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Ding C, Soh KG, Sun H, Roslan S, Cao S, Zhao Y. Does mental fatigue affect performance in racket sports? A systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:179. [PMID: 39187902 PMCID: PMC11345983 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Mental fatigue impairs performance across several sports domains. However, a systematic review on its effects on racket sports performance has been lacking due to the previous scarcity of studies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive review the effects of mental fatigue on racket players' performance, with a discussion of the underlying mechanisms. A thorough search was conducted across five databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus (via EBSCOhost), and the Psychological and Behavioral Science Collection (via EBSCOhost). The PICOS framework established the inclusion criteria: (1) healthy racket sports players; (2) induction of mental fatigue in both field and laboratory settings; (3) comparison of mental fatigue interventions with a control group (e.g., watching a movie or reading a magazine); (4) assessment of performance outcomes, including physical performance, skilled performance, and perceptual-cognitive performance; and (5) randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomized controlled trials (non-RCTs), and non-randomized non-controlled trials. Mental fatigue manipulation, subjective evaluation, and (neuro)physiological markers were synthesized to support the successful induction of mental fatigue. Performance was categorized into tennis, table tennis, badminton, and padel based on the characteristics of specific racket sports domains. Secondary outcomes, such as the rate perception of effort (RPE) and motivation, were synthesized to explain the mechanisms based on the prominent theory of the Psychobiological model of endurance performance. Six studies revealed that mental fatigue impacts stroke performance in table tennis, affecting speed, accuracy, faults, and only second-serve accuracy in tennis. The response time of psychomotor performance increased in table tennis, padel, and badminton. Meanwhile, mental fatigue increased the RPE and remained unchanged in heart rate, blood glucose, and lactate, consistent with the Psychobiological model of endurance performance. Additionally, attention is suggested as a significant underlying psychobiological factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ding
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of General Education Studies, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kim Geok Soh
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - He Sun
- School of Physical Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Samsilah Roslan
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shudian Cao
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Sudo Y, Kawamoto Y, Iino Y, Yoshioka S. Mechanisms of speed-accuracy trade-off in tennis topspin forehand of college players. Sports Biomech 2024:1-22. [PMID: 39078649 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2381105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the speed-accuracy relationship in a tennis topspin single-handed forehand groundstroke. Groundstrokes at three different speeds by nine college players were captured, with the variability of the ball landing position evaluated as indices of accuracy. Variabilities of ball launch variables (speed, launch angle, spin, etc.) and conversion ratios from these variabilities to the variability of the ball landing position were quantified. These variabilities and their conversion ratios could be influenced by different efforts exerted to generate ball speeds and different ball trajectories required to hit a target at each speed, respectively. The speed-accuracy trade-off was observed only in the hitting direction. While the variability of the spin axis increased, it had minimal influence on the ball landing position. Conversely, the conversion ratio in the hitting direction of the velocity elevation angle significantly increased, while its variability remained unchanged. Consequently, the geometrical requirements of ball trajectories can be responsible for the speed-accuracy trade-off. Therefore, even skilled players capable of maintaining consistent ball launch variables regardless of the shot speed should deliberately choose a moderately slower ball speed to avoid an inevitable increase in the variability of the ball landing position due to geometrical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sudo
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-Ku, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Human Augmentation Research Center, Kashiwa, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Kawamoto
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-Ku, Japan
| | - Yoichi Iino
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-Ku, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-Ku, Japan
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Brito AV, Afonso J, Silva G, Fernandez-Fernandez J, Fernandes RJ. Biophysical characterization of the tennis serve: A systematic scoping review with evidence gap map. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:125-140. [PMID: 37980182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the available evidence on the biophysics of the tennis serve, mapping the populations, interventions, contexts and other relevant information to highlight what is already known and to identify gaps in the literature. DESIGN Systematic scoping review with evidence gap map. METHODS The protocol was designed according to PRISMA 2020, Prisma-ScR guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook. The searches were conducted on July 20, 2022 and updated on April 1, 2023, in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (core collection). The risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochranes method for nonrandomized studies (RoBANS) and a narrative synthesis of the main findings was performed and supplemented with an evidence gap map. RESULTS Most trials were found on serve kinematics and kinetics (95 %), analyzing only flat serves (84 and 72 %, respectively). Few trials focused on physiology (20 %; e.g. biomarkers), under-19, left or both-handed, female and intermediate beginner or starter players (29, 17, 8 and 7 %, respectively). We found a preponderance of low and unclear risk of bias (63 and 31 %, respectively) and only 7 % high, particularly, on the assessment of confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS The current scoping review reveals a few trials on physiological rather than biomechanical variables, as well as the absence of the kick and slice serve, foot-back and foot-up serve, and left-handed, female, and young player analyses. We did not find systematic mistakes or limitations in the design, conduct, or analysis that would distort the results, since only 7 % presented a high risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- André V Brito
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI(2)D) and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal. https://twitter.com/AndreVilela1996
| | - José Afonso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI(2)D) and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Silva
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI(2)D) and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Jaime Fernandez-Fernandez
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain; AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI(2)D) and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal.
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Starzak M, Niźnikowski T, Biegajło M, Nogal M, Arnista WŁ, Mastalerz A, Starzak A. Attentional focus strategies in racket sports: A systematic review. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0285239. [PMID: 38181000 PMCID: PMC10769023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The body of evidence has shown that the external focus of attention (EF) rather than the internal focus of attention (IF) enhances motor skill learning and performance. Within racket sports which require a high level of motor control, anticipation skills, and mental preparedness, effectively directing attention is essential to elicit improvements in athletic performance. The present review aimed to evaluate the scientific evidence concerning the effects of attentional focus instructions on motor learning and performance in racket sports. We systematically reviewed the literature according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The study was registered with the Open Science Framework (osf.io/m4zat). Four electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus) were searched for original research publications. Inclusion criteria were: peer-reviewed journals; healthy and free from injury participants; attentional focus literature specific to the external or internal focus; attentional focus related to motor learning or motor performance; studies included at least one comparator (e.g., different attentional focus group, or control groups with neutral or no specific instruction); publications in which task(s) or skill(s) related to one of the racket sports (tennis, table tennis, badminton, squash, or padel). The initial search yielded 2005 studies. Finally, 9 studies were included in the quantitative analysis. Overall, the results indicated that EF benefits the learning and performance of racket sport skills, compared to IF and over control conditions. The findings suggest that coaches and practitioners should consider the adoption of EF to optimize racket skills performance, particularly in novice or low-skilled athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Starzak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Tomasz Niźnikowski
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Michał Biegajło
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Marta Nogal
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Weronika Łuba Arnista
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lomza State University of Applied Sciences, Lomza, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mastalerz
- Faculty of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Starzak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
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Ünver Ş, İslamoğlu İ, Atan T, Yılmaz M, Arslan H, Kaplan A, Şimşek E. Does Tennis Training Improve Attention? New Approach. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10040728. [PMID: 37189978 DOI: 10.3390/children10040728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effect of a tennis training program on improving attention. METHODS A total of 40 tennis players from a Tennis Club, 20 in the experimental group (EG) and 20 in the control group (CG), participated in the study. The EG athletes received 40 serve balls from the trainer twice a week for nine weeks. The researcher applied the "d2 attention test" to the EG and CG before and after the nine-week period. RESULTS After comparing the pretest and posttest attention averages of the experimental group, there was a significant difference in the TN, TN-E, and CP mean scores (p < 0.001). In the comparison of the pretest and posttest attention averages of the CG, there was no significant difference in the TN, TN-E, and CP mean scores (p > 0.05). The comparison of the pretest attention averages of the EG and CG revealed no significant difference in the TN, TN-E, and CP mean scores (p > 0.05). The comparison of the posttest attention averages of the EG and CG revealed a significant difference in the mean scores of TN, TN-E, and CP (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the posttest-pretest differences in the TN, TN-E, and CP values of the EG and CG (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study concluded that tennis training aimed at developing attention improved the results in the attention test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şaban Ünver
- Faculty of Sports Science Yaşar Doğu, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55200 Samsun, Turkey
| | - İzzet İslamoğlu
- Faculty of Sports Science Yaşar Doğu, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55200 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Tülin Atan
- Faculty of Sports Science Yaşar Doğu, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55200 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Metin Yılmaz
- Faculty of Sports Science, Fırat University, 23200 Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Hayati Arslan
- Faculty of Sports Science, Erciyes University, 38200 Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Emre Şimşek
- Faculty of Sports Science, Erciyes University, 38200 Kayseri, Turkey
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Fujita RA, Santos DPR, Barbosa RN, Palucci Vieira LH, Santiago PRP, Zagatto AM, Gomes MM. Auditory Information Reduces Response Time for Ball Rotation Perception, Increasing Counterattack Performance in Table Tennis. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:55-63. [PMID: 34870563 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1939252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Identifying the magnitude of ball rotation is critical to reduce response time, aiming to improve table tennis performance. This study analyzed the influence of auditory and visual information on the perception accuracy and counterattack performance of table tennis players. Methods: Twenty-two high-level table tennis players (22.5 ± 6.1 years, 71.2 ± 9.8 kg, 173.5 ± 7.7 cm) performed two tasks. In the first task, the athletes analyzed audio and video files of the forehand movement on a computer screen with auditory, visual, and combined information and, as soon as possible, chose the ball spin type on a keyboard: fast (spinning ball forward at 140 rotations per second (rotations/s); medium (105 rotations/s); slow (84 rotations/s); or flat hit (70 rotations/s). In the second task, the athletes performed 80 counterattacks (forehand movement) at the table on a target (68x38 cm) with and without auditory information. Results: Friedman's ANOVA revealed a significant effect of condition for perception accuracy (p < .001). Post hoc tests showed higher perception accuracy in the combined and visual conditions. ANOVA also revealed a significant effect of condition for response time to perceive ball rotation (p < .001). The response time was shorter in the combined condition than the other conditions for all spin types. Kendall's analyses showed no significant correlations between perception accuracy and response time in any ball spin type. Regarding the counterattack performance, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated higher performance when auditory information was available (p = .022). Conclusions: As auditory information influences the response time and counterattack performance, it seems crucial for trainers and athletes to explore and include auditory perception training methods.
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Wang J, Li Y. STRENGTH TRAINING METHOD FOR TENNIS PLAYERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Tennis is highly technical, and any error in its players’ strength training can exponentially impact the competition. A timely review and analysis of tennis players’ biomechanics will help to better understand the training system and reveal the basis for future scientific sports training strategies. Objective: Analyzes the effect of different strength training methods to design the best protocol considering tennis players’ speed and success rate. Methods: The effect of training on 40 tennis players is discussed. The volunteers were divided into the experimental and control group. The experimental group performed strength training for 40 minutes daily, thrice a week. The control group continued with conventional training. The trial lasted eight weeks. The speed and success rate of the training were tested before and after the experiment. Results: The experimental group players significantly improved serve speed (P<0.05). The success rate of the experimental group was also significantly improved (P<0.05). Conclusion: The proposed strength training significantly improved the success rates of speed in tennis players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Werner I, Peer-Kratzer M, Mohr M, van-Andel S, Federolf P. Intervention for Better Knee Alignment during Jump Landing: Is There an Effect of Internally vs. Externally Focused Instructions? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10763. [PMID: 36078475 PMCID: PMC9518031 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Externally focused attention is known to induce superior results in the movement outcome, whereas focusing attention on the moving body (internal focus) causes conscious control and constrains action. The study investigated effects on knee trajectory and whole-body movement complexity when addressing knee alignment using externally (EF) vs. internally (IF) focused instructions. Young ski racers, n = 24 (12 male), performed landings with subsequent jumps to submaximal height. Movements were tracked and analyzed during the ground contact phase. Sets of jumps were executed without instruction (CON), followed by EF and IF instructions on knee alignment in a random order. Medial-lateral displacement of the knee in landing quantified task achievement, and whole-body principal component analysis was used to compute movement complexity. Knee alignment instructions led to a significantly lower medial knee displacement compared to CON (p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.35). EF vs. IF did not reach significance. EF, as well as IF instructions increased the prominence of the first movement pattern (p = 0.01, ηp2 = 0.22) with a reduction of higher-order patterns (p = 0.002, W = 0.11), suggesting a strategy of freezing degrees of freedom. Both instructions addressing the movement form positively influenced knee displacement during landing, and both led to a freezing strategy, simplifying whole-body coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Werner
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Maurice Mohr
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Steven van-Andel
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Fett J, Oberschelp N, Vuong JL, Wiewelhove T, Ferrauti A. Kinematic characteristics of the tennis serve from the ad and deuce court service positions in elite junior players. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252650. [PMID: 34292954 PMCID: PMC8297898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE According to the official rules of the International Tennis Federation, players have to serve alternately from two different positions: the deuce (right, D) and the ad court (left, AD) side. This study aimed to compare body and ball kinematics of flat serves from both service sides. METHODS In a controlled, semi-court laboratory setting, 14 elite male junior players served eight flat first serves to a target field directed to the receiver's body from both service positions in a matched and counterbalanced order. An 8-camera-Vicon-System was used to capture the 3D-landmark trajectories. RESULTS The mean service velocity was found to be similar on both sides (D: 151.4 ± 19.8 vs. AD: 150.5 ± 19.4 km/h), while multiple characteristics of the serve and ball kinematics differed significantly (p < .05). At starting, the front-foot angle relative to the baseline (D: 39.7±17.6° vs. AD: 31.1±17.4°) and lateral distance between the feet (D: 16.3 ± 12.9 cm vs. AD: 26.2 ± 11.9 cm) were significantly different. During the service, upper torso range of motion from maximum clockwise rotation until impact was significantly greater on the deuce court (D: 130.5 ± 19.8° vs. AD: 126.7 ± 21.1°). This was especially pronounced in foot-back technique players. Further, differences in the lateral ball impact location (D: 30.0 ± 24.1 cm vs. AD: 10.3 ± 23.3 cm) were observed. CONCLUSIONS Changing the service side affects the serve and ball kinematics in elite junior tennis players. Our results underline biomechanical differences regarding the starting position (feet and upper torso) as well as the movement and ball kinematics which could be relevant for skill acquisition, injury prevention and performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Fett
- Department of Training & Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nils Oberschelp
- Department of Training & Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jo-Lâm Vuong
- Department of Training & Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thimo Wiewelhove
- Department of Training & Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Ferrauti
- Department of Training & Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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