4±6.8-87.6±8.5) relative to day 1 (80.0±6.5) while RHR decreased (small-large) on days 3-9, 12, and 13 (62.1±5.2-67.9±8.1 b∙min-1) relative to day 1 (70.8±6.2 b∙min-1). Decrements in LnWellness were observed on days 4-10 and 13 for linemen (moderate) and on days 6-9, 12, and 13 for non-linemen (small-moderate). Despite reductions in LnWellness, cardiac-autonomic parameters demonstrated responses consistent with heat-acclimation, which possibly attenuated fatigue-related decrements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Flatt
- Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University - Armstrong Campus, Savannah, United States.,Kinesiology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, United States
| | - Jeff Allen
- Athletics, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, United States
| | - Amy Bragg
- Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, United States
| | - Clayton Keith
- Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, United States
| | - Ryan Earley
- Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, United States
| | - Michael R Esco
- Athletics, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, United States
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Flatt AA, Wilkerson GB, Allen JR, Keith CM, Esco MR. Daily Heart Rate Variability before and after Concussion in an American College Football Player. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7050097. [PMID: 31035597 PMCID: PMC6572754 DOI: 10.3390/sports7050097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This case report demonstrates the effects of sport-related concussion (SRC) on heart rate variability (HRV) in an American college football player. Daily measures of resting, ultra-short natural logarithm of the root mean square of successive differences (LnRMSSD), subjective wellbeing, and Player Load were obtained each training day throughout a 4-week spring camp and 4 weeks of preseason training. SRC occurred within the first 2 weeks of the preseason. During spring camp and preseason pre-SRC, the athlete demonstrated minimal day-to-day fluctuations in LnRMSSD, which increased post-SRC (LnRMSSD coefficient of variation pre-SRC ≤ 3.1%, post-SRC = 5.8%). Moderate decrements in daily-averaged LnRMSSD were observed post-SRC relative to pre-SRC (Effect Size ± 90% Confidence Interval = −1.12 ± 0.80), and the 7-day rolling average fell below the smallest worthwhile change for the remainder of the preseason. LnRMSSD responses to SRC appeared similar to trends associated with stress and training fatigue. Therefore, performance and sports medicine staff should maintain regular communication regarding player injury and fatigue status so that HRV can be interpreted in the appropriate context. Detection and monitoring of autonomic dysregulation post-SRC may require near-daily assessment, as LnRMSSD showed greater daily fluctuations rather than chronic suppression following the head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Flatt
- Georgia Southern University, Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, 11935 Abercorn, St. Savannah, GA 31419, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Gary B Wilkerson
- Graduate Athletic Training Program, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA.
| | - Jeff R Allen
- Department of Athletics, Sports Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Clay M Keith
- Department of Athletics, Sports Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Michael R Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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Flatt AA, Esco MR, Nakamura FY. Association between Subjective Indicators of Recovery Status and Heart Rate Variability among Divison-1 Sprint-Swimmers. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6030093. [PMID: 30208575 PMCID: PMC6162498 DOI: 10.3390/sports6030093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a physiological marker of training adaptation among athletes. However, HRV interpretation is challenging when assessed in isolation due to its sensitivity to various training and non-training-related factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between athlete-self report measures of recovery (ASRM) and HRV throughout a preparatory training period. Ultra-short natural logarithm of the root mean square of successive differences (LnRMSSD) and subjective ratings of sleep quality, fatigue, muscle soreness, stress and mood were acquired daily for 4 weeks among Division-1 sprint-swimmers (n = 17 males). ASRM were converted to z-scores and classified as average (z-score −0.5–0.5), better than average (z-score > 0.5) or worse than average (z-score < −0.5). Linear mixed models were used to evaluate differences in LnRMSSD based on ASRM classifications. LnRMSSD was higher (p < 0.05) when perceived sleep quality, fatigue, stress and mood were better than average versus worse than average. Within-subject correlations revealed that 15 of 17 subjects demonstrated at least one relationship (p < 0.05) between LnRMSSD and ASRM variables. Changes in HRV may be the result of non-training related factors and thus practitioners are encouraged to include subjective measures to facilitate targeted interventions to support training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Flatt
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University, 11935 Abercorn St., Savannah, GA 31419, USA.
| | - Michael R Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Fabio Y Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
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Rave G, Fortrat JO, Dawson B, Carre F, Dupont G, Saeidi A, Boullosa D, Zouhal H. Heart rate recovery and heart rate variability: use and relevance in European professional soccer. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1460053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Rave
- Stade Lavallois MFC, Plaine des Gandonnières rue Coupeau, Laval, France
| | | | - Brian Dawson
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Exercise Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF, Brazil
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) – EA 1274, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
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