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Ischemic Preconditioning with High and Low Pressure Enhances Maximum Strength and Modulates Heart Rate Variability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137655. [PMID: 35805313 PMCID: PMC9265721 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The application of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) to resistance exercise has attracted some attention, owing to increases in muscle performance. However, there is still no consensus on the optimal occlusion pressure for this procedure. This study compared the acute effects of IPC with high and low pressure of occlusion on upper and lower limb maximal strength and heart rate variability in recreationally trained individuals. Methods: Sixteen recreationally trained men (25.3 ± 1.7 years; 78.4 ± 6.2 kg; 176.9 ± 5.4 cm; 25.1 ± 1.5 m2 kg−1) were thoroughly familiarized with one repetition maximum (1 RM) testing in the following exercises: bench press (BP), front latissimus pull-down (FLPD), and shoulder press (SP) for upper limbs, and leg press 45º (LP45), hack machine (HM), and Smith Squat (SS) for lower limbs. The 1 RM exercises were then randomly performed on three separate days: after a high pressure (220 mmHg, IPChigh) and a low pressure (20 mmHg, IPClow) IPC protocol and after no intervention (control, CON). Heart rate variability was also measured at rest, during and after the entire IPC protocol, and after the exercises. Results: Maximal strength was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in both IPChigh and IPClow compared with CON in all upper- and lower-limb exercises. There was no difference between the two experimental conditions. No significant differences were found in the comparison across the different experimental conditions for LFnu, HFnu, LF/HF ratio, and RMSSDms. Conclusions: IPC performed with both high and low pressures influenced heart rate variability, which may partly explain the maximal strength enhancement.
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Hindle B, Lorimer A, Winwood P, Brimm D, Keogh JW. The biomechanical characteristics of the strongman atlas stone lift. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12066. [PMID: 34557349 PMCID: PMC8418215 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The atlas stone lift is a popular strongman exercise where athletes are required to pick up a large, spherical, concrete stone and pass it over a bar or place it on to a ledge. The aim of this study was to use ecologically realistic training loads and set formats to (1) establish the preliminary biomechanical characteristics of athletes performing the atlas stone lift; (2) identify any biomechanical differences between male and female athletes performing the atlas stone lift; and (3) determine temporal and kinematic differences between repetitions of a set of atlas stones of incremental mass. METHODS Kinematic measures of hip, knee and ankle joint angle, and temporal measures of phase and repetition duration were collected whilst 20 experienced strongman athletes (female: n = 8, male: n = 12) performed three sets of four stone lifts of incremental mass (up to 85% one repetition maximum) over a fixed-height bar. RESULTS The atlas stone lift was categorised in to five phases: the recovery, initial grip, first pull, lap and second pull phase. The atlas stone lift could be biomechanically characterised by maximal hip and moderate knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion at the beginning of the first pull; moderate hip and knee flexion and moderate ankle plantarflexion at the beginning of the lap phase; moderate hip and maximal knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion at the beginning of the second pull phase; and maximal hip, knee extension and ankle plantarflexion at lift completion. When compared with male athletes, female athletes most notably exhibited: greater hip flexion at the beginning of the first pull, lap and second pull phase and at lift completion; and a shorter second pull phase duration. Independent of sex, first pull and lap phase hip and ankle range of motion (ROM) were generally smaller in repetition one than the final three repetitions, while phase and total repetition duration increased throughout the set. Two-way interactions between sex and repetition were identified. Male athletes displayed smaller hip ROM during the second pull phase of the first three repetitions when compared with the final repetition and smaller hip extension at lift completion during the first two repetitions when compared with the final two repetitions. Female athletes did not display these between-repetition differences. CONCLUSIONS Some of the between-sex biomechanical differences observed were suggested to be the result of between-sex anthropometric differences. Between-repetition differences observed may be attributed to the increase in stone mass and acute fatigue. The biomechanical characteristics of the atlas stone lift shared similarities with the previously researched Romanian deadlift and front squat. Strongman athletes, coaches and strength and conditioning coaches are recommended to take advantage of these similarities to achieve greater training adaptations and thus performance in the atlas stone lift and its similar movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Hindle
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anna Lorimer
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Winwood
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health, Education and Environment, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Brimm
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin W.L. Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Hindle BR, Lorimer A, Winwood P, Brimm D, Keogh JWL. The Biomechanical Characteristics of the Strongman Yoke Walk. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:670297. [PMID: 33981993 PMCID: PMC8107362 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.670297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The yoke walk is a popular strongman exercise where athletes carry a heavily loaded frame balanced across the back of their shoulders over a set distance as quickly as possible. The aim of this study was to use ecologically realistic training loads and carry distances to (1) establish the preliminary biomechanical characteristics of the yoke walk; (2) identify any biomechanical differences between male and female athletes performing the yoke walk; and (3) determine spatiotemporal and kinematic differences between stages (intervals) of the yoke walk. Kinematic and spatiotemporal measures of hip and knee joint angle, and mean velocity, stride length, stride rate and stance duration of each 5 m interval were taken whilst 19 strongman athletes performed three sets of a 20 m yoke walk at 85% of their pre-determined 20 m yoke walk one repetition maximum. The yoke walk was characterised by flexion of the hip and slight to neutral flexion of the knee at heel strike, slight to neutral extension of the hip and flexion of the knee at toe-off and moderate hip and knee range of motion (ROM), with high stride rate and stance duration, and short stride length. Between-interval comparisons revealed increased stride length, stride rate and lower limb ROM, and decreased stance duration at greater velocity. Although no main between-sex differences were observed, two-way interactions revealed female athletes exhibited greater knee extension at toe-off and reduced hip ROM during the initial (0–5 m) when compared with the final three intervals (5–20 m), and covered a greater distance before reaching maximal normalised stride length than males. The findings from this study may better inform strongman coaches, athletes and strength and conditioning coaches with the biomechanical knowledge to: provide athletes with recommendation on how to perform the yoke walk based on the technique used by experienced strongman athletes; better prescribe exercises to target training adaptations required for improved yoke walk performance; and better coach the yoke walk as a training tool for non-strongman athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Hindle
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Anna Lorimer
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology Millennium Institute, Auckland University of Technology University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Winwood
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology Millennium Institute, Auckland University of Technology University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Faculty of Health, Education and Environment, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Brimm
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Justin W L Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology Millennium Institute, Auckland University of Technology University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education, and Engineering, University of Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia.,Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Reis HH, Lima LM, Reis VE, Mota-Júnior RJ, Soares-Júnior DT, Sillero-Quintana M, Rasmussen HE, Carneiro-Júnior MA, Marins JB. Effects of conventional and sugar-free energy drinks intake in runners: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:928-934. [PMID: 33337109 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the effects of two types of energy drinks (ED) intake in trained runners. METHODS A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted over 6 weeks. Participants and beverages were allocated by randomization. Twelve men 23±2.6 years, 177±3.4 cm, 74.4±5.5 kg, VO<inf>2max</inf>=59.8±5.5 mL·(kg.min)-1] ingested either a conventional energy drink containing carbohydrates and 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeine, (ED1), a sugar-free energy drink 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeine (ED2), or a carbohydrate-containing, decaffeinated placebo (PL) 40-minutes before an exercise protocol. Sprint time, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood pressure (BP), heart rate and plasmatic glucose were evaluated during the experimental protocol. RESULTS Performance improved after consuming both ED (P<0.004 ED1 and P=0.001 ED2) with lower RPE (P<0.05 for ED1 and P<0.05 for ED2) compared to PL. Consumption of ED2 decreased RER values at 0-5 minutes and 40-45 minutes (P<0.001), and ED1 increased systolic BP (P<0.05) during exercise compared to PL. There were no differences in the evaluated parameters between EDs (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Consumption of conventional or sugar free ED represents a valid ergogenic strategy to improve acute performance with reduction of RPE. However, intake of a conventional ED warrants caution, mainly because the effects on systolic BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton H Reis
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil -
| | - Luciana M Lima
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Victória E Reis
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Manuel Sillero-Quintana
- Sports Department Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heather E Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - João B Marins
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Travis SK, Zourdos MC, Bazyler CD. Weight Selection Attempts of Elite Classic Powerlifters. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 128:507-521. [PMID: 33095691 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520967608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study provides the first comparison of weight selection attempt strategies used by powerlifters competing at the international level. We observed attempts selected by elite male and female classic powerlifters and compared weight selection attempts between sexes. Male (n = 66) and female (n = 43) powerlifters who completed all lifts successfully at an International Powerlifting Federation Classic World Championship between 2012-2019 were included in the analysis. We calculated the percentage weight increase from first attempts (A1) to second attempts (A2) and from A2 to third attempts (A3). For purposes of comparison, A1 values were expressed as a percentage of A3 values. We calculated non-parametric statistics with effect sizes for between and within-group comparisons. Relative to A3, males selected greater A1s compared to females for bench press (η2 = 0.16; p = 0.004) and deadlift (η2 = 0.06; p = 0.036) for each lift. Alternatively, females selected greater A1 to A2 and A2 to A3 progressions for bench press (η2 = 0.06; p = 0.026; η2 = 0.21; p = 0.005, respectively), and A2 to A3 for deadlift (η2 = 0.04; p = 0.035) compared to males. Within-group comparisons showed that males selected greater A1s on bench press compared to deadlift (η2 = 0.06; p = 0.046), whereas females selected greater A1s on squat compared to deadlift (η2 = 0.13; p = 0.038) relative to A3. Males also selected greater A2 to A3 progressions on deadlift compared to bench press (η2 = 0.10; p = 0.044), whereas females selected greater A2 to A3 progressions for bench press (η2 = 0.15; p = 0.039) and deadlift compared to squat (η2 = 0.10; p = 0.041). In conclusion, selecting an opener of ∼91% of the expected A3 weight, followed by ∼5% increase from A1 to A2, and ∼3% increase from A2 to A3 represent the typical weight selection attempts used across lifts by elite classic powerlifters competing in the World Championships. The results of this study provide novel insight into the weight selection attempts of elite classic powerlifters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kyle Travis
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, United States
| | - Michael C Zourdos
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, United States
| | - Caleb D Bazyler
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, United States
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Machado S, Sá Filho AS, Campos C, de Paula CC, Bernardes F, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Maranhão Neto GA, Lattari E. Can caffeine intake combined with aerobic exercise lead to improvement in attentional and psychomotor performance in trained individuals? IBRO Rep 2020; 8:76-81. [PMID: 32529114 PMCID: PMC7283292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation effect was found, suggesting distinct interaction mechanisms between attention and SRT (simple reaction time). The change in the SRT magnitude increased after 60 min from caffeine intake, and even more after exercise. The decrease in the SRT magnitude after caffeine intake and exercise suggests additional effects of caffeine on exercise.
To evaluate the acute effects of ingestion of 500 mg of caffeine in addition to aerobic exercise on the optimization of cognitive attention tasks and simple reaction time. Twenty men were randomly divided into two groups, caffeine (CAF) and placebo (PLA), and underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing and cognitive testing (D2SLK, D2GZ, D2F% and TRS). Then, both ingested 500 mg of caffeine or placebo (double blind), and after 60 min performed a 30-minute continuous exercise session at 70 % VO2Max. Cognitive tests were repeated immediately after exercise, and after 30 min. D2SLK, D2GZ, D2F% and TRS scores were compared by repeated measures ANOVA. The magnitude of the effect was established, and it was considered meaningful p = 0.05. CAF is able to alter D2SLK and also reduce D2F% (0.001 - moderate effect, 0.82) and improve the task after 30 min of exercise (p = 0.014 - moderate effect 0.95). The TRS showed significant gains for the CAF group compared to PLA (0.000 - high effect 1.76). Caffeine induces significant effects in attention and reaction time domains independent of the effect of aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Machado
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience (LABNAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program of Salgado de Oliveira University (PPGCAF/UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Brazil
| | - Alberto Souza Sá Filho
- Department of Physical Education - University Center of Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis, Goiás (GO), Brazil.,Department of Physical Education - Universidade Paulista (UNIP), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Cavalcante de Paula
- Department of Cellular, Tissue and Developmental Biology at the Institute of Biomedical Science at the University of São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabyana Bernardes
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience (LABNAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program of Salgado de Oliveira University (PPGCAF/UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Brazil
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Anáhuac Mayab Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Geraldo A Maranhão Neto
- Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program of Salgado de Oliveira University (PPGCAF/UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Lattari
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience (LABNAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program of Salgado de Oliveira University (PPGCAF/UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Brazil
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